中国农业生态安全及相关研究进展

我国正处于经济快速发展时期，经济发展所带来的环境与生态问题十分严重；同时我国又是人口大国，农业生产始终是党和政府、社会各界以及国际社会关注的焦点问题，农业生态安全、粮食安全等是影响国家安全的重要方面。本文试对生态安全以及农业生态安全的概念、特点、评价与预警，粮食安全，农业景观结构调整与发展生态安全型农业，土地资源持续利用，农业生物多样性与转基因生物等的研究现状及进展做一初步分析。     

试式论我国滩涂资源日的持续利用

本文在分析我国滩涂开发存在的政策，科学与技术等问题的基础上，探讨了我国滩涂持续利用的基本思路，提出了滩涂生物遗传多样性的保护与利用，适于滩涂成陆土地种植的植物筛选，育种与种植，滩涂耐盐碱植物的筛选，驯化与综合利用，林草牧复合生态种养殖，封闭式海水池塘生态养殖和工程化养殖，滩涂底栖生物资源保护，人工增殖和洁兆生产，大型藻类育苗和养殖，活饵料人工培养，滩涂生物资源深加工等亟待解决的关键技术。     

四川草地资源与新山区发展战略

新山区指生态环境质量与人口分布高度重合，形成人口-生态-资源-发展之间良性循环的格局，与平原区互补和互利的高地区域。它包括山地地区、丘陵区和高原区，具有富足、生态文明、特殊价值和人口容量适度四个特点。目前四川的山区仍然以贫困、生态脆弱、丘陵区发展受限和少数民族众多为特征，同时，作为我国主要江河的上游，生态安全地位突出，其草地资源也是民族地区和丘陵区摆脱发展困境，建设新山区和生态文明的关键性资源。最后，我们提出山区聚落重构、生态屏障建设、草地生态经济示范区、草地农业和草地产业化等新山区发展的战略构想。     

长江上游生态安全的关键科学问题

长江上游生态安全在国家生态安全和国民经济社会中具有十分重要的和不可替代的作用和地位,但脆弱的生态环境与严重的水土流失、长期的植被破坏与生态系统功能持续下降、生物多样性丧失严重、水体污染加剧、频繁的自然灾害以及全球变化等正在威胁着该区的生态安全。因此,生态与增产增收双赢共建、水环境综合治理、生物多样性保育、生态补偿机制、全球变化减缓与适应及跨省(市)的大跨度多学科交叉整合研究被认为是构建长江上游生态安全屏障的最为关键的科学问题。     

《中国动物志》编研工程的理论与实践

本文结合我国和世界动物分类学研究进展，评估《中国动物志》的科学价值、实际意义及其在世界动物学研究中的地位；并对编研中的问题进行了探讨。     

城市产业类历史建筑的新生——以南京晨光机械厂旧址保护性改造再利用为例

城市产业类历史建筑及其地段的保护性再利用是当今城市发展中面临的一个重要科学问题．在对其意义与价值进行探讨基础上，文章结合实例，从总体规划、旧建筑改造、新建筑设计等不同层面进行了较为系统的设计策略与方法的探讨．     

系统论视野下小流域生态补偿机制构建思路——以秋浦河为例

针对小流域生态补偿实践中存在的补偿标准偏低、静态、管理体制不健全、补偿方式单一等弊端,采用系统研究、文献分析、实证检验等方法,揭示了秋浦河流域生态补偿机制,包括流域协调与管理机制;生态补偿法律机制;多元补偿方式机制;政府主导,市场参与的多元融资机制;公众参与、监督机制;动态补偿机制;科学确定补偿标准机制。基于秋浦河上游生态服务主导效应因子价值、生态保护成本、发展机会成本,下游社会经济发展实际,2009年下游补偿上游金额为41448．0277。秋浦河流域生态补偿机制构建,有利于促进秋浦河流域上、下游协调发展与社会公平,可为我国小流域生态补偿构建与实践提供借鉴与参考。     

西部大开发必须把生态环境保护与建设放在首位

实施西部大开发必须处理好发展经济与改善生态环境二者之间的对立统一关系。从西部地区重要的生态屏障地位和恶劣的生态环境现状上看，从发挥地区比较优势和经济的区域分工合理化原则上考虑，从维持和改善民族生存发展环境的高度和大局着眼，从国家经济社会发展的全局性、长远性和可持续性出发，必须把生态环境保护与建设放在西部大开发的首位。为了确保这个首要地位，必须破除传统观念，树立科学的开发现。一是要树立生态优先观，消除“先破坏后治理”的错误倾向；二是要树立正确的资源优势观，克服盲目的自然资源大开发；三是树立适度开发现，避免过开度带来的不良的后果。     

小行星探测目标选择与转移轨道方案设计

系统地研究了我国开展小行星探测目标选择的技术方法和转移轨道设计方案，提出了一套完整的小行星探测任务目标选择与转移轨道方案设计方法．首先，针对小行星探测任务，讨论分析了具有较大科学探测价值目标星的选择问题；然后，针对探测目标的可接近性评价问题，提出了一种多次借力机制的可接近性评价方法，对探测目标进行筛选与评估，得到科学价值与工程可实现性兼备的目标星；根据探测任务发射时段等约束，基于Pork—chop图法确定出小行星探测任务的目标星；最后，根据探测目标的轨道特性，提出了一种基于等高线图法的借力天体选择方法，给出了2：1△V-EGA探测小行星的转移轨道方案．通过对该方案的分析，给出了一种多目标交会转移轨道设计与优化方法，将原方案扩展为中途可飞越两颗主带小行星的“一探三”任务方案，以增加探测任务的科学回报．     

对经验科学公理化的思考

公理化方法是演绎科学的方法，但其基本精神早已渗透到经验科学。如何从科学方法论和科学认识论的角度对此作深入而系统的探讨，是当代科学哲学及跨学科理论研究中一个十分重要且 相当难度的问题。本文从分析公理化的客观基础和可行性，最后分析了在经验科学中运用公理化方法的意义。     

Value disputes in urban ecological restoration: Lessons from the Chicago Wilderness

As a practice to facilitate the recovery of degraded ecosystems, ecological restoration is an inherently value-laden endeavor. Urban ecological restoration further underlines the complexity of value-ladenness involved by situating restoration in politically, ethically, epistemically, and otherwise normatively heterogenous social contexts. One such context that is particularly rich in opportunities for both significant restoration projects and social disputes about the value of such projects is the Chicago Wilderness, a region comprised of a variety of ecosystems on public and private lands across Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan. Here I offer a close reading of value disputes in the Chicago Wilderness among ecologists, practitioners, policymakers, activists, and journalists over the aims, methods, and constitutive activities of urban ecological restoration.     

Misuses of biology in the context of the paranormal

Summary Public suspicion of science stems from science's challenging of perceptions and myths about reality, and a public fear of new technology. The result is a susceptibility to pseudoscience. In claiming that creation science is as valid as evolution the creationists misquote scientists and seek to spread their own scientific myths concerning a young age for the earth, an act of creation based on a particular literalist interpretation of the Christian Bible and a single worldwide flood. They use methods of debate and politics, rather than scientific research. A selection of their arguments is examined and the nature of the evidence for evolution is discussed. Problems with the creation science model are noted. In the myth of the hundredth monkey phenomenon, original research is misquoted to denigrate scientific research and support sentimental ideas of paranormal events. The misuse of science is seen as damaging to society because it reduces the effective gathering and application of scientific information. However, pseudoscience provides a valuable guide to gaps in public scientific education.     

Misuses of biology in the context of the paranormal

Public suspicion of science stems from science's challenging of perceptions and myths about reality, and a public fear of new technology. The result is a susceptibility to pseudoscience. In claiming that creation 'science' is as valid as evolution the creationists misquote scientists and seek to spread their own 'scientific' myths concerning a young age for the earth, an act of creation based on a particular literalist interpretation of the Christian Bible and a single worldwide flood. They use methods of debate and politics, rather than scientific research. A selection of their arguments is examined and the nature of the evidence for evolution is discussed. Problems with the creation 'science' model are noted. In the myth of the hundredth monkey phenomenon, original research is misquoted to denigrate scientific research and support sentimental ideas of paranormal events. The misuse of science is seen as damaging to society because it reduces the effective gathering and application of scientific information. However, pseudoscience provides a valuable guide to gaps in public scientific education.     

The value-ladenness of transparency in science: Lessons from Lyme disease

Both philosophers and scientists have recently promoted transparency as an important element of responsible scientific practice. Philosophers have placed particular emphasis on the ways that transparency can assist with efforts to manage value judgments in science responsibly. This paper examines a potential challenge to this approach, namely, that efforts to promote transparency can themselves be value-laden. This is particularly problematic when transparency incorporates second-order value judgments that are underwritten by the same values at stake in the desire for transparency about the first-order value judgments involved in scientific research. The paper uses a case study involving research on Lyme disease to illustrate this worry, but it responds by elucidating a range of scenarios in which transparency can still play an effective role in managing value judgments responsibly.     

Values in early-stage climate engineering: The ethical implications of “doing the research”

Calls for research on climate engineering have increased in the last two decades, but there remains widespread agreement that many climate engineering technologies (in particular, forms involving global solar radiation management) present significant ethical risks and require careful governance. However, proponents of research argue, ethical restrictions on climate engineering research should not be imposed in early-stage work like in silico modeling studies. Such studies, it is argued, do not pose risks to the public, and the knowledge gained from them is necessary for assessing the risks and benefits of climate engineering technologies. I argue that this position, which I call the “broad research-first” stance, cannot be maintained in light of the entrance of nonepistemic values in climate modeling. I analyze the roles that can be played by nonepistemic political and ethical values in the design, tuning, and interpretation of climate models. Then, I argue that, in the context of early-stage climate engineering research, the embeddedness of values will lead to value judgments that could harm stakeholder groups or impose researcher values on non-consenting populations. I conclude by calling for more robust reflection on the ethics and governance of early-stage climate engineering research.     

Divergence of values and goals in participatory research

Public participation in scientific research has gained prominence in many scientific fields, but the theory of participatory research is still limited. In this paper, we suggest that the divergence of values and goals between academic researchers and public participants in research is key to analyzing the different forms this research takes. We examine two existing characterizations of participatory research: one in terms of public participants' role in the research, the other in terms of the virtues of the research. In our view, each of these captures an important feature of participatory research but is, on its own, limited in what features it takes into account. We introduce an expanded conception of norms of collaboration that extends to both academic researchers and public participants. We suggest that satisfying these norms requires consideration of the two groups' possibly divergent values and goals, and that a broad characterization of participatory research that starts from participants' values and goals can motivate both public participants’ role in the research and the virtues of the research. The resulting framework clarifies the similarities and differences among participatory projects and can help guide the responsible design of such projects.     

上海湿地生态系统的效益分析

上海是一座湿地面积占23.5%的海滨特大城市。由于湿地生态系统功能和服务的多面性,给人类尤其是上海带来巨大的生态效益、经济效益和社会效益。上海湿地的主要功能是为城市的持续发展提供生态屏障作用,维持生物多样性,净化和过滤等生态服务以及防风暴及保护海岸线功能。上海湿地的社会效益主要有旅游休闲、历史及文化价值、教育及科学研究等价值,促进湿地周边地区经济的可持续发展。上海湿地的直接经济效益主要指湿地生态系统产生的产品的价值,它包括食品、农业产品及其它生产原料、景观娱乐等产生的直接价值,直接经济效益可用产品的市场价格来估算。同时上海还有国际重要湿地,涉及国际共同利益和效益。因此,为求得上海湿地可持续开发和保护,必须将经济效益、生态效益和社会效益放在同等重要的条件上,不能片面追求单个效益目标,正确的做法是在提高经济效益中十分重视生态效益,在提高生态效益中尽可能争取高的经济效益,并达到社会效益的有效提高,从而实现上海湿地生态系统生态经济效益的最优化。     

川西亚高山针叶林土壤生态过程的研究

土壤生态过程是川西亚高山针叶林生态系统过程研究中最具挑战性的研究领域，也是森林生态系统功能和过程研究中不可或缺的研究重点。土壤生态过程研究将有助于深入了解森林生态系统功能。目前。有关土壤生态过程的研究主要集中在土壤生物对土壤物理、化学和生物过程的影响以及人类活动干扰对土壤生态过程的影响等方面。但迄今为止，有关川西亚高山针叶林土壤生态过程的研究还处于空白。因此，建议在开展川西针叶林生态过程研究时，应加强以下研究领域的工作：土壤生物多样性的功能重要性及其对土壤过程的影响、土壤与植被的互动、土壤生态过程对气候变化的响应、土壤生态过程中土壤酶系统分异以及土壤过程与针叶林生态系统地上过程的关系等。