浅地层步进变频探地雷达合成孔径算法研究

合成孔径成像是一种常用的改善方位分辨率的方法。连续波步进变频雷达平均发射功率较高而且可以实现较大的相对带宽,所以在探地应用中可以获得较高的分辨率和较深的探测深度。针对浅地层步进变频探地雷达回波信噪比很低的特点,利用时域回波图像所呈现的双曲线,提出了一种曲线适配的合成孔径成像算法。通过对实测数据处理,证明所提算法在步进变频探地雷达中比传统的合成孔径算法能得到更好的方位分辨率,而且明显增强了目标图像的信噪比。     

Weighted joint calibration for interferometric SAR

Calibration is a processing procedure for across-track interferometric synthetic aperture radar （InSAR） to achieve an accurate three-dimensional location. A calibration technique, called weighted joint calibration, for the generation of wide-area geocoded digital elevation models （DEMs） is proposed. It cali- brates multiple InSAR scenes simultaneously, and allows reducing the number of required ground control points （GCPs） by using tie points （TPs）. This approach may ensure the continuity of three- dimensional location among adjacent scenes, which is necessary for mosaic and fusion of data coming from different scenes. In addition, it introduces weights to calibration to discriminate GCPs and TPs with different coherences and locations. This paper presents the principles and methodology of this weighted joint calibration technique and illustrates its successful application in airborne In- SAR data.     

Angular extent effect of micromotion target in SAR image by polar format algorithm

Target micromotion not only plays an important role in target recognition but also leads to esoteric characteristics in synthetic aperture radar （SAR） imaging. This paper finds out an interesting phenomenon, i.e. the angular extent effect, in micro-motion target images formulated by the polar format algorithm. A micromotion target takes on multiple pairs of paired echoes （PEs） around the true point, and each PE extends for an angle which is exactly equal to the angular extent of the synthetic aperture, regardless of the micromotion frequency. The effect is derived and interpreted by using the characteristics of Bessel functions. Then it is demonstrated by simulation experiments of a target with different micromotion frequencies. The revelation and interpretation of the effect is highly beneficial to micromotion-target SAR image understanding as wel as target recognition.     

曲线合成孔径雷达信号模型与孔径形状研究

基于曲线合成孔径雷达原理与空间几何关系,讨论了曲线合成孔径雷达信号模型与成像方法,推导出目标的一维及二维信号模型,并将其扩展到三维空间。考虑到不同的曲线孔径形状将对方位分辨率和高度分辨率有不同影响,详细研究了各种不同形状的曲线孔径,给出了各自的优缺点和适用条件。结论是,上下、左右对称的孔径形状较不对称的效果更优,L型孔径将导致很高的旁瓣。仿真实验结果对真实飞行航迹具有指导作用。     

高分辨直升机载旋转合成孔径雷达成像算法

针对直升机载旋转式合成孔径雷达(rotating synthetic aperture radar, ROSAR)方位向分辨率依赖于重构角度大小,大重构角时传统子孔径处理带来的孔径损失导致方位向分辨率降低的问题,使用高阶逼近模型建立了ROSAR的回波信号模型,结合级数反演的思想推导出了其精确的二维频谱表达式。在此基础上,提出一种适合高分辨ROSAR的成像算法,并对相应的参数选择和性能进行了分析。最后,仿真结果验证了分析结论的正确性和算法的有效性。     

New analytical imaging algorithm for general case airborne bistatic SAR

This paper focuses on the general case （GC） airborne bistatic synthetic aperture radar （SAR） data processing, and a new analytical imaging algorithm based on the extended Loffeld＇s bistatic formula （ELBF） is proposed. According to the bistatic SAR geometry, the track decoupling formulas that convert the bistatic geometry to the receiver-referenced geometry in a concise way are derived firstly. Then phase terms of ELBF are decomposed into two independent phase terms as the range phase term and the azimuth phase term in a new way. To get the focusing result, the bistatic deformation （BD） term is compensated in the two-dimensional （2- D） frequency domain, and the space-variances of the range phase term and the azimuth phase term are eliminated by chirp scaling （CS） and chirp z-transform （CZT）, respectively. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified by the simulation results.     

Knowledge-based detection method for SAR targets

When the classical constant false-alarm rate （CFAR） combined with fuzzy C-means （FCM） algorithm is applied to target detection in synthetic aperture radar （SAR） images with complex background, CFAR requires block-by-block estimation of clutter models and FCM clustering converges to local optimum. To address these problems, this paper pro-poses a new detection algorithm： knowledge-based combined with improved genetic algorithm-fuzzy C-means （GA-FCM） algorithm. Firstly, the algorithm takes target region＇s maximum and average intensity, area, length of long axis and long-to-short axis ratio of the external ellipse as factors which influence the target appearing probabil- ity. The knowledge-based detection algorithm can produce preprocess results without the need of estimation of clutter models as CFAR does. Afterward the GA-FCM algorithm is improved to cluster pre-process results. It has advantages of incorporating global optimizing ability of GA and local optimizing ability of FCM, which will further eliminate false alarms and get better results. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is experimentally validated with real SAR images.     

Multi-polarization reconstruction from compact polarimetry based on modified four-component scattering decomposition

An improved algorithm for multi-polarization reconstruction from compact polarimetry （CP） is proposed. According to two fundamental assumptions in compact polarimetric reconstruction, two improvements are proposed. Firstly, the four-component model-based decomposition algorithm is modified with a new volume scattering model. The decomposed helix scattering component is then used to deal with the non-reflection symmetry condition in compact polarimetric measurements. Using the decomposed power and considering the scattering mechanism of each component, an average relationship between copolarized and crosspolarized channels is developed over the original polarization state extrapolation model. E-SAR polarimetric data acquired over the Oberpfaffenhofen area and JPL/AIRSAR polarimetric data acquired over San Francisco are used for verification, and good reconstruction results are obtained, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.     

机载环扫成像雷达数据处理方法研究

经典的聚焦式合成孔径和非聚焦式合成孔径数据处理方法主要用于星载或机载侧视成像 ,而环形扫描成像是一种特殊的成像方式 ,不能直接利用经典的成像处理算法。为了解决环形扫描高分辨率成像问题 ,概述了环扫成像雷达的工作方式 ,介绍了用聚焦式合成孔径和非聚焦式合成孔径提高方位分辨率的 3种实现方法。通过仿真验证了这 3种方法的有效性。该方法也可用于非环扫成像雷达系统。     

Cramer-Rao bound and signal-to-noise ratio gain in distributed coherent aperture radar

This paper studies the estimation performance of the coherent processing parameter （CPP）, including time delay differences and phase synchronization errors among different apertures of the distributed coherent aperture radar （DCAR）. Firstly, three architectures of signal processing in the DCAR are introduced. Secondly, the closed-form Cramer-Rao bound （CRB） of the CPP estimation is derived and compared. Then, the closed-form CRB is verified by numerical simulations. Finally, when the next generation radar works in a fully coherent mode, the closed-form signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） gain of the three architectures is presented.     

高分辨星载SAR的方位维频率非线性变标成像算法

在高分辨情况下,星载合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar, SAR)的合成孔径时间变长,加速度带来的影响则不可忽略,匀速直线模型下的传统算法将失效。利用加速度斜距模型,分析了曲线轨迹模型下聚束式SAR的空变特性,提出了一种适用于大场景高分辨成像的方位维频率非线性变标算法。首先,通过构造一个方位维多相滤波函数,增加方位维变标的自由度,使得构造的扰动函数可以消除空变的距离方位二维频域耦合项;然后,改进了常规的两步去混叠算法,使之更加适用于曲线轨迹模型;最后,利用梯度运算将方位调制项的空变系数进行分解,通过扰动函数消除空变的方位项。仿真结果验证了所提算法的有效性。     

基于高度扫描的ISAR三维成像研究与仿真

研究了基于高度扫描的大转角逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)三维成像,针对干涉逆合成孔径雷达技术不能将同一距离和方位单元但不同高度上的散射中心进行区分以及大转角转台转动带来的越距离单元徙动等问题,在传统大转角ISAR成像基础上,增加了高度扫描,建立了三维成像系统,提出了适用于大角度转动的ISAR三维成像算法,应用波谱理论对三维目标的高度信息进行去耦,将其转化为二维大转角ISAR成像的问题,然后利用聚焦卷积积分算法进行成像,并分析了高度扫描的ISAR系统具有高度分辨率的原因。最后通过仿真目标模型进行验证,结果表明该算法具有三维成像能力,且能够得到高质量高分辨率的目标像。     

SAR成像导引头的弹道设计与优化

弹载合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar, SAR)的方位成像能力受飞行弹道和观测视角的影响。为满足SAR成像导引头在限定时间内获得最佳方位分辨率,提出了一种基于遗传算法的弹道优化设计方法。首先建立了弹载SAR条件下导弹飞行的约束,然后以导弹指令加速度为优化变量,构造了与方位分辨率和波束驻留时间相关的目标函数,采用遗传算法进行寻优,设计得到了弹载SAR平台的优化弹道。仿真实验证明了该方法的有效性。     

雷达图像的分辨特性

本文较全面和系统地论述了真实孔径及合成孔径雷达图像的分辨特性,给出了距离分辨率、方位分辨率和辐射分辨率的定量计算关系式。阐述了多种辐射分辨率定义的内涵,并对其相应的错误概率进行了比较。引入了雷达图像的分辨体积和可懂度的概念,并且完成了雷达图像分辨特性的方形像元等效。这些论述对于雷达图像质量的评估和相互比较,以及雷达系统参数的设计具有重要意义。     

用于雷达方位超分辨的范数正则化方法

方位超分辨是国内外雷达界长期以来持续探索的一项技术难题,针对求解过程中所遇到的病态性,本文深入研究了范数正则化方法。利用L₂范数正则化方法对方位超分辨模型进行求解,针对L₂范数正则化方法的不足并考虑到目标信号的稀疏性质,建立了L₁范数正则化模型。为提高求解的计算效率,将其转化为半定规划模型,用预测校正原对偶路径跟踪法进行求解。针对不同信噪比情况进行了计算机仿真,初步结果表明,两种方法都能用于雷达方位超分辨,且在相同条件下L₁范数正则化方法分辨性能更好,具有较强的噪声适应能力,在信噪比低至0 dB时,分辨力提高1.7倍。     

地球同步轨道SAR两维奇异值分解成像方法

针对地球同步轨道合成孔径雷达(geosynchronous synthetic aperture radar, GEO-SAR)长合成时间和大观测场景严重的二维空变将影响二维聚焦深度的问题,该文提出了一种GEO-SAR两维奇异值分解成像方法。该方法首先对距离空变信号进行奇异值分解得到距离多普勒的耦合特性,通过距离频率插值和重采样完成距离空变校正;接着,对方位空变信号进行奇异值分解将方位空变与多普勒分离,通过级联的两步奇异值分解和方位非线性变标操作完成方位空变校正,实现整个场景的聚焦。最后,仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

车载HF-SAR提取表层海流仿真研究

以高频地波雷达单站提取表层海流为应用背景,将合成孔径技术用于高频地波雷达,提出了高频地波合成孔径雷达(HF-SAR)的新概念,并探讨将其用于提取表层海流的可行性。描述系统组成、实现方式和系统模型,介绍速度估计算法,实现了在一个海域分辨单元上提取表层海流的仿真模型。仿真结果显示,通过选取适当的方位分辨单元大小,从方位向回波中提取出多普勒中心频率和调频率,能够估计出表层海流的流速和流向,且精度满足要求。这表明利用高频地波合成孔径雷达实现单站提取表层海流在理论上是可行的。     

基于加权l1范数优化的双基地ISAR稀疏成像算法

针对低信噪比条件下实现双基地逆合成孔径雷达(inverse synthetic aperture radar, ISAR)稀疏孔径成像时重构质量较差的问题, 提出了一种基于加权l₁范数优化的高分辨成像算法。首先, 假设各像元稀疏非同分布, 利用贝叶斯准则和最大后验概率估计将双基地ISAR稀疏孔径成像问题转化为加权l₁范数约束问题, 建立成像模型; 然后, 利用柯西-牛顿算法进行加权l₁范数约束最优化问题的求解, 实现目标图像重构。由于假设各像元独立非同分布, 故通过像元加权的方式更好地利用了目标的能量聚集和结构特性, 提高了成像质量。最后, 仿真实验验证了算法的有效性和优越性。     

SIAR在强干扰背景下目标的检测与跟踪(二)

本文在第一部分的基础上进一步介绍稀布阵综合脉冲孔径雷达（ＳＩＡＲ）在强干扰背景下对目标的距离、方位和仰角进行精确测量与跟踪的方法，通过计算机模拟证明了该方法的有效性。     

Grating lobes suppression method for stepped frequency GB-SAR system

A grating lobes suppression method for chirp-subpulse stepped frequency（CSSF） signals is proposed, which is applied to deformation monitoring using the ground based synthetic aperture radar（GB-SAR） system. This method is based on accurate estimation and correction of the phase and amplitude error along two dimensions（range and azimuth）, i.e., the error estimation inside the subpulse（in-subpulse error） and across the stepped frequency subpulses（cross-subpulse error） of transmitted CSSF signals. Validated both with simulated data and experimental data recorded in the deformation monitoring campaign, it can be seen that the method as well as the relative conclusions can be fully and effectively applied to most of the stepped frequency systems.