银川地区降水氢氧同位素变化规律分析

大气降水是区域水循环中重要环节,对于研究区域内水分循环、水分来源、水分转换等水文过程有重要意义.通过对银川地区降水中氢氧同位素特征随月降水量变化趋势进行分析,得出不同季节的降水水汽来源是影响银川地区降水同位素变化的主要因素,秋冬季节降水水汽主要来自于北冰洋地区,春夏季节降水水汽主要来源于印度洋、孟加拉湾及太平洋地区.区域内蒸发的水汽对降水的贡献及降水过程中的二次蒸发作用都使降水中重同位素富集.全年来看,银川地区降雨量效应不明显,但是夏季降雨量对降水中氢氧稳定同位素变化影响不容忽视.通过分析氘过量参数d随月平均降水量的变化趋势,辅助论证了不同季节不同水汽来源的降水是影响氢氧同位素变化的主要因素.     

天津地区大气降水中氢氧稳定同位素特征及影响因素研究

依据国际原子能机构(IAEA)提供的天津地区1988~2001月降雨和同位素资料,分析了该地区大气降水的稳定同位素的组成和变化以及主要影响因素.天津大气降水线与我国东部季风区的局地大气降水线方程较为接近.大气降水同位素组成变化中的温度和降水效应较小,主要受季风以及季节水汽来源不同的影响,有显著的季节效应.     

北疆大气降水水汽源识别及其对地下水补给的指示意义

 大气降水是水循环的输入项,其同位素特征是示踪水汽来源及运动路径的有效工具。利用北疆4个大气降水观测站的同位素数据,结合HYSPLIT模式,重点分析了北疆大气降水同位素特征。区域大气降水线方程δD=7.3δ¹⁸O+3.5,反映了新疆独特的干旱气候环境。受不同降水水汽来源影响,天山及阿勒泰2个地区降水同位素特征表现不同。天山地区受西风带水汽季节性漂移的影响,氘盈余夏季低冬季高,成“V”型;阿勒泰地区常年受北冰洋水汽影响,氘盈余年内变幅不明显。尽管δ¹⁸O均表现为夏季富集、冬季贫化,但多年均值差异明显,该差异也使得利用同位素确定地下水补给来源成为可能。准东盆地东天山附近地下水主要受到来自东天山的大气降水补给,而北侧自流区地下水同位素相对贫化,与阿勒泰站大气降水同位素及氘盈余特征相似,结合地形、水文地质条件等特征,认为该区主要受克拉美丽山大气降水补给。     

东江下游大气降水氢氧同位素特征及水汽来源

大气降水是水循环系统的主要输入源,其氢、氧稳定同位素组成(δD、δ~(18)O)受区域气象、地理等因素变化影响较大,可以对环境变化做出快速、及时的响应,是研究全球和局地水循环特征的重要技术手段。东江流域地处我国珠江三角洲,季风环流通过影响水汽输送场的分布控制降水的时空分配。为研究区域降水成因及机理,本文采集并测定东江流域下游地区2017年逐日降水样品中δD、δ~(18)O,以月为研究时间尺度,分析其与气温、降水量之间的关系;利用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式追踪降水气团的传输路径,进一步探讨区域降水的水汽来源及输送状况。结果表明,研究期间降水样品中δD的变化范围为-105.10‰～+9.98‰,雨量加权平均值为-57.88‰;δ~(18)O的变化范围为-14.80‰～-0.55‰,雨量加权平均值为-8.61‰,局地大气降水线为δD=8.60δ~(18)O+16.15(R~2=0.99)。月尺度下δ~(18)O最高值出现在1月份,为-3.47‰,最低值出现在8月份,为-10.17‰。δ~(18)O与气温、降水量均呈显著负相关关系,表现"反温度效应"和"降水量效应"。太平洋水汽带来的降水δ~(18)O、δD偏高,印度洋水汽带来的降水δ~(18)O、δD偏低,而南海降水气团中δ~(18)O、δD则随季节的不同而改变,表现为夏、秋两季明显较春季贫化,存在明显"降水同位素环流效应"。     

植被截留对降水同位素分布的试验研究

植被截留对于探究小流域降雨空间变化原因以及深入理解产流机制具有重要的意义.本文通过对长江中下游小流域梅雨降水事件的林外降水和贯穿降水水样的稳定同位素(δ~(18)O和δ~2H)进行分析,探究贯穿降水同位素时空变化原因.通过拟合林外降水的δ~(18)O和δ~2H得到和睦桥流域梅雨事件大气降水线,其斜率和截距接近全球大气水线,但与中国东部季风区的大气水线存在明显的差别,主要是受采样方法、下垫面条件、气候环境和降水类型的综合作用.降水事件中的贯穿降水比林外降水的氘盈余平均值高,这可能与植被的截留以及强烈的蒸发有关.林外降水和贯穿降水的稳定同位素在时间尺度上的变化存在着明显的不同,总的来说贯穿降水相对更加贫化,这可能由蒸发分馏和雨强共同影响.贯穿降水的同位素展示明显的空间变化,主要由植物截留以及流域地形共同影响.     

雾水和降水的氢氧稳定同位素差异及其影响因素

为深入分析不同陆地系统中雾水和降水的氢氧稳定同位素差异及其主要影响因素,在全球尺度下搜集了雾水和降水的氢氧稳定同位素数据,统计分析了不同地区雾水和降水的氢氧稳定同位素特征及二者差异的显著性。结合雾水的lc-excess值,分类讨论并揭示了同位素差异的主要形成原因及其与雾发生类型的关系。结果表明:整体上,雾水比降水更富集重同位素, δ 2H和 δ 18O的差值分别在10‰~60‰和1.2‰~5.5‰之间。根据雾水lc-excess的特征,各地区雾水和降水氢氧稳定同位素差异可分为3类:lc-excess值近似为0,雾水分布在LMWL的95%置信区间内；lc-excess值大于0,雾水分布在LMWL上方；lc-excess值小于0,雾水分布在LMWL下方；这3类差异的主导因素分别为水汽来源、凝结温度、环境湿度。因地形雾、辐射雾、平流雾对应的水汽条件和冷凝过程不同,因此三者与降水的同位素差异也不同:地形雾与降水的同位素无显著差异；辐射雾与降水的同位素组成差异较大,雾水中重同位素明显富集；平流雾与降水的同位素组成重叠区域较小,雾水中的重同位素明显更加富集。     

山东塔山黑松树轮稳定碳同位素与气候要素的响应

在山东塔山东坡采集黑松(Pinus thunbergii Parl)树芯样本,建立树轮稳定碳同位素年表,发现在数十年尺度上与工业革命以来大气稳定碳同位素比率降低的事实相吻合,但1976年之后树轮稳定碳同位素比率(δ13C)有逐渐上升的趋势,其原因可能是大气中CO2的积累效应导致了大气与海洋之间CO2交换的不稳定性.通过对样本δ13C序列校正提取高频序列后与气象站气象资料进行相关分析,发现树轮δ13C序列与温度呈正相关,与降水量和日照时数呈负相关,温度和降水以及日照时数对树轮δ13C的影响均存在一定的滞后效应,该地区树木生长的限制性气候因子比较复杂,可能受到多种气候因子的共同影响,在气候重建研究中应当慎重选择.     

干旱半干旱荒漠化草原区降水-地表水-地下水同位素分布特征——以达尔罕茂明安联合旗为例

为能揭示出研究尚处于初级阶段的干旱半干旱荒漠化草原区水循环机理,本文应用被视为水体“DNA”探索的同位素示踪方法,对以达尔罕茂明安联合旗为例的干旱半干旱荒漠化草原区所采集的降水、地表水和地下水中同位素含量的时空分布特征进行探究。根据降水氢氧同位素含量及其氘盈余(d)值的变化过程,发现研究区大气降水水汽在夏季主要受海洋季风的影响、冬季主要受蒙古高压影响,而且从时空变化来看研究区地表水和地下水同位素含量随时间变化不大但由于纬度和降水源区不同的影响随着自西向东的空间变化各水体同位素含量逐渐变大。此外,研究区地表水和地下水同位素含量均散落于当地大气降水方程线下方,说明研究区域内地表水和地下水的补给来源主要为降水,并且部分区域地表水与地下水同位素含量分布比较集中,属于交叉分布,说明这些区域还存在地表水和地下水转换互补。     

阿拉善地区降水同位素特征与水汽来源

基于2013—2015年阿拉善高原阿右旗的降水氢氧稳定同位素组成数据,分析阿拉善高原降水δD和δ~(18)O的特征与变化规律,揭示当地的水汽来源与迁移路径。结果表明:(a)阿拉善高原降水δD和δ~(18)O的变化呈现明显的季节特征,即夏季偏高,冬季偏低。(b)主要气象参数(降水量、气温、大气湿度和风速)中,气温是控制阿拉善高原降水δD和δ~(18)O的主导因素;通过与周边区域的比较,阿拉善高原当地大气降水线的斜率和截距较低,这是由阿拉善高原降水受到非平衡蒸发作用强烈所致;(c)HYSPLIT气团轨迹模型模拟和降水同位素分析揭示了阿拉善高原阿右旗降水主要来自西风和极低气团。     

基于稳定氢氧同位素的高寒草甸坡地壤中流产流研究

以青海湖流域高寒草甸坡地为例, 通过收集2013年4—9月大气降水、土壤水和壤中流样品, 测定其稳定氢氧同位素值(δD和δ18O)并分析不同水体同位素特征, 同时使用二源线性混合模型辨析壤中流的产流来源.结果显示:大气降水的氢氧同位素值更加接近浅层(0~40 cm)土壤水的氢氧同位素值, 说明大气降水对浅层土壤水的补给作用要高于深层(40~80 cm)土壤水, 而壤中流的氢氧同位素值更加接近深层土壤水的氢氧同位素值, 说明该部分壤中流主要来源于降水前储存在土壤中的水分; 在非降水期间, 土壤水对坡上和坡中位置壤中流的平均贡献率分别为88.54%和78.43%;当降水事件发生时, 壤中流的水分来源由土壤水逐渐转变为大气降水, 而降水停止后土壤水重新成为壤中流的主要来源, 说明土壤水是高寒草甸壤中流产流的重要来源.     

Synoptic-scale variation of δ18O in summer monsoon rainfall at Lijiang, China

Based on the daily δ~(18)O data in June―September 2003 at Lijiang and the daily mean NCEP/ NCAR reanalysis data, synoptic-scale variation of δ~(18)O in summer monsoon rainfall was investigated. The 'precipitation amount effect' is obvious for the daily δ~(18)O variation, whereas the 'temperature effect' is insignificant. Alternate occurrences of active phase and break phase of the southwest monsoon probably influence the synoptic-scale δ~(18)O variation prominently. Moreover, the isotopic composition in precipitation during the late monsoon months is presumably influenced significantly by recycling of monsoon precipitation. Both the above factors disturb the 'amount effect' of isotopic variation in the monsoon region. This study also indicates that the synoptic-scale rainfall δ~(18)O variation at Lijiang in summer is domi-nated by the Indian monsoon depression (low pressure) system at large scale. These results are important for further studying the 'amount effect' and reconstructing paleoclimate in the monsoon region.     

Positive correlation between δ~(18)O in monsoon precipitation and atmospheric wind speed

Analyzed results of the atmospheric wind speedand stable isotopic data (δ^18O) in summer precipitation atBangkok, Bombay, New Delhi, Kunming and Lhasa, the IAEA/WMO stations, indicate that δ^18O in monsoon pre-cipitation correlate positively to wind speed and that thereexists a monsoonal vapor layer over these monsoon-controlled areas during monsoon seasons. The isotopic ex-change happens between monsoon vapors and failing rain-drops in the layer, resulting in this correlation between δ^18O and wind speed. This suggests that wind speed is probablyone of key factors affecting the δ^18O variation besides air temperature and rainfall in the southwest monsoon domain.     

Stable isotopic compositions of precipitation events from Kathmandu,southern slope of the Himalayas

Investigation of temporal variations in the stable δ^18O and δD isotopes from Kathmandu＇s precipitation events shows that the relatively enriched δ^18O and δD values in the winter （the dry season, dominated by the westerlies） were positively correlated with temperature, indicating a temperature effect controlling the changes of δ^18O and δD. However, the δ^18O and δD values were depleted in the summer （the wet season, dominated by the Indian monsoon）, which were negatively correlated with precipitation amount, indicating an amount effect. In addition, the comparison of stable isotopes in precipitation from Kathmandu and Mawlong （near the Bay of Bengal） shows that the overall trends of δ^18O and δD values at Kathmandu generally approximate those at Mawlong. However, there remain many differences between the details of the isotopic changes at Kathmandu versus those at Mawlong. Compared with those at Mawlong, the further rainout effect and the more intense lift effect of the oceanic moisture by the high mountains resulted in the more depleted δ^18O and δD values in summer precipitation at Kathmandu. A deuterium excess and the local meteoric water lines reveal that evaporation at Kathmandu exceeds that at Mawlong. The data also show that the Indian monsoon activities at Mawlong are more intense than those at Kathmandu.     

五道沟试验场降雨径流中的氢氧稳定同位素特征分析

在淮北平原区五道沟水文水资源试验场,对降雨径流中的氢氧稳定同位素组成变化的特点及控制平原区河道径流组分划分的一些流域水文因素进行了同位素示踪实验研究.结果表明,实验期间降雨中的δ(18O)(-0.918%～-0.518%)及δ(2H)(-5.064%～-2.310%)的变幅较大,并随雨强的降低而增大;1,3,6号测井地下水的δ(18O)(或δ(2H))主要与补给区水源及降雨的δ(18O)(或δ(2H))有关,其对降雨入渗补给的响应较慢,有明显的滞后效应;IR自记井及S4抽水井由于受抽水灌溉等人类活动的持续影响,δ(18O)(或δ(2H))明显偏负,表明有来自深部潜水的补给.此外,流域出口断面河水的δ(18O)(或δ(2H))受平原型流域较强均化作用的影响,其变幅远远小于降雨的δ(18O)(或δ(2H))变幅,在使用同位素方法划分河道径流组分时,需要考虑降雨到形成河道径流的传输时间.     

Origin of summer monsoon rainfall identified by δ18O in precipitation

A negative correlation between δ^18O in monsoon precipitation and f, the ratio of precipitable water in monsoon region to that in water source area, is hypothesized. Using the Rayleigh model, a new method for identifying origin of summer monsoon rainfall is developed based on the hypothesis. In order to validate the method, the isotopic data at New Delhi, a typical station in the southwest monsoon region, and Hong Kong, a typical station in the southeast monsoon region, were collected and analyzed for case studies. The case studies indicate that the water source areas of the monsoon rairdall at the two stations identified by the method are accordant with the general atmosphere circulation patterns. The method developed in this paper is significantly important for tracing the origin of summer monsoon precipitation.     

L波段雷达资料在保山市强降水预报中的应用

为加强基层短时强降水预报能力,结合前人研究,利用20082009年腾冲L波段雷达探测资料和保山市昼(夜)降水数据,统计分析了该市昼(夜)出现强降水时当日(前一日)沙氏指数、抬升指数、不同高度层的温度露点差情况.结果表明,保山市强降水与沙氏指数、温度露点差呈显著负相关,与抬升指数值呈显著正相关.采用相关性和显著性假设检验确定了6项强降水预报因子和它们各自对应预报值域后,将6种预报因子自由组合成8种预报判据.经预报质量检验从8种组合中挑选出了保山市昼(夜)间出现强降水的预报判据.以20102014年保山市强降水实况进行预报能力检验,该方法对夜雨和昼雨强降水的预报准确率分别为56.00%和60.00%,具有一定参考使用价值.     

Indian monsoon influences altitude effect of δ~(18)O in precipitation/river water on the Tibetan Plateau

The δ^18O variation in precipitation acquired from 28 stations within the network of Tibetan Observation and Research Platform （TORP） is studied, with the focus on the altitude effect of δ^18O in river water during monsoon precipitation in an effort to understand the monsoon influence on isotopic composition in annual river water. It is found that δ^18O in precipitation on the Plateau is influenced by different moisture sources, with significant Indian monsoon influence on δ^18O composition in plateau precipitation and river water. The δ^18O of water bodies in the monsoon domain is generally more depleted than that in the westerly domain, suggesting gradual rainout of southwesterly borne marine moisture in the course of long-distance transportation and lifting over the Himalayas. The lapse rate of δ^18O in river water with altitude is the largest during monsoon precipitation, due to the increased temperature vertical gradient over the southern Plateau region controlled by monsoon circulation. The combination of δ^18O in river water in monsoon （wet） and non-monsoon （dry） seasons shows a larger lapse rate than that in non-monsoon （dry） season alone. As the altitude effect of δ^18O in precipitation and river water on the Tibetan Plateau results from the combined effect of monsoon moisture supply and westerly moisture supply, the δ^18O composition and its altitude effect on the Plateau during monsoon seasons should be considered in the reconstruction of paleoelevation of the Tibetan Plateau.     

Water isotope variations in the snow pack and summer precipitation at July 1 Glacier, Qilian Mountains in northwest China

This paper presents the stable isotope data of the snow pack and summer precipitation collected at the July 1 Glacier, Qilian Mountains in northwest China and analyses their relationships with meteorologi- cal factors. On an event scale, there is no temperature effect on the δ 18O values in the summer pre- cipitation, whereas the amount effect is shown to be clear. By tracing the moisture transport history and comparing the precipitation with its isotopic composition, it is shown that this amount effect not only reflects the change in moisture trajectory, which is related to the monsoon activities, but is also associated with the cooling degree of vapor in the cloud, the evaporation of falling raindrops and the isotopic exchange between the falling drops and the atmospheric vapor. As very little precipitation occurs in winter, the snow pack profile mainly represents the precipitation in the other three seasons. There are low precipitation δ 18O ratios in summer and high ratios in spring and autumn. The Meteoric Water Line (MLW) for the summer precipitation is δ D = 7.6 δ 18O 13.3, which is similar to that at Delingha, located in the south rim of the Qilian Mountains. The MWL for the snow pack is δ D = 10.4 δ 18O 41.4, showing a large slope and intercept. The deuterium excess (d) of the snow pack is positively correlated with δ 18O, indicating that both d and δ 18O decrease from spring to summer and increase from early autumn to early spring. This then results in the high slope and intercept of the MWL. Sea- sonal fluctuations of d in the snow pack indicate the change of moisture source and trajectory. During spring and autumn, the moisture originates from continental recycling or rapid evaporation over rela- tively warm water bodies like Black, Caspian and Aral Seas when the dry westerly air masses pass over them, hence very high d values in precipitation are formed. During summer, the monsoon is responsi- ble for the low d values. This indicates that the monsoon can reach the western part of the Qilian Mountains.     

Characteristics of δ 18O in precipitation over Eastern Monsoon China and the water vapor sources

Monsoon circulation is an important carrier of water vapor transport, and it impacts the precipitation of the monsoonal regions through the constraints and controls of large-scale water vapor transport and distributions as well as the water vapor balance. An overall research on stable Hydrogen and Oxygen isotopes in precipitation over Eastern Monsoon China could benefit a compre-hensive understanding of the monsoonal precipitation mechanism. Seventeen field stations of the Chinese Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (CHNIP) have been selected to collect monthly composite precipitation samples during the years 2005―2006. Components of δD and δ¹⁸O have been analyzed to achieve the spatiotemporal distributions. The established Local Meteoric Water Line δD=7.46 δ¹⁸O+0.90 based on the 274 obtained monthly samples could be treated as isotope input functions across the region, due to basically reflecting the specific regional meteorological conditions over Eastern Monsoon China. The δ-value de-pleted from coastal to inner area. In Southern China and Northeastern China there were typical periodic patterns of δ¹⁸8O. Differ-ent dominant affecting metrological factors have been raised with different regions. From south to north, the temperature effect of δ¹⁸18O enhanced, while the amount effect changed from existing at an all-year-scale in Southern China to being only remarkable during the main rainy seasons in North China and Northeastern China. Main geographical controls varied from altitude in South-ern China and North China to latitude in Northeastern China. Furthermore, δ¹⁸O had an implication of advance and retreat of the monsoon as well as rainfall belt transfer δ¹⁸O was also a tracer for the movement path of typhoon and tropical storms.     

Spatiotemporal variability of vegetation phenology with reference to altitude and climate in the subtropical mountain and hill region, China

Understanding the seasonal behaviour of a subtropical forest and its inter-annual variation is crucial to understanding and monitoring its ecosystem function in the context of global warming. Based on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Enhanced Vegetation Index dataset, a wavelet transform method was used to investigate the inter-annual variations of vegetation phenology in a subtropical mountain and hill region in Fujian, China, during 2001-2010. The results show a distinct inter-annual variation of vegetation phenology related to climate variability even if most areas presented non-significant trends. The start dates significantly advanced and end dates delayed in 2003 and 2008, due to anomalously warm conditions. There was generally a gradient of increasing start dates, and earlier end dates of vegetation growing season, due to colder temperatures at higher altitudes. However, the altitudinal phenology relationship also depends on its corresponding rainfall conditions. Earlier start dates were observed at higher altitudes during rainfall deficit years such as 2008, which coincides with relatively abundant rainfall at higher altitudes. This paper reveals that vegetation phenology was coupled with altitudinal gradient, with distinct responses at different combinations of alternate temperature and precipitation conditions variability.