高能球磨对纳米Fe60Ni40系统微结构的影响

利用XRD(X射线衍射)和XAFS(X射线吸收精细结构),研究了机械合金化Fe60Ni40二元金属合金的微结构随球磨时间的变化情况．结果表明：球磨5h,α-Fe和金属Ni的混合物开始形成合金,样品保持原来的bcc和fcc结构;球磨20h,α-Fe的特征配位峰完全消失,样品为比较均匀的fcc结构的固溶体;球磨时间增至40h时,Fe原子的近邻结构又有了新的变化,是由多种物态组成的复相固溶体．用柯西公式计算的结果表明：随着球磨时间的增加,晶粒不断细化,晶格畸变加剧,Ni相的晶格常数与Fe60Ni40合金的物相同步变化．这说明机械合金化过程中,晶格畸变引起的晶格常数的变化是相变的重要因素．     

机械合金化工艺对Fe-Ni合金显微结构的影响

对机械合金化制备的Fe-Ni粉体利用X射线衍射(XRD)进行分析，得到了不同Ni含量和不同球磨时间Fe-Ni纳米晶的XRD谱．实验表明，w(Ni)=10％和20％时，Ni溶入Fe晶格，分别在球磨20h和50h后形成单一的a(bcc)相；w(Ni)=50％时，其先后经历了γ(fcc)→←a(bcc)正逆转变，在球磨120h后最终形成单一γ(fcc)相．无论是a(bcc)相还是γ(fcc)相．它们的固溶度均比块体Fe-Ni合金显著提高．w(Ni)=35％时，则始终是两相共存．对试样的XRD谱采用3种不同的方法测定了Fe-Ni粉体的晶粒尺寸和显微畸变，发现经球磨20h后，不同Ni含量的粉体均呈纳米结构，并随球磨时间延长，Fe-Ni纳米晶的晶粒尺寸下降而显微畸变上升．     

机械合金化Fe40Ni40Si20纳米晶固溶体

机械合金化方法制备了Fe—Ni—Si三元系合金,利用X射线衍射仪研究了合金化过程中的 相变行为,计算了晶粒尺寸及微观应变。结果表明,经36小时球磨可形成α-Fe(bcc)和γ-Fe(fcc) 两相混合纳米晶固溶体;继续球磨,过饱和α相逐渐分解并向γ相转化,72小时后可得单相γ-Fe纳 米晶固溶体。球磨晶粒尺寸可达12 nm,微观应变随球磨时间先增加后减小。     

Al1-xFex混合粉末的机械合金化

对Al1-Fe(x-5，50，75at％)混合粉末进行了球磨，用X射线、电镜等分别研究了球磨粉末的结构和形貌．得到了Al95Fe5中AI相的有效晶粒尺寸和Alt-xFex的平均晶粒尺寸随球磨时间的变化，其变化规律是先增大，再减小，最后达到稳定值而不再变化．得到了Al95Fe5中的晶格畸变，也出现交替变化．对于Al1-xFex混合粉末，Al，Fe成分越接近，机械合金化过程中扩散越易于进行．球磨样品晶粒尺寸越小，聚集的趋势越小．固溶体的溶解度与混合粉末的成分有关．     

机械合金化及等离子体烧结法制备Skutterudite 热电材料FexCo4-xSb12

利用机械合金化及等离子体烧结法制备了Skutterudite热电材料FexCo4-xSb12(x=0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7)化合物,结果表明,原始粉末高能球磨10 h,不能生成单相Skutterudite化合物.球磨10 h的粉末在640 ℃下用等离子体放电烧结5 min,当x≤0.5时,可以得到单一相的FexCo4-xSb12化合物,当x＞0.5时,杂相(FeCo)Sb2的含量增加,随着Fe含量的增加,烧结样品的晶格常数增大,热导率降低.     

机械合金化Fe1-xNix系纳米晶合金的组织结构

利用机械合金化法从纯Fe粉和Ni粉中制备了Fe1-xNix（30％≤x≤50％，x为原子百分比）系纳米晶合金粉末，并对粉末经机械合金化过程中相结构的转变以及晶粒尺寸的变化做了较为详细的研究．通过对整个球磨过程中各种粉末样品的X射线衍射（XRD）分析发现：Fe1-xNix（30％≤x≤50％）粉末经球磨3h后已经完全合金化，10h后合金中面心立方（f．c.c．）固溶体的晶粒尺寸都达到20nm以下；晶粒尺寸与球磨时间存在负指数关系；经过适当时间的球磨，Fe1-xNix系纳米晶合金粉末将由开始的体心立方（b.c.c．）相和f.c.c．相完全转变为f.c.c．（Fe，Ni）固溶体相，且所需的时间随X的增大而减少．     

机械合金化过程中Fe-C化合物的微结构、磁性和热性能研究

对一定原子配比的Fe—C混合粉末进行高能球磨．研究了不同球磨时间(t＝60、120、180、255h)样品的微结构、磁性和热性能．结果表明，球磨过程中样品结构发生了变化，当t＝180h时，有新相FesC2生成．当t＝255h时，已形成FesCz单相化合物．随球磨时间的增加，样品的晶粒尺寸减小，晶格常数和晶格畸变增大．随着FesC2含量的增加，样品的比饱和磁化强度σs减小，矫顽力Hc和剩磁σr增加，材料由软磁性向硬磁性转变．热分析表明，金属间化合物FesC2具有很好的热稳定性及化学稳定性．     

机械合金化制备Ni—Al-Fe—Nb粉体

研究球磨Ni-30 mol% Al-14 mol% Fe-2 mol% Nb混合粉末过程中组织形态特征及微观结构的变化规律.采用QM-ISP2行星式球磨机经451 r/min进行高能球磨30 h.结果表明:粉末X射线衍射图谱的宽度和强度均随着球磨时间的延长逐渐加宽和降低,这是晶粒细化和晶格畸变共同作用的结果.随着机械合金化的进行,粉末的晶粒度逐渐减小,而晶格常数和畸变则不断增加.粉末Ni-30 mol% Al-mol% Fe-2mol% Nb混合物球磨5 h即开始合金化,但仍然基本保持原来的结构;球磨至10 h时,样品中Al相几乎完全消失,大部分Fe原子从原来的bcc结构转变为fcc结构,球磨时间为30 h时, Fe, Al, Nb相互合金化,样品为均匀的固溶体.所得粉末大多数为规则的近球形或球形,所得复合粉末热稳定性良好.     

Fe100-xNix系合金超细粉末的结构和磁性研究

用机械合金化方法制备了 Fe1 0 0 - x Nix 系超细粉末 (其中 x=75 ,45 ,35 ,32 .5 ,30 ) ,对各样品进行了 X- ray衍射谱的分析 .用柯西分布计算了材料的晶粒尺寸约 6～ 15 nm,最大应变ε=6 % ,用最小二乘法计算了材料的晶格常数 ;测量了不同成分样品的磁滞回线 .研究表明 ,当 x=75 ,45时材料呈现单相 Ni型面心立方结构 ;当 30 相似文献   

机械合金化Fe100-xNix系微结构的XRD研究

用机械合金化方法制备了Fe100-xNix（x=10、20、30、40）系粉末样品,利用X射线衍射谱方法分别研究了球磨时间和Ni含量对样品微结构的影响,结果表明：Fe70Ni30样品经球磨24h后就形成了过饱和的Fe（Ni）固溶体;经36h机械球磨后的Fe100-xNix样品Ni含量x（x≤40at％）越大,越不易形成单一的过饱和固溶体,且越易诱导α—Fe（bcc）产生向γ—Fe（fcc）的结构相变,相变所需的球磨时间愈短;经球磨相同时间80h后,样品Fe70Ni30有非晶产物生成,而Fe80Ni20仍然是bee结构的Fe（Ni）饱和固溶体,这表明Ni含量也会影响非晶变化的发生．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the