Hydrogen——A sustainable energy carrier

Hydrogen may play a key role in a future sustainable energy system as a carrier of renewable energy to replace hydrocarbons. This review describes the fundamental physical and chemical properties of hydrogen and basic theories of hydrogen sorption reactions, followed by the emphasis on state-of-the-art of the hydrogen storage properties of selected interstitial metallic hydrides and magnesium hydride, especially for stationary energy storage related utilizations. Finally, new perspectives for utilization of metal hydrides in other applications will be reviewed.     

Hydrogenation of nanostructured semiconductors for energy conversion and storage

Nanostructured semiconductors have been researched intensively for energy conversion and storage applications in recent decades. Despite of tremendous find- ings and achievements, the performance of the devices resulted from the nanomaterials in terms of energy conversion efficiency and storage capacity needs further improvement to become economically viable for subsequent commercializa- tion. Hydrogenation is a simple, efficient, and cost-effective way for tailoring the electronic and morphological properties of the nanostructured materials. This work reviews a series of hydrogenated nanostructured materials was produced by the hydrogenation of a wide range of nanomaterials. These materials with improved inherent conductivity and changed characteristic lattice structure possess much enhanced per- formance for energy conversion application, e.g., photo- electrocatalytic production of hydrogen, and energy storage applications, e.g., lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors. The hydrogenation mechanisms as well as resultant properties responsible for the efficiency improvement are explored in details. This work provides guidance for researchers to use the hydrogenation technology to design functional materials.     

基于可再生能源的分布式多目标供能系统(二)

提出了两种以氢为能量载体的基于可再生能源的多目标分布式供能系统的新构思，分别利用太阳光直接分解水制氢及太阳能高温集热（或高温燃料电池排气余热）分解生物质和水制氢，并与高温燃料电池，微型燃气轮机以及后续的供热，制冷，调湿等子系统共同构成高效，无污染的可以供氢，供电，供热，供轴功的多联产综合供能系统，简要分析了可再生能源高效低成本制氢的有关理论与技术，报道了本室光催化分解水制氢与超临界水生物催化气化制氢研究的最新进展。     

碳基储氢材料研究进展

氢能以其可再生性和环境友好性成为未来最具发展潜力的能源载体，储氢技术是氢能应用中的关键问题。本文综述了近年来超级活性炭、石墨纳米纤维、碳纳米纤维和碳纳米管等碳基储氢材料的研究进展，并对该领域未来的研究工作进行了展望。     

沼气制氢工艺研究进展

沼气是具有巨大发展潜力的清洁可再生能源,可作为生物天然气的来源。利用沼气提纯得到天然气品质的甲烷制氢或沼气原料直接制氢具有可持续和环境友好等优点,而沼气中杂质的去除、催化剂以及操作条件的优化是提高沼气制氢反应效率和选择性的重点。系统综述了目前主要的几种沼气制氢工艺的研究进展。较优的沼气制氢工艺包括：将沼气提纯得到的甲烷通过催化裂解法制氢,可避免生成CO_x;消耗沼气主要成分CO₂和CH₄制氢的干重整法;能够结合H₂的分离和纯化、CO₂捕集和热整合的化学链重整技术。通过高效的工艺利用沼气制取氢气,对促进生物天然气产业的发展、提高可再生能源的使用率以及实现碳减排具有重要意义。     

基于可再生能源的分布式多目标供能系统(一)

通过对基于化石能源和基于可再生能源的几种主要分布式发电技术及系统，包括往复式发动机，微型燃气轮机，燃料电池，太阳能光伏发电，太阳能高温集热发电，风力发电，多联产及蓄能等相关技术的现状分析，指出了建立和发展基于可再生能源的分布式多目标供能系统所面临的主要问题与挑战。     

Key technologies for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell systems fueled impure hydrogen

Hydrogen energy and polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells become concerned issues in recent years. Nevertheless, the construction of hydrogen refueling infrastructure and hydrogen storage and transportation constrains the commercial development of fuel cells. In this review, sources, production, storage, transportation, and purification methods of hydrogen are extensively reviewed and compared. The advantages of utilizing industrial by-product hydrogen and steam reforming gas in PEM fuel cell systems are analyzed. Using industrial wasted hydrogen can significantly reduce the cost of hydrogen. Also, it is indicated that the onboard hydrogen generation by steam methanol reforming can solve the difficulties of efficient storage and transportation of gaseous hydrogen, which means that methanol has great potential to be a convenient carrier of hydrogen. The effects of impurities contained in the reformate gas are generally introduced. After the methanol steam reforming and pretreatment purification processes, the reformate gas can be fed to PEM fuel cells. Thus, a fuel cell system integrated with onboard hydrogen production and impure hydrogen treatment subsystems is introduced, and key technologies therein for pretreatment purification and in-situ poisoning mitigation methods are reviewed. Finally, suggestions are proposed for further studies.     

计及高比例可再生能源的配网系统储能多场景优化配置

为解决传统方法中可再生能源出力波动大、可再生能源和储能利用效率不高等问题,提出一种计及高比例可再生能源的配网系统储能多场景优化配置方法。通过在配网系统电源侧接入储能,定义配网系统储能配置场景,采用一阶低通滤波,结合波动率期望值确定方法,将低通滤波时间常数作为储能容量配置的关键参数,计算能源发电波动场景储能目标输出功率。采用上下限约束法,计算负荷储能释能场景储能目标输出功率。结合配网系统运行成本,构建储能多场景优化配置模型,求解储能最优功率和容量最优解,获得储能最优配置方案。实验结果表明,所提方法减少了风电出力和光伏出力的最大波动量、最大波动率,可再生能源出力更加平稳,减少了弃风率和弃光率,增加了储能出力,提高了可再生能源和储能利用效率。     

Density functional theory calculations:A powerful tool to simulate and design high-performance energy storage and conversion materials

Searching for high-performance energy storage and conversion materials is currently regarded as an important approach to solve the energy crisis. As a powerful tool to simulate and design materials, the density functional theory (DFT) method has made great achievements in the field of energy storage and conversion. This review highlights the ways in which DFT calculations can be used to simulate and design high-performance materials for batteries, capacitors, and hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts.     

中国废弃矿山地下抽水蓄能电站技术要点与可行性分析

 为应对全球气候变化、化解资源环境危机，中国需推进能源结构调整与优化，逐步提高可再生能源开发利用比例，加快解决可再生能源存储的瓶颈问题。中国废弃矿山数量巨大，利用废弃矿山遗留下来的大量地下空间建造抽水蓄能电站为中国可再生能源存储提供了新的思路。基于德国利用废弃金属矿山和煤矿地下空间建造地下抽水蓄能电站的实例，从岩石力学、矿山规划、机械构置、能源系统规划、法律、环境影响以及经济性等方面深入探讨了中国利用废弃矿山建造地下抽水蓄能电站的相关评价原则与技术要点，并进一步提出了中国废弃矿山地下抽水蓄能电站研究的基本方向和主要内容。     

多种能量转换系统的性能优化与参数设计的研究

节能、提高能效、开发新能源(包括可再生清洁能源)是今后能源发展的重点,而能量转换系统的性能优化与参数设计是高效利用能源的一个关键科学问题.结合国内外的研究现状和本研究组近年来的研究工作,介绍在磁制冷、半导体热电器件、太阳能热利用、化学机与化学泵、燃料电池及其耦合系统、电解水制氢系统、布朗马达及量子热力学循环等能量转换系统的性能优化与参数设计方面所取得的一些重要成果.     

Enhanced hydrogen storage of alanates: Recent progress and future perspectives

The global energy crisis and environmental pollution have caused great concern. Hydrogen is a renewable and environmentally friendly source of energy and has potential to be a major alternative energy carrier in the future.Due to its high capacity and relatively low cost of raw materials, alanate has been considered as one of the most promising candidates for hydrogen storage. Among them, LiAlH₄ and NaAlH₄, as two representative metal alanates, have attracted extensive atte...     

Recent advances in hydrogen storage technologies based on nanoporous carbon materials

Hydrogen is a promising energy carrier that can potentially facilitate a transition from fossil fuels to sustainable energy sources without producing harmful by-products. Prior to realizing a hydrogen economy, however, viable hydrogen storage materials must be developed. Physical adsorption in porous solids provides an opportunity for hydrogen storage under low-stringency conditions. Physically adsorbed hydrogen molecules are weakly bound to a surface and, hence, are easily released. Among the various surface candidates, porous carbons appear to provide efficient hydrogen storage, with the advantages that porous carbon is relatively low-cost to produce and is easily prepared. In this review, we summarize the preparation methods, pore characteristics, and hydrogen storage capacities of representative nanoporous carbons, including activated carbons, zeolite-templated carbon, and carbide-derived carbon. We focus particularly on a series of nanoporous carbons developed recently: metal–organic framework-derived carbons, which exhibit promising properties for use in hydrogen storage applications.     

2018年压缩空气储能技术热点回眸

 能源结构转型是世界各国正在面临的严峻问题。中国可再生能源丰富，但高比例的可再生能源渗透对电网的安全运行提出重大挑战。储能作为协同新能源运行的有效手段，可打破电能“即发即用”的特点，实现能量的高效利用。在大规模储能背景下，压缩空气储能以其自身的清洁、低成本等特点，逐步成为研究热点。2018年，压缩空气储能领域向示范工程、商业化初期不断迈进。本文回顾2018年压缩空气储能领域热点问题，总结了该领域多能互补、液化压缩、盐穴储气、循环控温、协同水利发电等技术方面的突出进展。     

基于燃气轮机富氧辅助供能的风电耦合化工系统容量优化配置

利用电解水制氢技术将可再生能源风电嫁接到炼油产业,实现风电与化工耦合,可以有效改善化工产业碳排放高的问题。综合考虑到风电出力的不确定性和氢气需求的波动特性,提出了一种以满足化工用氢为主,基于燃气轮机富氧辅助供能的低碳能源系统。考虑风电机组、燃气轮机、电解槽、储氢储氧罐、以及二氧化碳液化压缩捕集装置的设备投资成本和操作成本,建立以等年值总费用最小为目标的优化配置模型。基于西北某地区实际风机出力数据和炼油厂用氢数据,利用CPLEX求解器和YALMIP工具箱进行模型求解,得到该系统各装置最优容量配置方案,并进行相关分析。结果表明,该系统可以有效地平抑风电出力的短期不确定和氢气需求长期波动问题,实现了“以氢定电”,可为现代化工企业获取绿色氢气来源提供一定的理论和参考。     

储氢研究进展概况

氢能将是21世纪重要的二次能源。概要介绍几种不同的储氢方法(压缩存储、液氢存储、金属氢化物、配位氢化物等)及储氢的现状,指出了差距和存在的问题。     

可再生能源制氢系统多目标优化调度

随着碳达峰碳中和的推行,氢能在能源去碳化进程中扮演着重要的地位。利用可再生能源制氢可以进一步实现能源低碳化。针对可再生能源系统稳定性较弱的缺点,将系统收益和环境成本这一对相互矛盾的目标进行折中考虑,提出使用多目标金鹰算法(multi-objective golden eagle algorithm, MOGEO)对可再生能源制氢系统运行优化求解帕累托最优解集。为验证该方法的可行性,以冬奥场馆所在地的典型日为例,分别与商业求解器CPLEX及传统的多目标粒子群算法(multi-objective particle swarm optimization, MOPSO)进行对比,结果表明所提方法可以取得更好的优化结果。     

考虑源荷不确定性的风光储耦合制氢系统两阶段能量调度

为降低源、荷不确定性对系统能量调度的影响,提出了一种离网型风光储耦合制氢系统两阶段能量调度策略,并建立日前-日内两阶段滚动优化调度模型。日前调度阶段,采用电解槽分级调度策略,并以系统富余功率或过剩功率与可再生能源总功率比值最小为目标函数,建立日前系统稳定性调度模型。日内调度阶段,考虑可再生能源与负荷的不确定性,提出储能分组调度策略,建立包含源、荷预测误差的日内调度目标函数,以滚动优化方式修正日前机组出力计划。对黏菌算法改进,使用改进黏菌算法求解调度模型。算例表明：所提出两阶段稳定性调度模型可有效应对源、荷不确定性对系统能量调度影响,提高了系统应对源、荷波动时的稳定性。     

玉米秸秆发酵产氢研究

传统能源储量日益减少以及能源需求的不断增长使21世纪的能源问题面临巨大的挑战,人们越来越认识到可再生能源的巨大潜力和发展前景。利用农业固体废弃物和污泥联合厌氧发酵制氢,既可解决农业废物和污泥的环境污染问题,又可制备清洁的燃料能源,因此具有非常重要的研究价值。以厌氧活性污泥为接种物,以玉米秸秆为发酵底物进行发酵产氢实验,研究了不同秸秆粒径、预处理方法、发酵液pH值和金属离子对玉米秸秆发酵产氢速率以及产氢气量的影响。结果表明：玉米秸秆粒径越小越利于发酵产氢;经过H2SO4预处理后,玉米秸秆单位总产氢量大于经NaOH预处理样品;pH值为6左右可以提高玉米秸秆的发酵产氢气速率;Fe2＋和Mg2＋对发酵产氢效果有一定的影响。     

盐穴在地下能源存储领域的应用及发展

 盐岩具有较低的渗透性、良好的蠕变特性及损伤恢复功能。盐穴是能源地下存储的良好介质,广泛应用于天然气、原油、液态碳氢化合物等的存储;也可以进行压缩空气蓄能和氢气存储蓄能,存储转化可再生能源;同时可应用于工业废料、有害废料的处置及二氧化碳封存等。综述了盐穴在地下能源领域的应用情况及基本原理,展望了盐穴的技术发展趋势。阐述了中国盐穴能源储库起步较晚、资源有限、技术难点多、发展与挑战并存的现状。