U75V热处理钢轨滚动接触疲劳裂纹和磨耗试验

对U75V热处理钢轨进行不同通过总重时的表面观测、取样、磨耗测量、实验室疲劳裂纹长度与深度显微照相以及断面硬度测量,分析钢轨的轨距角滚动接触疲劳裂纹、磨耗和硬度的关系.研究发现,轨距角疲劳裂纹的发展包括裂纹快速萌生和扩展、裂纹-磨耗共存和发展、磨耗控制裂纹三个阶段.轨距角的裂纹向钢轨内部扩展,裂纹与钢轨纵向水平线呈10.8°~29.4°.硬化层硬度在340~360 HB及以上时,磨耗发展率小于0.015mm·Mt-1,而疲劳裂纹萌生扩展较快,应考虑钢轨上道后至通过总重5~10 Mt期间实施新轨预打磨、通过总重30~60 Mt时实施预防性打磨,以平衡磨耗与裂纹的关系.同时,U75V热处理钢轨具有340~360HB及以上硬度的硬化层厚度应大于10mm.     

滚动接触作用下钢轨表面裂纹扩展机理分析

为了分析车轮纯滚动接触作用下的钢轨表面裂纹扩展机制,建立含表面裂纹的轮轨滚动接触疲劳计算模型,获得15t轴重作用下钢轨表面裂纹长度由0.1mm扩展到2.0mm全过程的裂纹尖端应力强度因子变化规律.基于复合型断裂准则和Paris疲劳扩展理论,分析钢轨表面裂纹扩展规律.分析结果表明:在微裂纹扩展至可见裂纹阶段,钢轨表面疲劳裂纹属于Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹;随着裂纹长度增加,应力强度因子K_Ⅰ先迅速增加,然后逐渐减小,而KⅡ在裂纹扩展全过程中呈增加趋势;裂纹萌生与扩展初期以张开型为主,随着裂纹长度增加,其扩展形式向滑开型转变;当裂纹扩展至0.3~0.5mm间时,倾向于向上扩展导致剥离掉块,该扩展趋势与现场服役钢轨剥离路径较为一致.     

摩擦系数对滚动接触疲劳裂纹萌生和磨耗影响

提出了疲劳裂纹萌生与磨耗共存发展离散化过程建模设想,根据临界平面法材料疲劳损伤理论和Archard磨耗理论,建立钢轨三维疲劳裂纹萌生与磨耗共存发展预测模型,分析轮轨接触位置的摩擦系数对曲线段钢轨表面疲劳裂纹萌生与磨耗发展的影响.结果表明,摩擦系数对接触斑面积、形状和位置无影响,但影响轮轨接触斑黏着区/滑动区的分布和切向应力状态;随着摩擦系数的增大,钢轨的平均磨耗发展率增加、磨耗量增大、裂纹萌生寿命减小,其中,摩擦系数从0.3增大至0.7时,外轨和内轨的平均磨耗发展率分别增大了约17%～55%、16%～42%,外轨和内轨的裂纹萌生寿命分别降低约24%～34%和18%～35%;随着摩擦系数的增加,外轨的裂纹萌生位置从轨面以下2.0～2.5mm处向亚表面0.9～1.0mm移动;内轨的裂纹萌生位置基本处于轨顶面下2.4～2.6 mm;轮轨接触位置的摩擦系数控制在0.3～0.4的范围,可以达到延长钢轨疲劳裂纹萌生寿命、减缓钢轨磨耗的目的.     

焦柳线石门段U71Mn 50 kg/m钢轨核伤扩展寿命的估计

根据焦柳线石门段U71Mn 50 kg/m钢轨的运营状况,在室内利用三点弯曲试验测定了该钢轨的裂纹扩展速率曲线即a-N曲线,经过回归分析,得出了该钢轨疲劳裂纹扩展速率的材料系数C=3.8771×10-12,m=3.6343;根据Paris公式对该钢轨在产生可探测的核伤(核伤直径不小于10 mm)后由核伤扩展控制(核伤面积占轨头面积的30%)的使用寿命进行估计,确定该钢轨在2002a的运营条件下的使用寿命为所通过的总运量不超过46.8 Mt,营运时间不超过421 d,为管理部门对线路的养护、维修提供了依据.     

考虑材料塑性变形的高速道岔心轨裂纹萌生预测

根据高速铁路18号单开道岔钢轨设计廓形，考虑车轮逆向-侧向通过翼轨?心轨时轮载转移引起的冲击荷载和材料塑性变形，将心轨塑性变形结合到裂纹萌生和磨耗共存发展预测方法中，预测了心轨裂纹萌生。分析发现，心轨顶宽35~40 mm为承受轮载转移的最不利位置；该位置的表面材料在冲击荷载下发生塑性变形，其应力应变明显降低，直至在一定轮载次数下达到稳定状态，这时的最大塑性变形量为0.087 5~0.092 5 mm，延缓了疲劳裂纹的萌生；心轨疲劳损伤最大值位于轨头亚表面，顶宽35和40 mm处的裂纹萌生区域分别在心轨表面垂直向下1.2和1.5 mm、从轨顶中心水平向工作边一侧4~5 mm和1~2 mm的位置。疲劳裂纹萌生寿命分别为1.63×10⁶ t和3.97×10⁶ t。     

高速列车钢轨硌伤致损机理有限元分析

钢轨长时间暴露在自然环境中,经常受到硬物撞击,表面出现不同形状的硌伤,在局部区域出现应力集中,影响钢轨应力分布,严重时引发轮轨滚动接触疲劳,威胁铁路的行车安全。利用有限元软件ABAQUS建立含不同尺寸初始硌伤形状的钢轨模型,研究硌伤对钢轨残余应力、塑性应变累积和裂纹扩展的影响。结果表明,硌伤坑边缘隆起,出现拉应力状态,残余应力呈环形分布,最大等效塑性应变总是出现在硌伤坑底部;循环载荷作用下,塑性应变累积的速率较小,沿加载方向的硌伤坑形貌明显变宽;在不同初始裂纹方向下,轨头的裂纹扩展可分为沿坑壁横向扩展、沿深度纵向扩展、横向和纵向混合扩展3类;对于圆锥形、球形、楔形硌伤,60°初始裂纹扩展速率最快; 3种硌伤形貌中,圆锥形硌伤最危险。     

400 m小半径曲线钢轨打磨前后车辆动力学特性分析

本文选取某线路磨损较为严重的400 m半径曲线钢轨作为研究对象,采用多体动力学软件UM建立车辆-钢轨耦合动力学模型,不考虑钢轨打磨前后的轨面平顺性,研究分析新轨及打磨前后旧轨廓形与全新车轮LMa车轮踏面接触时车辆动力学特性.结果表明:当横移量大于7 mm时,新轨等效锥度最大,打磨后旧轨等效锥度较打磨前小,车辆通过小半径曲线性能有所降低,但同时也将减小轮轨横向力,减小轮轨磨耗;较打磨前旧轨,打磨后旧轨与LMa车轮踏面接触时,踏面接触斑内纵向蠕滑率最大值分别减小15.07%、2.82%,左右股横向蠕滑率最大值分别减小4.48%、4.69%,左右股磨耗功最大值分别减少18.06%、9.04%;打磨后旧轨轮对横向/垂向加速度变化时域图与新轨几乎重合,且最大值较打磨前分别降低4.46%、19.05%,车辆运行平稳性得到提升;打磨后轨面状态得到改善,剥离掉块得到较好整治,波浪形磨耗得到较好处理,车辆运行品质得到改善.     

P60钢轨鱼鳞伤萌生寿命

上海轨道交通1号线锦江乐园至莘庄路段P60钢轨使用至今已出现不同程度伤损。曲线路段的部分钢轨外轨内侧出现鱼鳞伤，严重的鱼鳞伤甚至向下发展导致核伤。鱼鳞伤在疲劳裂纹的初期发展缓慢，随着疲劳荷载次数增加，裂纹深度扩展速率dh/dN发生转折。定义裂纹深度扩展速率发生转折时对应的疲劳荷载的次数为鱼鳞伤萌生寿命。     

12号合金钢组合辙叉单开道岔疲劳裂纹萌生寿命预测

基于有限元分析软件建立12号合金钢组合辙叉单开道岔静、动力学分析模型;基于列车直、侧向过岔的动力仿真结果,确定岔区钢轨疲劳敏感区域,并提取敏感区域疲劳荷载谱;采用静力分析模型研究单位荷载下各敏感区域钢轨内部应力分布情况;基于Miner线性累积法则对岔区钢轨疲劳裂纹萌生寿命进行预测;研究列车轴重、速度对钢轨裂纹萌生寿命的影响;给出不同轴重、不同速度列车通过时岔区钢轨疲劳敏感区域裂纹萌生寿命的预测公式.结果表明:道岔不同敏感区域钢轨的疲劳裂纹萌生寿命相差很大,列车轴重及侧向通过速度对钢轨的疲劳裂纹萌生寿命有很大影响,疲劳裂纹萌生寿命随列车轴重的增加而大幅降低,随列车侧向通过速度的增加也有所降低.     

钢轨疲劳裂纹萌生与磨耗发展共存预测中的 磨耗阈值

提出了等磨耗深度与等车轮通过次数两种不同的磨耗阈值确定方法,分析了磨耗阈值对钢轨型面、磨耗发展率、疲劳损伤、裂纹萌生位置和寿命等预测的影响。结果表明:不同的磨耗阈值下,三次插值样条曲线平滑处理磨耗型面时引起的误差可以忽略;磨耗阈值对平均磨耗发展率影响不大,但对疲劳损伤及其发展影响明显;磨耗阈值较小时,如磨耗深度h≤0.04 mm或车轮通过次数t≤3.0×104,预测的裂纹萌生位置、裂纹萌生寿命基本接近,计算效率略低;磨耗阈值较大时,相比阈值较小的结果,裂纹萌生位置有小于5.0%的偏差,裂纹萌生寿命最大有13.5%的偏差,计算效率提高50%～60%。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with