A game theoretical study of cooperative advertising with multiple retailers in a distribution channel

Extant studies of cooperative advertising mainly consider a single-manufacturer-single-retailer channel structure.This can provide limited insights,because a manufacturer,in real practices,usually deals with multiple retailers simultaneously.In order to examine the impact of the retailer’s multiplicity on channel members’ decisions and on total channel efficiencies,this paper develops a multiple-retailer model.In this model,the manufacturer and the retailers play a Stackelberg game to make the optimal advertising decisions.Based on the quantitative results,it is observed that:1) When there are multiple symmetric retailers,as the number of retailers scales up,the manufacturer’s national advertising investment contributes increasingly to add to channel members’ profits in equilibrium,but the total channel efficiency deteriorates quickly and converges down to a certain value;2) When there are multiple asymmetric retailers,the distribution channel suffers from the manufacturer’s uniform participation strategy due to the retailer’s free-riding,and benefits with the manufacturer’s retailer-specific participation strategy.This study derives equilibrium solutions in closed form for all games considered and measures explicitly the gains/losses of channel efficiencies under different game settings.     

区域差距与两级政府公共教育分担的博弈分析

在代际交叠模型的基础上,构建了分权体制下中央和区域政府公共教育投入的动态博弈模型,探讨了存在区域不平衡情形下两级政府公共教育投入分担及其对区域差距演变的影响.分析显示,中央政府是否应进行公共教育投入依赖于区域差距的程度,但二者并不呈单调正相关关系,同时导出并分析了在区域差距程度的不同范围下中央和区域政府的均衡教育投入分担,并进一步据此探讨了差距的演变趋势.最后,结合我国实际,讨论了政策含义.     

Addressing equity issue in multi-actor policymaking via a system-of-systems approach: Aviation emissions reduction case study

Finding equitable policy solutions is critical for developing sustainable energy use.This paper presents a system-of-systems(SoS) formalism for addressing the equity issue in multi-actor policymaking.In a SoS,the control of the overall system performance is shared among a network of actors.In contrast to a single optimal solution that aggregates objectives of actors,the solution concept of iso-performance is formulated and employed to illuminate multiple solutions and hence the ’space’ for actors to compromise.By specifically accounting for the equity issue,the level of sacrifice each actor makes for each iso-performance solution is computed.To demonstrate the approach,a case study is presented about policymaking to reduce fuel life cycle aviation emissions in the United States based on the year 2020 reduction target,involving government,airlines,jet fuel refinery companies,and aircraft and engine manufacturers.A resource allocation mixed integer programming model is employed to calculate carbon emissions resulting from airlines’ deployment of aircraft fleet to meet changing air transport demand.The paper discusses three iso-performance solutions;each of them requires a different level of sacrifice from each actor.Such an insight can inform policymaking in determining the magnitude of compensation required when a particular solution is pursued.     

货币财政政策风险组合与影响效果

本文利用随机动态均衡模型，分别在不同的货币财政政策风险组合搭配条件下，通过数值分析，探讨了货币财政政策及其所伴随的风险对增长率、预期通胀率的政策效果. 研究结果表明，不同的经济环境下，不同的货币财政政策风险组合搭配效果是不同的. 货币政策对产出政策效果的影响与财政政策对产出政策效果的影响几乎相同，而货币政策对预期通胀政策效果的影响比财政政策对预期通胀政策效果的影响更明显. 货币与财政政策效果之间相互作用、相辅相成. 货币政策与财政政策的配合可以使经济保持稳定、持续增长.     

威布尔分布下系统全寿命周期成本建模与决策

系统可靠性设计优化与经济性密切相连.针对部件寿命服从威布尔分布的同质部件组成的系统,引入经济的预防性成组维修策略,构建设计费用、制造费用和维修费用函数,从而建立可靠性约束下的系统全寿命周期成本的优化模型.通过与无预防性维修下系统全寿命周期成本模型的比较分析,效用曲线充分验证所建优化模型的经济性和有效性.接着,给出包括系统全寿命周期成本、部件可靠性设计水平和预防性成组维修频率在内的系统设计均衡区间的决策方法.最后,以某大型科学装置的开关系统为例,说明该方法在工程应用上的实效性,为系统工程师开展可靠性设计优化提供系统的思路和方法.     

宏观经济不确定性与企业最优资产结构

宏观经济不确定性包括实体经济不确定性和经济政策不确定性两部分,政策不确定性占经济前景不确定性的比重越来越高,中国市场经济环境下这一现象尤为突出.本文运用包含维纳过程和泊松过程的复合随机过程刻画企业面临的实体经济不确定性和经济政策不确定性,并利用随机最优化方法,建立了一个可以描述宏观经济不确定性的随机最优控制模型来对企业最优资产结构策略性质进行分析,基于此设计出了不同预期下的企业最优资产结构,从而为已有大量的宏微观结合的实证研究提供了理论基础.     

CEV模型下基于双曲绝对风险厌恶效用的最优投资策略

研究双曲绝对风险厌恶(HARA)型投资者在常弹性方差(CEV)模型下面临完全可对冲随机资金流时的最优动态资产配置问题.随机资金流可以视作一个外生负债,假定其服从带漂移的布朗运动.根据随机控制理论建立该问题的哈密顿-雅克比-贝尔曼(HJB)方程,通过猜测值函数的代数形式,将其化简为两个抛物型偏微分方程并分别求得显式解,从而得到最优投资策略.结果表明该非自融资组合的最优动态配置问题等价于初始财富为所有未来随机净资金流在风险中性测度下累积期望现值与初始稟赋之和的自融资组合的最优动态配置问题.投资策略由短视投资策略,动态对冲策略,静态对冲策略三部分组成.当对模型中参数取特殊值时,策略简化为已有文献的相应结果.最后分析了参数变化对于由随机资金流引起的额外投资需求的影响.     

FORWARD-BACKWARD STOCHASTIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS, LINEAR QUADRATIC STOCHASTIC OPTIMAL CONTROL AND NONZERO SUM DIFFERENTIAL GAMES

In this paper, we use the solutions of forward-backward stochastic differential equations to get the explicit form of the optimal control for linear quadratic stochastic optimal control problem and the open-loop Nash equilibrium point for nonzero sum differential games problem. We also discuss the solvability of the generalized Riccati equation system and give the linear feedback regulator for the optimal control problem using the solution of this kind of Riccati equation system.     

基于改进高维多目标优化算法的中国住房租赁市场政策工具给合

中国城镇住房制度长期以来侧重于提高居民住房自有水平,忽视了租赁方式在住房市场均衡中的重要作用,未能有效发挥其在城市住房资源合理配置及流动中的本质功能。目前,中国住房租赁市场处于初级发展阶段,与其相关的各类理论研究也相应滞后,研究关注住房租赁市场发展政策设计问题。以政策工具组合为视角,将政策设计过程抽象为高维多目标优化问题。基于观点挖掘思想,利用共现网络、文本挖掘等方法,以权威文献和专家观点作为数据来源,确定目标函数及约束函数系数,从而构建符合中国发展实际的住房租赁市场政策组合多目标函数。此外,提出一种基于Pareto支配关系的两阶段进化高维多目标优化算法以解决高维多目标函数的求解问题,从而搭建出住房租赁市场政策工具组合设计框架、流程和方法,以期为政府政策制定提供科学方法。     

易腐商品最优订货批量与定价及其粒子群优化解

对易腐商品的订货批量与定价问题进行了研究.基于一种负二项分布的离散需求函数,推导了易腐品利润最大化模型.由于模型中涉及多个随机变量的概率分布,常规函数极值法对此具有极大局限性,故首次将粒子群优化算法引入该领域,并提出两种不同的求解思路:1)枚举法.利用粒子群算法依次计算不同订货批量下的最大化利润,然后根据边际分析法确定最优订货批量及相应定价;2)二维寻优法.将利润视为订货量与定价的二维函数,利用粒子群算法对其进行二维演化寻优.算例分析表明:两种方法均可有效获得问题的满意解,当订货量波动范围较小时,枚举法效果更优.     

基于需求更新的第三方仓储能力分配优化

基于收益管理思想,在随机市场需求下,考虑有提前出库和续约存储的情况下,对收益最大化的仓储企业仓储能力配置与分配问题展开研究.建立随机规划模型,并运用稳健优化处理随机变量.通过考虑时间变动需求的实例仿真,确定各级客户服务最优能力配置和各等级中的仓储能力分配方案,计算结果发现,经优化模型能更好的处理市场波动,为企业制定合理的决策提供科学依据.     

Stochastic Optimal Control Problem in Advertising Model with Delay

This paper investigates the optimal control problem arising in advertising model with delay. The authors reformulate the problem in Hilbert space by stochastic evolution equation and consider the optimal control problem of controlled stochastic evolution system. The necessary and sufficient optimality conditions of the control are established. The proposed approach is different from most existing studies of optimal advertising policy problem with delay. These results are applied to the optimal advertising policy problem under two different structures and the optimal advertising strategies are obtained.     

混合经济增长模型中的最优财政政策

在已有含人力资本的内生经济增长理论模型的基础上,提出一般化的混合经济内生增长模型.该模型适用于从理论上考察适应我国社会主义市场经济发展的最优宏观政策.从不同与以往的增长动态分析的视角,探讨了当人力资本存在外溢效应时、政府可否通过适当的财政政策引导经济达到社会性的最优增长状态,导出了关于征税和财政补贴的最优性条件并探讨了它们的政策含意.     

Asset-liability management under benchmark and mean-variance criteria in a jump diffusion market

This paper investigates continuous-time asset-liability management under benchmark and mean-variance criteria in a jump diffusion market. Specifically, the authors consider one risk-free asset, one risky asset and one liability, where the risky asset’s price is governed by an exponential Lévy process, the liability evolves according to a Lévy process, and there exists a correlation between the risky asset and the liability. Two models are established. One is the benchmark model and the other is the mean-variance model. The benchmark model is solved by employing the stochastic dynamic programming and its results are extended to the mean-variance model by adopting the duality theory. Closed-form solutions of the two models are derived.     

A Maximum Principle for Fully Coupled Forward-Backward Stochastic Control System Driven by Lvy Process with Terminal State Constraints

This paper is concerned with a fully coupled forward-backward stochastic optimal control problem where the controlled system is driven by L′evy process, while the forward state is constrained in a convex set at the terminal time. The authors use an equivalent backward formulation to deal with the terminal state constraint, and then obtain a stochastic maximum principle by Ekeland's variational principle. Finally, the result is applied to the utility optimization problem in a financial market.     

Functions and Inter-Relationships of Operating Agencies in Policy Implementation from a Viable System Perspective

Existence of supporting entities and their cohesive operations are important elements in industry development policy undertaken in emerging economies, which are characterized by heavy government interventions and involved many agencies and institutions. One of the models that emphasizes on cohesiveness as a precondition for viability is the viable system model (VSM). In this study, we adopt the VSM in combination with theories of innovation and innovation system as our conceptual framework to describe and explain the functions and relational structure that exist among agencies/institutions and that of the agencies with their environment elements within one policy level system implementation. We select a biotechnology industry development policy for our analysis, the implementation of which has been designated as a strategic vehicle to support the economic development goals of an emerging economy. The findings, which generate a model of the policy-level system implementation, explain the operating agencies’ functions and their inter-relationships. The emergent model provides policy makers and implementers recommendations for improvements, as well as offers future researchers potential for comparison between existing performance of a policy implementation against its expected performance targets. The study concludes that the biotechnology industry development is an effort by the Malaysian government to institutionalize biotechnology businesses and industry. The perspective of systems thinking, in combination with theories of institutionalization, innovation and innovation system, provide important foundations in explaining technology-based industry development. All these findings highlight that the knowledge gain in explaining and interpreting the problem in focus is worthwhile, although the use of VSM as a research tool demands considerable efforts.     

老龄化下人口政策与经济增长关系研究

在人口老龄化程度不断加深的背景下,本文提出并建立人口经济模型,考察老龄化、二胎政策和延迟退休政策对经济体的长期影响.从个体和厂商的微观决策出发,一般均衡时的稳态资本存量恰好符合黄金定律,本文建立的理论模型是对新古典增长理论的改进和创新.通过将新生人口增长率和预期寿命两个人口结构参数引入模型,结合数值模拟的方法,研究发现控制人口出生和预期寿命延长都是造成人口老龄化的原因,而二者对经济体的影响却不相同;鼓励生育和延迟退休能够调节人口年龄和就业结构,但在长期视角下对经济体有着不同方向的影响.平衡增长路径上的经济增长速度取决于技术进步率,解决人口老龄化问题不能仅仅依靠人口和就业政策,应着力提高生产创新能力,增强经济发展的内生动力.     

基于企业家产品水平创新的内生增长模型

建立了一个基于企业家产品水平创新的内生增长模型 ,通过企业家产品水平创新将企业家精神引入了经济增长理论 .通过对模型的竞争均衡分析和社会最优均衡分析 ,分别得出了均衡解 ,并就解的政策含义进行了讨论 .模型的基本结论是 ,企业家的产品水平创新活动是经济增长的一种动力 ,企业家精神越强 ,经济增长速度越快 .     

一类分散多目标决策问题的模型及交互式决策方法

本文建立了一类适用范围更广泛的分散多目标决策问题的模型，基于该多目标问题的非劣解与加权增广切比雪夫范数优化问题的解之间的关系，提出了一种求解它的交互式决策方法，了求解加权增广切比雪夫范数优化问题的随机全局优化方法，示例的仿真结果表明该决策方法是实用有效的。     

The Evaluation Model of Government Intervention (GI) and its Optimization

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