Über die tuberkulostatische Wirksamkeit einiger Derivate der para-Aminosalizylsäure

Résumé Nous avons effectué la synthèse d'une série de combinaisons du PAS qui pour la plupart sont nouvelles et dont nous avons évalué le pouvoir bactériostatique. Nous avons pu ainsi mettre en évidence l'activité accrue de quelques combinaisons du PAS avec des dérivés de l'acide chaulmoogrique et montrer que celles ayant un radical cyclopentényl étaient parmi les plus actives.     

Aktivität Eiweiss spaltender Enzyme in Fischen

Summary Fresh tissues from sea fishes show much higher activities of cathepsins than the corresponding mammalian tissues. The significance of these findings is discussed. There is no indication for the presence in fresh extracts of fish muscle of either proteinases with a pH optimum near neutrality or of decarboxylases for glutamic and aspartic acids. The activities of glycylglycine dipeptidase in fish muscle are found to be at the upper limit of the values obtained by other workers with mammalian tissues.     

Über die tuberkulostatische Aktivität von 2,5-Bis-(aminooxymethyl)-3,6-diketopiperazin,eines Umwandlungsproduktes des Cycloserins

Summary It has been ascertained that racemic 2,5-bis-(aminooxymethyl)-3,6-diketopiperazine, being a transformation product ofD,L-cycloserine, possesses the same effect againstMycobacterium tuberculosis asD,L-cycloserine itself.     

Chemotaxine und Kapillarpermeabilität

Summary Bacterial polysaccharides, which exhibit an intense specific stimulating effect on the migration of leucocytes, provoke no trypan blue reaction on the intracutaneous vesicle. Certain mucoproteins show both effects, others only provoke the formation of vesicles. Both reactions are thus separable components of the phenomenon of inflammation.     

Vegetative Entwicklung und Fertilität einiger annueller Pflanzenarten unter dem Einfluss verschiedener konstanter Temperaturen

Summary The influence of a series of constant temperatures on some annual plant species was studied in otherwise constant conditions. There are big differences in the behaviour of the species. But also within a species the properties studied can have different optimal temperatures. These differences are especially characteristic in some cases for the properties of fertility and of the vegetative growth. One species, for instance, can under certain conditions be very high and can even have numerous big flowers, but the plants can be simultaneously entirely sterile.     

Über die Aktivität der Tyrosinase in Tabaksamen

Summary Water or buffered extracts from tobacco seeds (Mont Calme brun) showed both cresolase and catecholase activity of tyrosinase, which was inhibited by 10^–2 M thiourea. No difference of activity could be observed in extracts from old and fresh seeds. Unexpectedly, chlorogenic acid is not oxidized by this tyrosinase.     

Kälteeinfluss und Peptidase-Aktivität von Bakterien

Summary The effect of freezing on the peptidase activities of some bacteria and their cell-free enzyme preparations has been studied. Significant differences were found in the activity of peptidase and in their temperature coefficient.     

Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die Dekorporationseffektivität einiger neuerer Chelatbildner

Summary The influence of several new polyaminopolycarboxylic acids on the distribution of carrierfree radiocerium in the organs of the rat was studied. Some theoretical and practical implications of the experimental findings are discussed.     

Polare Kristallform und Piezoelektrizität des Eises

Summary Piezoelectricity of ice was investigated by two methods whose sensitivity was determined separately. No effect has been found. An electromechanical coupling of 10^–3 or a corresponding piezoelectric modulus of 1.5 × 10^–9 (stat. clbs. dyn^–1) would have been the lower limit for detecting piezoelectricity. Special attention was given to the selection of homogeneous crystals for these tests.     

Mögliche Beziehungen der optischen Aktivität zum Problem des Alterns

Summary The solubilities and other properties of compounds made by combination of optically active components, e.g. the solubilities of the salts made from the dextro-form of an acid and the dextro- or the laevo-form of a base are in some instancesextremely different. It is a consequence of these differences that in a living organism, containing optically active substance,the degree of optical purity of these substances is of outmost importance. The presence of undesired antipodes of any kind might fundamentally disturb the metabolism. It is also known that living organisms at least partly and continuously produce the optically active substances needed bysynthesis from optically inactive material.A kinetical and thermodynamical study of the conditions under which optically active substances can, with use of optically active catalysers, be synthetized from inactive material, shows that the degree of optical purity of the material synthetized is, even under the most favorable conditions, maximum in the beginning of the synthesis andis bound to decay when the synthesis is, chemically speaking,completed and if the synthetized material is left in contact with the catalyzer. Thus a racemization of the synthetized active material occurs in which the catalyzer which has originally produced this active substance actively accelerates the deterioration of its state of optical purity.The means are discussed by which the organism is able to delay this loss of optical purity; and it is shown that all poosible means to do so are indeed used by the organism. As these means can delay but never completely avoid the decay of optical purity, this decay, even if it be slow, i.e.an ageing of optical purity, is a necessity in the course of the life of a living organism. As a loss of optical purity must disturb the normal metabolism, this must, even if no other events occur, limit the individual life.Experimental evidence which would check the prediction of decay of optical purity with age is incomplete; in several instances, however, the experimental technique permits us to detect and to follow the occurrence of finite small amounts of undesired antipodes, e.g. of some amino acids in the proteins of living organisms.

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Vortrag, gehalten vor der Schweizerischen Gerontologischen Gesellschaft in Basel am 11. Dezember 1954.     

Die Infektiosität des Ribonukleinsäureanteils von Maul- und Klauenseuche-Virus

Summary Using the phenol method described byGierer andSchramm, preparations of infective ribonucleic acid were prepared from tongue tissues of cattle infected with the virus of foot-and-mouth disease.     

Phosphoribomutase- und 5-Phosphoriboisomerase-Aktivität in isolierten Zellkernen

Summary The existence of phosphoribomutase and 5-phosphoriboisomerase has been demonstrated in isolated cellular nuclei from rat liver and swine kidney. Phosphoribomutase has been shown to require Mg-ions for optimal activity.     

Untersuchungen zur intrazellulären Lokalisation der Renin- und Hypertensinase-Aktivität

Summary Experiments on kidney homogenates from rat and pig showed that 50% of the renin-activity was localized in the mitochondrial fraction. The mitochondria and microsomes together contained 10 times as much hypertensinase-activity as the supernatant fraction.     

Der Hyaluronsäuregehalt und die «Hyaluronidase»-Aktivität der Leukozyten

Summary The hyaluronic acid content of leucocytes from the peritoneum of rats shows a significant concentration when measured either turbidimetrically or oxydimetrically, the average value calculated for wet weight being 0.7–0.8%. The hyaluronic acid break down capacity of the leucocytes is not a specific enzyme action but can be attributed to their high ascorbic acid content. The phenomenon has no well defined pH or temperature optimum and can be inhibited by oxine and by semicarbazide.     

Über das Cu2+-Bindungsvermögen einiger Aminosäuren und Peptide Metallionen und biologische Wirkung

Summary The capacity of binding copper ions of several aminoacids and peptides has been investigated. A direct colorimetric method measuring comparable values of bound Cu²⁺ has been developed.

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37. Mitteilung; 36. Mitteilung:R. Gall undH. Erlenmeyer, Helv. chim. Acta38, 1421 (1955).     

Transaminasenaktivität nach Methyltestosteron-, Testosteronpropionat-, Chlorpromazin- und Methylthiouracilbehandlung

Summary The treatment of 62 patients with chlorpromazine was followed by a rise of SGO-T in the serum in 20% of them. Six other patients were treated with a daily dose of 200 to 400 mg Methylthiouracil for 14 days. No elevation of serum transaminases was observed. The application of a daily dose of 30 mg methyl testosterone to 40 other patients was followed by a rise of SGO-T and SGP-T in 77% of them. The maximal elevation of SGO-T was 275 U. and of SGP-T 260 U., and this was reached during 10 days of therapy on an average. This effect is bound to the methyl group of methyl testosterone, since in 10 patients, treated with the same dose of testosterone propionate, the serum transaminases activity were not influenced.     

Voacanga-Alkaloide III. Voacristin: Identität mit Voacangarin und Abbau zu Iboxygain und Ibogain

Summary Voacristine is identical with voacangarine. Its degradation products include iboxygaine and ibogaine. Structures for iboxygaine and its internal quaternary tosylate salt are briefly discussed.     

Lokale Kapillarpermeabilität und austauschbares Albumin in verschiedenen Organen der Ratte

Summary It was shown that the various organs and tissues differ from each other: (1) in the local capillary permeability for homologous I¹³¹-labeled serum albumin, and (2) in their contents of exchangeable albumin.     

Mutation und Phänokopie bei Säugetier und Mensch

Summary The concept of phenocopy established byGoldschmidt in 1935 is critically studied and special emphasis is placed upon the problem of how to distinguish true and false phenocopies. A comparison is made with true and false genocopies, that means mimic mutations. Regarding a given character it is often hard to distinguish as far as man and mammals are concerned, whether it is caused by mutation or phenocopy. Although most of the abnormalities occur as hereditary as well as non-hereditary types, there are, however, hereditary defects that occur seldom and others that occur frequently as phenocopies; still other abnormalities are known as yet only as non-hereditary modifications. It is still impossible to give exact figures for the numerical relationship of single hereditary and non-hereditary abnormalities in man.In certain cases in man and animals there may be also an interaction of the gene and the phenocopying agent, the latter replacing the missing second allele of the gene in question in a heterozygotic individual. The question has to be examined whether in the case of horizontal inheritance, that means occurrence of the same character only in one sibship, a hereditary effect is only simulated with the same phenocopying factor continually in effect. Finally a method is given to determine the relationship of mutations and phenocopies of the retinoblastoma, a hereditary or exogenous caused highly malignant ocular neoplasm in man, a question very important to eugenics.

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Dem PathologenRobert Rössle* zum 80. Geburtstag am 19. August 1956 gewidmet

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Redaktionelle Anmerkung. Am 21. November 1956 ist Herr Prof.Rössle in Berlin verstorben. Die Experientia-Leser erinnern sich dankbar an seinen Aufsatz: «Warum sterben so wenig Menschen eines natürlichen Todes?» Exper.4, 295 (1948).

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Nach einem Vortrag an der Universität Nagoya (Japan) am 17. September 1956.     

Papierchromatographische Trennung von 2-Amino-6-oxy-pteridin-carbonsäure-8 und 2-Amino-6-oxy-pteridin-carbonsäure-9

Summary By using a solvent mixture of 80 vol. sec. butanol, 20 vol. formic acid (90%), and 50 vol. water, the separation of 2-amino-6-hydroxy-pteridin-carboxylic acid-8 and -9 by paper partition chromatography is possible. In mixtures both acids can readily be distinguished by their different fluorescenc (blue and green) after chromatographic separation. By condensation of 2,4,5-triamino-6-hydroxy-pyrimidine with C₃-compounds mixtures of 8- and 9-isomers (sometimes containing only a few percent of one isomer) are always obtained.