HIV-1相关蛋白与细胞自噬在HIV相关神经认知障碍中的研究进展

细胞自噬作为真核细胞的一种自我保护机制,能降解细胞内的大分子蛋白质和病原微生物以及一些受损或老化的细胞器,使细胞维持平衡状态,在预防神经退行性疾病及免疫系统疾病等过程中有重要作用.研究发现,HIV-1(Human immunodeficiency virus type-1)能通过各种机制改变细胞自噬的正常功能,以利于自身的复制、感染等,本文就HIV-1的相关蛋白与细胞自噬的相互作用,及其在HIV相关神经认知障碍(HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorder,HAND)的发生和发展中的重要作用进行综述.     

胶质细胞与药物成瘾

药物成瘾是一种慢性和复发性脑病.传统的观念认为胶质细胞在药物成瘾中仅起辅助作用.目前发现胶质细胞上存在众多的神经递质受体和转运体,且能分泌多种氨基酸、多肽、神经营养因子及炎症因子,对神经递质的代谢、神经冲动的传导以及突触的调节等起着重要的作用；且胶质细胞在药物成瘾中发生极大变化.对中枢神经系统中的星形胶质细胞、小胶质细...     

小胶质细胞在不同炎性环境下亚型和功能的演变及其意义

近年来随着对多种神经系统炎性变性病如阿尔茨海默氏病(AD)、帕金森氏病(PD)和多发性硬化(MS)等发病机制的深入研究,显示脑内慢性免疫炎症反应可能是其重要病理特征之一,而小胶质细胞在其中所起的重要作用也日益受到人们的关注。小胶质细胞是中枢神经系统(CNS)的重要组成部分,同时又是脑内的主要免疫效应细胞。正常成年人脑中,小胶质细胞处于相对静息状态,而在免疫炎性反应过程中,小胶质细胞显示激活的细胞形态,在向病灶区移行的同时,可以产生神经毒性分子和神经营养因子,具有致炎和抗炎的作用。因此小胶质细胞的双重性对于理解疾病的发生发展,以及寻找疾病的治疗靶点具有极其重要的理论和实际意义。     

阿片成瘾中的神经免疫机制

综述小胶质细胞参与阿片类物质成瘾行为的细胞和分子机制,以及神经免疫抑制剂防治阿片成瘾的研究进展。阿片类物质成瘾是严重的医学和社会问题。目前针对阿片成瘾的研究主要集中在神经元,戒毒药物也主要针对阿片受体,然而其效果有限。神经元不是神经通路的唯一组分,神经小胶质细胞占中枢神经系统细胞总数的10%~15%,然而其作用和功能一度被忽视。阿片能激活Toll样受体4(TLR4),活化小胶质细胞,分泌大量炎症因子,从而调节奖赏信号通路,增加神经元兴奋性,参与成瘾行为的形成和表现。研究调节性神经免疫因子以及它们所造成神经炎症反应,将为理解阿片所造成的大脑功能改变和成瘾行为提供新的思路。     

GDNF家族及其受体

胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor,GDNF)对多巴胺能神经元、运动神经元、感觉神经元等多种神经元均具有营养及损伤后修护作用.GDNF的神经营养作用主要是通过胶质细胞源性神经营养因子受体-α(glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptors-α,GFRα)亚基和受体酪氨酸激酶Ret亚基两类受体亚基介导.     

神经生长因子对神经干细胞向少突胶质细胞分化的诱导作用研究

目的体外分离和培养大鼠海马神经前体细胞,在此基础上探索在体外环境下使神经干细胞定向分化为少突胶质细胞,为后续的神经干细胞移植提供实验基础.方法取孕10 d的Wistar大鼠胚胎脑的海马,分离神经前体细胞,将单克隆的神经干细胞球贴壁,并使用生长因子(NGF),分析不同浓度的NGF对神经干细胞分化的影响.在含NGF的NSC培养基中进行体外培养,以GalC免疫组化标记分化后的少突胶质细胞,对神经干细胞的分化特性进行鉴定.结果NGF可促进神经前体细胞的增殖及神经球的克隆形成,并获得了Nestin阳性的神经前体细胞,其可分化为分别表达GaIC的阳性细胞.结论体外分离和培养的大鼠海马神经前体细胞,在NGF生长因子的作用下,神经干细胞可定向分化为少突胶质细胞,并与培养基中NGF的浓度有一定的关系,有望应用于脱髓鞘神经系统疾病的细胞移植治疗.     

脯氨酸羟化酶抑制剂对缺氧环境下大鼠视网膜神经胶质细胞中脯氨酸羟化酶2表达的影响研究

观察在脯氨酸羟化酶抑制剂(PHI)干预下,脯氨酸羟化酶2(PHD 2)在缺氧环境下大鼠视网膜神经胶质细胞中的表达变化,探讨其与眼内相关增生因子表达的关系。原代培养大鼠视网膜神经胶质细胞,鉴定后传代培养,并分为3组:正常对照组(control)、缺氧组(hypoxia)、干预组(intervention)。正常对照组不做特殊处理;缺氧组加入200μmol/L缺氧诱导剂氯化钴(CoCl_2);干预组加入500μmol/L的脯氨酸羟化酶抑制剂。免疫荧光化学染色法观察各组PHD 2和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)蛋白表达,RT-PCR检测PHD 2、VEGF mRNA水平,四甲基偶氮唑蓝比色法(MTT法)检测各组细胞增殖活性,Annexin V-FITC鉴定各组细胞凋亡情况。对照组视网膜神经胶质细胞中PHD 2和VEGF的表达比较弱,呈弱荧光染色;缺氧组视网膜神经胶质细胞中PHD 2及VEGF的表达明显增强,呈强红色荧光及强绿色荧光;干预组PHD 2及VEGF的表达明显低于缺氧组。RT-PCR分析结果表明:对照组视网膜神经胶质细胞中PHD 2和VEGF mRNA都呈弱表达;缺氧组视网膜神经胶质细胞中PHD 2和VEGF mRNA表达量明显增多;干预组中PHD 2、VEGF mRNA表达量较对照组轻度增多,但较缺氧组明显减少。缺氧组视网膜神经胶质细胞的增殖活性明显高于正常对照组(P0.001);干预组视网膜神经胶质细胞的增殖活性高于正常对照组(P=0.001);但是干预组视网膜神经胶质细胞增殖活性明显低于缺氧组(P=0.001)。干预组和对照组视网膜神经胶质细胞的凋亡明显高于缺氧组(P0.001);干预组视网膜神经胶质细胞的凋亡高于正常对照组(P0.001)。缺氧环境可诱导视网膜神经胶质细胞中PHD 2、VEGF mRNA的表达增高,刺激神经胶质细胞的增殖,减缓细胞凋亡;脯氨酸羟化酶抑制剂可有效抑制缺氧环境下PHD 2增高引起的神经胶质细胞的增殖和VEGF mRNA的表达。     

三七总皂苷对新生大鼠海马神经干细胞活性影响及促分化作用

目的研究三七总皂苷对海马神经干细胞活性的影响和分化作用。方法体外培养海马神经干细胞,分别接种于96孔板和12孔板,96孔板细胞按三七总皂苷不同浓度梯度和同一浓度的不同时间点进行干预,应用MTT法检测海马神经干细胞的OD值,观察三七总皂苷对海马神经干细胞活性的影响;12细胞孔板分为对照组和给药组,应用免疫荧光染色方法检测神经元新生特异抗原(Tuj-1)和胶质细胞新生抗原(Vimentin)的表达,以观察三七总皂苷对海马神经干细胞分化的影响。结果(1)一定浓度范围内三七总皂苷能增强海马神经干细胞活性;(2)三七总皂苷能促进海马神经干细胞向神经元和胶质细胞方向分化。结论三七总皂苷能增强海马神经干细胞的活性并能促进海马神经干细胞分化。     

鹌鹑视觉通道的组织学研究--视神经纤维、神经胶质细胞的计数和直径谱

对鹌鹑(Coturnix coturnix)视神经组织结构和数量进行的研究发现四根视神经的纤维平均为407 492根，神经纤维的形状不规则．纤维直径范围为O．103μm～1．029μm，峰直径为O.535μm．神经胶质细胞(glia cell)数为144 064个．细胞的直径范围为2．02μm～4.25μm．峰直径为3．71μm，四根视神经的神经纤维和胶质细胞的直径谱都是单峰的．经统计分析，视神经的中央区和周围区的神经纤维的密度、神经胶质细胞的密度及直径大小均无显著的差异。     

星形胶质细胞的生物学功能及其与疾病的关系研究进展

星形胶质细胞As为中枢神经系统内多种胶质细胞中的一种.在正常中枢神经组织中,胶质细胞与神经元的比例是10:1~50:1,而星形胶质细胞在脑内数目最多,是中枢神经系统中最主要的大胶质细胞,并具有复杂多样的结构与功能.神经元-星形胶质细胞作为神经系统功能单位,它们之间的相互作用在中枢神经系统中非常重要,参与了中枢神经系统从胚胎发生到老化的各个活动,贯穿了神经元的整个发育过程.随着对中枢神经系统疾病病理机制和治疗手段的深入研究,人们认识到在神经系统发育、突触传递、神经组织修复与再生、神经免疫及多种神经疾病的病理方面都与星形胶质细胞密不可分.对星形胶质细胞的生物学功能及其与疾病的关系进行了较为系统的阐述,以期为相关疾病的临床治疗提供参考.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with