Exact analysis of the azimuth resolution characters of squint SAR

Based on the motion of platform and the scanning rules of the squint SAR, this paper constructs an exact slant range model between a point target and APC, then presents a novel analysis method of the high resolution characters in azimuth of squint SAR. By deeply researching the length of synthetic aperture and the azimuth resolution, we give the application conditions of various formulae about the two important parameters, which is vital to the exact imaging and brief but reasonable processing.     

基于编队卫星的SAR高方位向分辨率成像

针对编队卫星被动工作方式下提高SAR方位向分辨率的构型,在建立信号回波模型和详细分析提高方位向分辨率原理的基础上,提出了对基线的要求及频谱合成算法。该算法充分利用了编队卫星SAR系统中不同接收机的视角信息,有效地完成了多组不同多普勒位置的信号相干合成,实现了系统分辨率的提高。计算机仿真结果表明该算法具有良好的性能。     

Knowledge-based detection method for SAR targets

When the classical constant false-alarm rate （CFAR） combined with fuzzy C-means （FCM） algorithm is applied to target detection in synthetic aperture radar （SAR） images with complex background, CFAR requires block-by-block estimation of clutter models and FCM clustering converges to local optimum. To address these problems, this paper pro-poses a new detection algorithm： knowledge-based combined with improved genetic algorithm-fuzzy C-means （GA-FCM） algorithm. Firstly, the algorithm takes target region＇s maximum and average intensity, area, length of long axis and long-to-short axis ratio of the external ellipse as factors which influence the target appearing probabil- ity. The knowledge-based detection algorithm can produce preprocess results without the need of estimation of clutter models as CFAR does. Afterward the GA-FCM algorithm is improved to cluster pre-process results. It has advantages of incorporating global optimizing ability of GA and local optimizing ability of FCM, which will further eliminate false alarms and get better results. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is experimentally validated with real SAR images.     

星载聚束SAR成像的一种预处理算法

针对星载SAR的高分辨率聚束成像模式,分析了雷达系统参数和成像区域大小之间的联系,说明了常用的基于接收时dechirp解调的算法不再适用于大范围的星载聚束SAR成像处理,同时接收回波时进行dechirp解调的方式也将不再适用。给出一种数据预处理方法来处理系统所接收的不经过dechirp解调的回波数据,在系统PRF保持和接收时dechirp解调方式一致的情况下,常用的聚束SAR成像算法(PFA、RMA等)经过少量修正就可以直接应用于大范围的星载聚束SAR成像处理。     

分布式Spotlight SAR方位分辨率提高与地形效应补偿

研究了利用分布式小卫星提高Spotlight SAR方位向分辨率的原理和具体的实现方法。同时详细研究了地面高度对合成信号方位向分辨率的影响。与单SAR成像不同,地面高度除了使图像几何失真,还会导致方位分辨率恶化。针对其影响,提出了相应的补偿方法。最后通过数值仿真验证了上述方法的有效性。     

Angular extent effect of micromotion target in SAR image by polar format algorithm

Target micromotion not only plays an important role in target recognition but also leads to esoteric characteristics in synthetic aperture radar （SAR） imaging. This paper finds out an interesting phenomenon, i.e. the angular extent effect, in micro-motion target images formulated by the polar format algorithm. A micromotion target takes on multiple pairs of paired echoes （PEs） around the true point, and each PE extends for an angle which is exactly equal to the angular extent of the synthetic aperture, regardless of the micromotion frequency. The effect is derived and interpreted by using the characteristics of Bessel functions. Then it is demonstrated by simulation experiments of a target with different micromotion frequencies. The revelation and interpretation of the effect is highly beneficial to micromotion-target SAR image understanding as wel as target recognition.     

星载相控阵合成孔径雷达波位设计方法

波位设计是星载相控阵合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar,SAR)顶层设计的关键技术之一。介绍波位设计的基本原理,分析约束波位设计的因素,尤其是相控阵SAR系统的模糊性能,明确了模糊性能同系统参数之间的关系。提出了星载相控阵SAR系统的波位自适应设计方法,极大地减少了SAR系统设计的工作量,为SAR卫星总体设计提供了重要手段。最后以条带模式星载相控阵SAR系统的波位设计为例,验证了算法的可行性。     

Phase synchronization processing method for alternating bistatic mode in distributed SAR

In the distributed synthetic aperture radar(SAR),the alternating bistatic mode can perform phase reference without a synchronization link between two satellites compared with the pulsed alternate synchronization method.The key of the phase synchronization processing is to extract the oscillator phase differences from the bistatic echoes.A signal model of phase synchronization in the alternating bistatic mode is presented.The phase synchronization processing method is then studied.To reduce the phase errors introduced by SAR imaging,a sub-aperture processing method is proposed.To generalize the sub-aperture processing method,an echo-domain processing method using correlation of bistatic echoes is proposed.Finally,the residual phase errors of the both proposed processing methods are analyzed.Simulation experiments validate the proposed phase synchronization processing method and its phase error analysis results.     

Region-based classification by combining MS segmentation and MRF for POLSAR images

Speckle effects on classification results can be suppressed to some extent by introducing the contextual information.An unsupervised classification algorithm is proposed for polarimetric synthetic aperture radar(POLSAR) images based on the mean shift(MS) segmentation and Markov random field(MRF).First,polarimetric features are exacted by target decomposition for MS segmentation.An initial classification is executed by using the target decomposition and the agglomerative hierarchical clustering algorithm.Thereafter,a classification step based on MRF is performed by using the mean coherence matrices obtained for each segment.Under the MRF framework,the smoothness term is defined according to the distance between neighboring areas.By using POLSAR images acquired by the German Aerospace Centre and National Aeronautics and Space Administration/Jet Propulsion Laboratory,the experimental results confirm that the proposed method has higher accuracy and better regional connectivity than other classification methods.     

UWB-SAR方位多普勒频率变化的非线性研究

本文首先研究了超宽带合成孔径雷达(UWB-SAR)方位多普勒频率变化非线性现象,然后探讨了它与积累角之间的关系,接着从理论上分析了其影响,最后通过计算机仿真验证了所有结论的正确性.     

Weighted joint calibration for interferometric SAR

Calibration is a processing procedure for across-track interferometric synthetic aperture radar （InSAR） to achieve an accurate three-dimensional location. A calibration technique, called weighted joint calibration, for the generation of wide-area geocoded digital elevation models （DEMs） is proposed. It cali- brates multiple InSAR scenes simultaneously, and allows reducing the number of required ground control points （GCPs） by using tie points （TPs）. This approach may ensure the continuity of three- dimensional location among adjacent scenes, which is necessary for mosaic and fusion of data coming from different scenes. In addition, it introduces weights to calibration to discriminate GCPs and TPs with different coherences and locations. This paper presents the principles and methodology of this weighted joint calibration technique and illustrates its successful application in airborne In- SAR data.     

SAR图像相干斑抑制滤波性能评价

为了评价合成孔径雷达(syntheticapertureradar,SAR)图像相干斑滤波算法性能,提出了一个性能评价体系,其中包含9项指标:等效视数(或平滑指数)、辐射分辨率、信号杂波比损失、信号辐射度损失、均值偏差、空间分辨率损失、边缘保持指数、峰值旁瓣比偏差、积分旁瓣比偏差。该评价体系能同时衡量各滤波算法对相干斑的抑制程度以及对图像原始信息的保持程度。通过用真实图像和模拟SAR图像对典型相干斑滤波算法的检验,表明了评价指标的有效性。     

利用Wigner-Ville分布估计星载合成孔径雷达多普勒中心频率

在星载合成孔径雷达（ＳＡＲ）系统中,多普勒中心频率的精度直接影响着成像的质量。目前常用的多普勒中心频率估计方法的估计精度与目标场景的统计特性密切相关,因而在实际应用中估计方差较大。本文提出了一种基于时频分析的多普勒中心频率估计方法,并给出了处理仿真及ＥＲＳ－１实测数据的结果。结果表明这种估计方法对目标统计特性的变化不敏感,而且估计精度较高。     

自然场景的SAR图像模拟

自然场景高低起伏变换的不确定性和各种介质随机分布的特点,是实现合成孔径雷达图像快速模拟的难点问题。提出一种合成孔径雷达图像模拟的方法,根据一处真实自然地表的DEM数据构造出整个仿真场景模型,利用一种统计经验公式计算得到场景中各介质的RCS值。建立了合成孔径雷达回波信号的表达式,在此基础之上完成了对场景的合成孔径雷达图像模拟,得到了较为理想的结果。     

识别SAR图像中车辆和车辆群目标的综合方法

提出了一种对SAR(syntheticapertureradar)图像中的车辆和车辆群目标进行识别的综合方法。它利用SAR图像所具有的统计特性、CFAR检测和数学形态学方法相结合对SAR图像进行预处理和目标分割。找到了一组能够正确表示SAR图像中车辆和车辆群目标的单体不变特征和组合不变特征,给出了相应的目标分类和识别算法、参数选择方法及优化参数。实验证明该方法具有良好的识别效果。     

Multi-polarization reconstruction from compact polarimetry based on modified four-component scattering decomposition

An improved algorithm for multi-polarization reconstruction from compact polarimetry （CP） is proposed. According to two fundamental assumptions in compact polarimetric reconstruction, two improvements are proposed. Firstly, the four-component model-based decomposition algorithm is modified with a new volume scattering model. The decomposed helix scattering component is then used to deal with the non-reflection symmetry condition in compact polarimetric measurements. Using the decomposed power and considering the scattering mechanism of each component, an average relationship between copolarized and crosspolarized channels is developed over the original polarization state extrapolation model. E-SAR polarimetric data acquired over the Oberpfaffenhofen area and JPL/AIRSAR polarimetric data acquired over San Francisco are used for verification, and good reconstruction results are obtained, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.     

超高分辨率机载聚束FMCW SAR成像方法研究

运动补偿问题是制约机载调频连续波合成孔径雷达(FMCW SAR)实现超高分辨率成像的瓶颈.在考虑了载机存在非理想运动的情况下,讨论了信号持续时间内载机运动的补偿问题;深入分析了超高分辨率聚束SAR成像运动误差的空变特性;进而提出了适用于超高分辨率机载FMCW SAR成像的逆投影成像算法以及包括运动补偿环节的成像处理方案,并与基于波数域算法的方案进行了比较.理论推导和仿真实验,验证了方案的可行性和正确性.     

扩展场景的双基地SAR快速回波仿真算法

针对收发平台等速平飞的双基地合成孔径雷达条带工作模式,提出了一种用于扩展场景原始回波生成的频域快速仿真算法.为保证回波相位的准确性,频域传递函数及空变相位误差项均通过数值计算得到,由于回波信号的计算主要基于快速傅立叶变换实现,因此算法具有高的计算效率.最后利用单基地合成孔径雷达的实际图像作为扩展场景数据仿真了双基地sAR回波信号,成像结果分析验证了算法的有效性.     

星载合成孔径雷达图像定位模型与仿真

在研究距离-多普勒信息定位方法的基础上,利用所建立的星载SAR图像Range-Doppler定位仿真模型,对星载合成孔径雷达成像的全过程及定位计算进行模拟仿真。验证了R-D模型定位方法的有效性,并对定位精度、各种因素对定位误差的影响进行了仿真分析,仿真结果与理论分析结论一致。