星际C60

C60的发现起源于人们对星际尘埃的探索,肇始于1985年由Kroto等人首次在实验室合成,25年后最终于2010年在星际空间被探测到．近几年天文工作者在多种星周、星际环境观测到C60．本文综述了与天文观测和理论密切相关的C60的有关物理性质;介绍了C60在星际空间中的观测特性;最后讨论了C60在星际空间的形成与激发机制．     

The synthesis of organic and inorganic compounds in evolved stars

Recent isotopic analysis of meteorites and interplanetary dust has identified solid-state materials of pre-solar origin. We can now trace the origin of these inorganic grains to the circumstellar envelopes of evolved stars. Moreover, organic (aromatic and aliphatic) compounds have been detected in proto-planetary nebulae and planetary nebulae, which are the descendants of carbon stars. This implies that molecular synthesis is actively happening in the circumstellar environment on timescales as short as several hundred years. The detection of stellar grains in the Solar System suggests that they can survive their journey through the interstellar medium and that they are a major contributor of interstellar grains.     

The interstellar N2 abundance towards HD 124314 from far-ultraviolet observations

The abundance of interstellar molecular nitrogen (N2) is of considerable importance: models of steady-state gas-phase interstellar chemistry, together with millimetre-wavelength observations of interstellar N2H+ in dense molecular clouds predict that N2 should be the most abundant nitrogen-bearing molecule in the interstellar medium. Previous attempts to detect N2 absorption in the far-ultraviolet or infrared (ice features) have hitherto been unsuccessful. Here we report the detection of interstellar N2 at far-ultraviolet wavelengths towards the moderately reddened star HD 124314 in the constellation of Centaurus. The N2 column density is larger than expected from models of diffuse clouds and significantly smaller than expected for dense molecular clouds. Moreover, the N2 abundance does not explain the observed variations in the abundance of atomic nitrogen (N I) towards high-column-density sightlines, implying that the models of nitrogen chemistry in the interstellar medium are incomplete.     

微生物降解多环芳烃的影响因素及机理研究进展

多环芳烃是一类普遍存在的环境污染物,微生物的降解是PAHs去除的主要途径。介绍了多环芳烃性质及目前国内外研究状况,以及降解多环芳烃的微生物,阐述了三大因素：微生物活性、基质和环境因予等对微生物降解多环芳烃的影响,微生物降解多环芳烃的机理;并对今后的几个研究发展方向进行了展望。     

Is a pyrene-like molecular ion the cause of the 4,430-angstroms diffuse interstellar absorption band?

The diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs), ubiquitous absorption features in astronomical spectra, have been known since early this century and now number more than a hundred. Ranging from 4,400 angstroms to the near infrared, they differ markedly in depth, width and shape, making the concept of a single carrier unlikely. Whether they are due to gas or grains is not settled, but recent results suggest that the DIB carriers are quite separate from the grains that cause visual extinction. Among molecular candidates the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been proposed as the possible carriers of some of the DIBs, and we present here laboratory measurements of the optical spectrum of the pyrene cation C16H10+ in neon and argon matrices. The strongest absorption feature falls at 4,435 +/- 5 angstroms in the argon matrix and 4,395 +/- 5 angstroms in the neon matrix, both close to the strong 4,430-angstroms DIB. If this or a related pyrene-like species is responsible for this particular band, it must account for 0.2% of all cosmic carbon. The ion also shows an intense but puzzling broad continuum, extending from the ultraviolet to the visible, similar to what is seen in the naphthalene cation and perhaps therefore a common feature of all PAH cations. This may provide an explanation of how PAHs convert a large fraction of interstellar radiation from ultraviolet and visible wavelengths down to the infrared.     

苯并[a]芘降解菌Acinetobacter sp. Bap30菌株的分离、鉴定及降解特性研究

提出一种新的方法, 用于富集苯并[a]芘耐受菌株。该方法使用多孔介质脱脂棉作为载体, 从连续流动的流体--下水道污水中富集菌株。利用介质截留法、富集培养法等理论, 为富集目标微生物提供了最佳条件。以苯并[a]芘为唯一碳源和能源, 从下水道沉积物中分离、筛选出4株苯并[a]芘耐受菌株, 其中一株能在20天内将40 mg/L的苯并[a]芘降解28.7%。通过16S rRNA基因序列分析和部分生理生化特征分析, 鉴定该菌株为Acinetobacter sp. Bap30。这是不动杆菌可降解苯并[a]芘的首次报道。添加其他碳源和低分子量多环芳烃--菲作为共代谢底物, 研究菌株的共代谢作用。研究结果对石油污染的土壤或者焦化废水等工业污水中的高分子量多环芳烃--苯并[a]芘具有非常重要的实践意义。     

基于有机小分子近红外发光材料的研究进展

近红外有机发光二极管（Organic light emitting diodes, OLEDs）在夜间显示、生物传感和通讯等领域具有广阔的应用前景。其中有机小分子发光材料具有制作成本低、重现性好、结构和发光特性易调节、发光效率高等优点,根据其发光特性主要分为传统荧光材料、热激发延迟荧光（Thermally activated delayed fluorescence, TADF）材料、局部电荷转移杂化态（Hybrid locally-electron and charge-transfer, HLCT）材料等几类。本文主要综述了近五年来报道的基于有机小分子的近红外发光材料的研究进展,并根据不同的特性对材料进行了分类,对未来的发展前景进行了展望,为进一步合成各方面性能良好的近红外有机小分子发光材料提供了一定的理论基础。     

气相色谱法测定气溶胶中的烃类有机物

用气相色谱仪对北京市的气溶胶样品中的烃类有机物质进行了定性定量分析。利用大流量的大气颗粒物采样器,收集大气气溶胶样品于石英滤膜上,每24 h更换一次滤膜。样品首先用二氯甲烷进行超声波萃取,萃取液通过氧化铝-硅胶层析柱进行分馏。用气相色谱对烃类有机物中的烷烃和芳烃馏分进行分析。检测出样品中包含C12-C25的正构烷烃及16种优控多环芳烃及其含量。同时对实验条件的选择和分析结果的可靠性进行了讨论。     

Infrared diffuse interstellar bands in the Galactic Centre region

The spectrum of any star viewed through a sufficient quantity of diffuse interstellar material reveals a number of absorption features collectively called 'diffuse interstellar bands' (DIBs). The first DIBs were reported about 90 years ago, and currently well over 500 are known. None of them has been convincingly identified with any specific element or molecule, although recent studies suggest that the DIB carriers are polyatomic molecules containing carbon. Most of the DIBs currently known are at visible and very near-infrared wavelengths, with only two previously known at wavelengths beyond one micrometre (10,000 ?ngstr?ms), the longer of which is at 1.318?micrometres (ref. 6). Here we report 13 diffuse interstellar bands in the 1.5-1.8 micrometre interval on high-extinction sightlines towards stars in the Galactic Centre. We argue that they originate almost entirely in the Galactic Centre region, a considerably warmer and harsher environment than where DIBs have been observed previously. The relative strengths of these DIBs towards the Galactic Centre and the Cygnus OB2 diffuse cloud are consistent with their strengths scaling mainly with the extinction by diffuse material.     

根据分子结构信息计算芳烃折光指数的方法

根据分子结构的特点,用染色矩阵和距离矩阵表征分子中基团的特性和连接性,通过对芳烃的折光指数与分子结构进行关联,发展一种直接根据分子结构信息计算有机化合物芳烃折光指数的方法。对烷基苯、烷基萘和烷基联苯的计算结果表明,折光指数的计算值接近实验值,平均误差０．４９７％。     

用Ames试验检测某铝厂电解车间粉尘有机提取物及其组分的诱变活性

应用化学分离与Ａｍｅｓ试验相结合的方法,研究了某铝厂电解车间粉尘有机提取物及其５个组分的诱变活性．结果表明,某铝厂电解车间粉尘有机提取物具有较强的诱变活性．５个组分中,其中的３个组分有机酸、多环芳烃、极性化合物在铝厂电解车间粉尘有机提取物的诱变活性中起重要作用;另外２个组分有机碱和脂肪烃没有诱变活性．铝厂应采取消烟除尘措施,控制致癌、致突变物的污染,保护环境及人类健康     

Indoor SVOC pollution in China: A review

Epidemiological and toxicological studies have proved that semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) may have significant adverse effects on human health.For example,phthalic acid esters (PAEs),polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may harm the endocrine,reproductive and respiratory systems of humans.Moreover,some SVOCs are carcinogenic.This paper summarizes the source emission characteristics for typical SVOCs observed indoors,evaluates the gas-phase and particle-...     

A new interstellar molecule: tricarbon monoxide

The cold dark interstellar Taurus Molecular Cloud One (TMC-1) is a rich source of acetylenic and polyacetylenic molecular species. As well as linear closed-shell molecules (H(C triple bond C)nCN) and symmetric rotors (CH3C triple bond CH, CH3C triple bond CCN), several radicals (C triple bond CH, C triple bond CCN, (C triple bond C2H) have also been identified, many of which had not been studied previously in the laboratory. Whether the observed abundances can be understood in terms of purely gas-phase ion-molecule chemical schemes, which produce reasonable agreement for the simplest polyatomic species, is unclear; alternative models involving the particulate interstellar grains as catalysts or sources have also been suggested. We now report the detection in TMC-1 of a new molecule, tricarbon monoxide (C3O), whose pure rotational spectrum has only very recently been studied in the laboratory. As C3O is the first known interstellar carbon chain molecule to contain oxygen, its existence places an important new constraint on chemical schemes for cold interstellar clouds. In fact, the observed abundance of tricarbon monoxide fits quite well into our model of galactochemistry.     

Synthesis of a Möbius aromatic hydrocarbon

The defining feature of aromatic hydrocarbon compounds is a cyclic molecular structure stabilized by the delocalization of pi electrons that, according to the Hückel rule, need to total 4n + 2 (n = 1,2, em leader ); cyclic compounds with 4n pi electrons are antiaromatic and unstable. But in 1964, Heilbronner predicted on purely theoretical grounds that cyclic molecules with the topology of a M?bius band--a ring constructed by joining the ends of a rectangular strip after having given one end half a twist--should be aromatic if they contain 4n, rather than 4n + 2, pi electrons. The prediction stimulated attempts to synthesize M?bius aromatic hydrocarbons, but twisted cyclic molecules are destabilized by large ring strains, with the twist also suppressing overlap of the p orbitals involved in electron delocalization and stabilization. In larger cyclic molecules, ring strain is less pronounced but the structures are very flexible and flip back to the less-strained Hückel topology. Although transition-state species, an unstable intermediate and a non-conjugated cyclic molecule, all with a M?bius topology, have been documented, a stable aromatic M?bius system has not yet been realized. Here we report that combining a 'normal' aromatic structure (with p orbitals orthogonal to the ring plane) and a 'belt-like' aromatic structure (with p orbitals within the ring plane) yields a M?bius compound stabilized by its extended pi system.     

Fullerenes from aromatic precursors by surface-catalysed cyclodehydrogenation

Graphite vaporization provides an uncontrolled yet efficient means of producing fullerene molecules. However, some fullerene derivatives or unusual fullerene species might only be accessible through rational and controlled synthesis methods. Recently, such an approach has been used to produce isolable amounts of the fullerene C(60) from commercially available starting materials. But the overall process required 11 steps to generate a suitable polycyclic aromatic precursor molecule, which was then dehydrogenated in the gas phase with a yield of only about one per cent. Here we report the formation of C(60) and the triazafullerene C(57)N(3) from aromatic precursors using a highly efficient surface-catalysed cyclodehydrogenation process. We find that after deposition onto a platinum (111) surface and heating to 750 K, the precursors are transformed into the corresponding fullerene and triazafullerene molecules with about 100 per cent yield. We expect that this approach will allow the production of a range of other fullerenes and heterofullerenes, once suitable precursors are available. Also, if the process is carried out in an atmosphere containing guest species, it might even allow the encapsulation of atoms or small molecules to form endohedral fullerenes.     

稠环芳烃分子的对称性与其荧光效率的关系

本文主要讨论了几种稠环芳烃分子的对称性与其荧光效率的关系，并认为，在影响稠环芳烃荧光效率的诸多分子结构因素中，分子的对称性是一个不可忽视的重要因素，对称性高的分子，其荧光效率相对较高。     

瓦斯爆炸炭黑结构及产生机理分析

瓦斯爆炸过程中视窗处出现的亮斑现象,分析确定为爆炸过程中产生的有高热辐射特性的炭黑。利用低温液氮吸附比表面积分析仪、扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）和傅里叶红外光谱等方法,分析了瓦斯浓度下爆炸产生炭黑的孔径分布和表面结构。研究结果表明,炭黑的比表面积为1.507m2·g-1（DFT）,总孔容为4×10-3cm3·g-1。SEM图像显示炭黑颗粒由大量球状物聚集体组成,直径在4~50μm。颗粒表面孔隙高度发育,部分表面有熔融烧结特征;TEM扫描结果显示形成聚集体的颗粒直径大都在100nm左右,粒子间彼此结合,形成链枝结构的炭黑聚集体,放大到8nm可以明显看到初级粒子内部有石墨状的晶格条纹;红外光谱分析结果表明炭黑颗粒内含有大量芳香烃结构,C-H、C-O结构、芳香族及取代苯官能团广泛存在。      

室温离子液体及其在绿色化学中的应用

~~烷基取代咪唑阳离子 (图 1 )研究最多 ,表 1总结了近年来开发研究的此类阳离子的种类及结构 .可以组成室温离子液体的阴离子 ,目前的研究除 Al Cl4-,NO2 -和干燥时易爆的 NO3 -,Cl O4-外 ,含氟阴离子为多 ,主要有 :BF4-,PF6-,As F6-,Sb F6-,F ( HF ) n-,CF3 SO3 -,CF3 CF2 CF2 CF2 SO3 -,( CF3 SO2 ) 2 N-,( CF3 SO2 ) 3 C-,CF3 COO-,CF3 CF2 CF2 COO-等 .图 1　烷基取代咪唑阳离子　　由各种阳离子和各种阴离子组合 ,可以得到一系列特性各异的室温离子液体 ,目前已报道的多为由表 1所示的烷基咪唑阳离子和含氟阴…     

生物质焦油催化裂解过程中二次焦油成分

以秸秆热解产生的焦油为原料,在固定床反应器实验台上进行了催化裂解实验,研究了反应温度和催化剂种类对生物质焦油的裂解反应产物———二次焦油成分的影响规律。在高铝砖作为催化剂作用下,随着温度的升高,二次焦油构成有芳香化的趋势,多环芳烃的种类和含量都在增加。反应温度的提高有利于焦油的深度转化,二次焦油产率降低;但是高温下生成的二次焦油芳化程度更高,更容易引起催化剂积炭失活。当反应温度为900℃时,碱性催化剂白云石和石灰岩作用下二次焦油成分相似,以复杂的大分子环烃为主,而且焦油成分种类减少到10种左右;酸性催化剂高铝砖作用下焦油成分仍然很复杂,有将近30种,除了含有大分子环烃外,还含有部分石蜡烃,芳香族种类很多,多以双环、三环以及四环的形式存在。     

广西3种褐煤芳烃生物标志物组合特征

总结了广西三盆地３种第三系褐煤的多环芳烃特征，主要包括芳香倍半萜，二倍半萜和三萜类。其中以陆源奥利烷，乌散烷和羽扇烷前生物衍生而来的单芳于四芳三萜烃类为主，芳香二倍半萜，倍半萜次之 。