NF-κB信号通路在大鼠肝再生中调节肝细胞增殖的机理研究

为了解大鼠肝再生中肝细胞NF-κB信号通路对肝细胞增殖的调节作用,用Rat Genome 230 2.0芯片检测大鼠肝再生中NF-κB信号通路相关基因表达变化发现,芯片含138个NF-κB信号通路基因,其中46个基因与大鼠肝再生相关.用Ingenuity Pathway Analysis 9.0(IPA)软件解析上述基因表达变化预示的该信号通路调节肝细胞增殖作用发现,该通路的白细胞介素-1(IL-1)途径在大鼠肝再生起始阶段促进肝细胞增殖,生长因子(GF)途径在进展阶段促进肝细胞增殖,肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)途径在起始阶段促进肝细胞增殖,终止阶段抑制肝细胞增殖.     

大鼠再生肝8种细胞的PPARγ信号通路相关基因转录谱预示脂类代谢活动

为了解大鼠肝再生中肝细胞、胆管上皮细胞、卵圆细胞、星形细胞、窦内皮细胞、库普弗细胞、陷窝细胞、树突状细胞等8种肝脏细胞的PPARγ信号通路相关基因转录谱及其预示的脂类代谢活动,按本卷2期张丽君[1]等方法分离大鼠再生肝8种细胞,检测它们的PPARγ信号通路基因表达谱,分析其预示的生理活动.结果表明,41个PPARγ信号通路相关基因在大鼠肝再生中发生了有意义的表达变化,其中上调、下调和上/下调的基因为9、9、23个,呈现15种表达相关性.相应细胞的基因数为10、6和1,10、12和2,7、7和0,16、8和3,18、7和1,10、6和1,11、20和0,13、9和4.它们的转录谱预示,胆管上皮细胞和星形细胞的脂肪合成、星形细胞和树突状细胞的胆固醇代谢、8种肝脏细胞的脂肪酸运输和脂肪细胞分化、星形细胞、窦内皮细胞和树突状细胞的脂肪酸氧化和糖异生、胆管上皮细胞和树突状细胞的能量代谢增强.上述结果表明,PPARγ信号通路与大鼠肝再生密切相关.     

耳穴贴压对睡眠剥夺大鼠脾脏TLR4信号通路关键基因mRNA表达的影响

目的:通过观察耳穴贴压对PCPA(对氯苯丙氨酸)致睡眠剥夺大鼠toll受体4信号通路中TLR4(Toll样受体4)、My D88(髓样分化蛋白88)、IRAK1(IL-1R受体相关激酶1)、TRAF6(肿瘤坏死因子受体活化因子6)、NF-κB(核因子-κB)、TRIF(诱导干扰素β的TIR基域接头分子)等关键基因mRNA表达的影响,来探讨耳穴贴压治疗失眠症的作用机理及其与机体免疫功能的关系.方法:将大鼠随机分为4组:对照组、模型组、安定组、耳贴组.腹腔注射PCPA以建立睡眠剥夺大鼠模型,以磁珠贴压双侧耳穴进行干预5 d,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测toll受体4信号通路关键基因mRNA表达量的变化.结果:模型组大鼠经睡眠剥夺后TLR4、IRAK1、TRAF6、NF-κB与TRIF等关键基因mRNA表达均较对照组升高约1倍,经耳穴贴压和安定干预后其表达都明显下降至对照组水平,差异均具有显著性(P0.05).结论:大鼠经睡眠剥夺后TLR4信号通路关键基因表达均升高,经耳穴贴压和安定干预后基本恢复至正常水平,说明失眠对机体的免疫功能有明显影响,耳穴贴压治疗失眠症可能与调节了机体的免疫功能有关.     

基于转录组学分析日本沼虾原肌球蛋白对小鼠巨噬细胞极化的影响

为研究日本沼虾原肌球蛋白对巨噬细胞极化的影响,运用转录组学分析原肌球蛋白诱导的巨噬细胞极化过程中基因表达的差异性。结果表明:与磷酸盐缓冲溶液组(PBS组)相比,原肌球蛋白诱导组(TM组)有69个基因表达上调,154个基因表达下调,富集到180条通路;TM组相较于脂多糖和IFN-γ联合诱导M1型巨噬细胞组(LPSIFN组)有1346个基因表达上调,1360个基因下调,富集到308条通路;TM组与IL-4诱导M2型巨噬细胞组(IL4组)相比,有455个基因上调,446个基因下调,富集到269条通路。根据KEGG结果选择5条可能涉及巨噬细胞极化的信号通路,包括NOD样受体信号通路、Jak-STAT信号通路、NF-κB信号通路、Toll样受体信号通路和PI3K/Akt信号通路,对这5条通路中的NOD2、TLR2、AKT3、NLRP3、Caspase-1、CD14、Lat、Myd88、NFKBIA和STAT1基因的表达进行验证,检测到TM组NOD2、TLR2、NLRP3、STAT1这4个基因表达量相较于PBS组显著升高,与这4个基因相关的NOD样受体信号通路、Jak-STAT信号通路、Toll样受体信号通路参与原肌球蛋白诱导巨噬细胞极化的过程。研究旨在为进一步分析巨噬细胞极化与食物过敏的关系提供理论依据。     

大鼠再生肝8种细胞的脂肪酸代谢基因转录谱预示的生化活动

为了解大鼠再生肝8种细胞的脂肪酸代谢基因转录谱及预示的生化活动,按张丽君[1]等方法分离大鼠再生肝8种细胞,检测它们的脂肪酸代谢基因表达变化,分析其表达相关性及预示的生理活动.结果表明,44个脂肪酸代谢基因在大鼠肝再生中发生了有意义表达变化,8种细胞的相应基因数为22、18、11、21、19、13、27、18,上调、下调和上/下调的基因个数为11、14和19,相应细胞的基因个数为6、15和1,7、8和3,3、8和0,16、3和2,12、7和0,8、5和0,6、21和0,9、5和4.肝细胞、胆管上皮细胞、星形细胞、库普弗细胞、陷窝细胞、树突状细胞等6种细胞的脂肪酸合成相关基因表达增强,肝细胞、星形细胞、窦内皮细胞、库普弗细胞、陷窝细胞、树突状细胞等6种细胞的脂肪酸分解相关基因表达增强.上述结果预示大鼠肝再生中脂肪酸代谢活动增强,与大鼠肝再生密切相关.     

电针对PCPA致失眠大鼠脾脏TLR7信号通路关键基因mRNA表达的影响

目的:观察电针对对氯苯丙氨酸(PCPA)致失眠大鼠脾脏Toll样受体7(TLR7)信号通路关键基因mRNA表达的影响,探讨电针治疗失眠的免疫学机制.方法:取健康SPF级Wistar雄性大鼠32只,随机分成空白组、模型组、电针组和安定组,每组8只.模型组以腹腔注射PCPA建立大鼠失眠模型,安定组给予腹腔注射安定,电针组给予电针神门(HT7)、三阴交(SP6)穴位,连续治疗5 d后用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-PCR)反应测定大鼠脾脏TLR7、髓样分化蛋白88(My D88),IL-1受体相关激酶4(IRAK4)、肿瘤坏死因子相关激酶6(TRAF6)、及核因子NF-κB(NF-κB)的mRNA表达.结果:与空白组对照,模型组TLR7、My D88、IRAK4及TRAF6的mRNA表达增加(P0.05);与模型组比较,电针组、安定组IRAK4、TRAF6及NF-k B的mRNA表达降低,电针组TLR7及My D88的mRNA表达降低(P0.05),但电针组与安定组比较,无统计学差异(P0.05).结论:失眠上调TLR7信号转导通路关键基因mRNA表达,TLR7可能参与免疫对睡眠的调节;电针可通过调节TLR7信号转导通路调控相关免疫物质的释放,改善睡眠及减轻失眠对机体带来的损伤.     

一部颇有学术造诣的力作——《大鼠肝再生的功能基因组学研究》书评

2009年底,中国高等教育出版社出版的《大鼠肝再生的功能基因组学研究》专著,分上、中、下3册,总计530多万字,汇总了大鼠再生肝及包括肝细胞、胆管上皮细胞、卵圆细胞、星形细胞、窦内皮细胞、库普弗细胞、陷窝细胞、树突状细胞等8种细胞在内的肝再生基因组学研究结果,证实8 124个基因与大鼠肝再生相关.本书资料系统、翔实、丰富,有助于了解(肝)再生的复杂性,也有助于经济、高效、有针对性地开展相关研究,是从事再生生物学和再生医学等研究不可多得的工具书和参考书.     

大鼠再生肝8种细胞的脂肪代谢基因转录谱预示的生化活动

为了解大鼠再生肝8种细胞的脂肪代谢基因转录谱及预示的生化活动,按张丽君[1]等方法分离大鼠再生肝的8种细胞,检测它们的脂肪代谢基因表达变化,分析其表达相关性及预示的代谢活动.结果表明,29个脂肪代谢相关基因在大鼠肝再生中发生了有意义的表达变化,8种细胞的相应基因个数为18、14、7、9、8、10、14、17.上调、下调和上/下调的基因个数为13、6和10,相应细胞的基因个数为10、8和0,12、2和0,5、2和0,5、3和1,5、2和1,8、2和0,8、6和0,10、7和0.8种肝脏细胞的脂肪分解相关基因表达增强.肝细胞、胆管上皮细胞、星形细胞、库普弗细胞、陷窝细胞、树突状细胞等6种细胞的脂肪合成相关基因表达增强.预示大鼠肝再生中脂肪代谢活动增强,与大鼠肝再生密切相关.     

AW915115参与大鼠再生肝星形细胞的Notch信号转导

为了解新基因AW915115在Notch信号通路中的作用及与大鼠肝再生的相关性,用Percoll密度梯度离心结合免疫磁珠分选方法分离大鼠再生肝的8种细胞,用Rat Genome 230 2.0芯片等检测上述细胞的Notch信号通路基因在大鼠肝再生中的表达变化,用BLAST、Microsoft Excel等软件分别分析新基因与已知基因的序列同源性和共表达关系,用生物信息学和系统生物学等方法分析上述基因参与的生理活动.结果表明,AW915115与活化Notch受体的N-乙酰葡糖基转移酶基因lfng同源,并且在2 h和12 h再生肝星形细胞中表达下调.根据上述基因的同源性和共表达关系推测,新基因AW915115参与大鼠再生肝星形细胞的Notch信号转导.     

大鼠再生肝8种肝脏细胞的生物氧化相关基因转录谱预示的生理活动

为了解大鼠肝再生中8种肝脏细胞的生物氧化相关基因转录谱及其预示的生理活动,用Percoll密度梯度离心结合免疫磁珠分选方法分离大鼠再生肝的肝细胞、胆管上皮细胞、卵圆细胞、星形细胞、窦内皮细胞、库普弗细胞、陷窝细胞和树突状细胞等8种细胞,用Rat Genome2302.0芯片等检测生物氧化相关基因在上述细胞中表达变化,用H-Cluster等软件及生物信息学和系统学生物等方法分析它们的表达模式及预示的生理活动.结果表明:38个生物氧化相关基因在大鼠肝再生中发生了有意义表达变化,相应细胞的基因数为6,32,0,2,3,1,3,2个.肝再生启动阶段和进展阶段的NAD+合成增强,从NADH到O2的电子传递及ATP合成增强.终止阶段的FADH2分解减弱,从FADH2到O2的电子传递减弱.结论:大鼠肝再生与生物氧化密切相关.     

AA818342等6个新基因参与大鼠再生肝8种细胞的PLC信号转导

为了解AA818342、BM389035、BF289002、BF403759、AI170687、AI715484等6个新基因在PLC信号通路中的作用及与大鼠肝再生的相关性,分离大鼠再生肝8种细胞,检测它们的基因表达变化,分析新基因与已知基因的序列同源性、共表达关系及参与的生理活动.结果表明,AA818342与col8a1同源,在30 h和72 h再生肝的卵圆细胞中表达下调,在各期再生肝的库普弗细胞中表达上调.BM389035与itga1同源,在168 h再生肝的树突状细胞中表达下调.BF289002与gnai1同源,在12 h和168 h再生肝的卵圆细胞表达上调.BF403759与cacna1d同源,在2 h再生肝的星形细胞表达上调.AI170687与mef2c同源,在36 h再生肝的树突状细胞中表达下调.AI715484与prkce同源,在2 h再生肝的星形细胞中表达上调.上述基因转录谱预示,AA818342等6个新基因属于PLC信号通路成分,参与大鼠再生肝8种细胞的PLC信号转导.     

Innate immune recognition and regulation in liver injury: A brief report from a series of studies

The discovery of innate immune receptors and the emergence of liver immunology （high content of NK and NKT cells in liver） led to the second research summit in innate immunity since the finding of NK cells in the middle 1970s. Liver disease is one of the most dangerous threats to humans, and the progress in innate immunology and liver immunology made it possible to re-explain the cellular and mo- lecular immune mechanisms of liver disease. In the past ten years, we have found that innate recognition of hepatic NK and NKT subsets were involved in murine liver injury. We established a novel NK cell-dependent acute murine hepatitis model by activating Toll-like receptor-3 （TLR-3） with an injection of poly I：C, which may mimic mild viral hepatitis （such as Chronic Hepatitis B）. We observed that a network of innate immune cells including NK, NKT and Kupffer cells is involved in liver immune injury in our established NK cell-dependent murine,model. We noted that TLR-3 on Kupffer cells activated by pretreatment with poly I： C might protect against bacterial toxin （LPS）-induced fulminant hepatitis by down-regulating TLR-4 function, while TLR-3 pre-activation of NK cells might reduce Con A-induced NKT cell-mediated fulminant hepatitis by blocking NKT cell recruitment to the liver. We also found that the oversensitivity to injury by immune stimulation in HBV （hepatitis B virus） transgenic mice （full HBV gene-tg or HBs-tg） correlated to the over-expression of Real, an NKG2D （natural killer cell group 2D） ligand of NK cells or CDld, a ligand of TCR-V14 of NKT cells, on HBV＋ hepatocytes, which leads to an innate immune response against hepatocytes and is critical in liver immune injury and regeneration.     

Role of toll-like receptors in regulatory functions of T and B cells

Pathogens can find their ways to most sites in the host. Pathogen sensors, such as Toll-like receptors （TLRs）, must be equally and broadly distributed on immune cells to combat them through innate and adaptive immunity. Most classes of TLRs are found in innate immune cells to obtain an immediate response against pathogens, but recent studies indicate that a number of TLRs are wildly expressed in T and B cells, suggesting TLRs also directly regulate adaptive immune responses. Due to the rapid increase of new information on the multiple roles of TLRs, in this paper we aim to review several main properties of TLRs and their direct role in T and B cells. This review consists of 6 parts： （i） Characteristics of Toll-like receptors （TLRs） and signaling; （ii） signalling pathways of TLRs; （iii） TLR expressions on human leukocytes; （iv） TLR expressions and functions in the Thl, CD4^＋CD45RO^＋ memory T cells and regulatory/suppressor T as well as B cell populations; （v） therapeutic potential of TLR agonists; （Vi） discussion and perspective. The latest findings and potential therapeutic applications are discussed. There is growing evidence supporting the concept that TLR activation contributes not only to innate immunity but also to adaptive immunity, including direct regulation of both T and B lymphocytes by TLRs.     

大鼠再生肝8种细胞的嘌呤核苷酸代谢基因转录谱预示的代谢活动

为了解大鼠肝再生中肝细胞、胆管上皮细胞、卵圆细胞、星形细胞、窦内皮细胞、库普弗细胞、陷窝细胞、树突状细胞等8种肝脏细胞的嘌呤核苷酸代谢基因转录谱及预示的代谢活动,按张丽君[1]等方法分离大鼠部分肝切除后10个恢复时间点大鼠再生肝的上述8种细胞,用RatGenome2302.0芯片等检测嘌呤核苷酸代谢基因在上述细胞中表达变化,用Excel等软件及生物信息学和系统生物学等方法分析它们的表达模式、预示的生理活动等.结果表明,85个嘌呤核苷酸代谢基因在大鼠肝再生中发生了有意义表达变化,8种细胞的相应基因数为40,43,30,42,22,26,36和48.上调、下调、上/下调的基因个数为49、11、31,相应细胞的基因数为27、20和1,31、4和1,15、7和3,12、10和0,23、15和3,19、7和2,39、3和1,33、6和0.其中,催化DNA合成的DNA聚合酶基因和催化RNA合成的RNA聚合酶基因在肝再生的多个时间点和多种细胞中表达增强,胆管上皮细胞和星形细胞的腺苷酸合成相关基因表达增强.肝细胞、卵圆细胞和星形细胞的核苷酸分解相关基因、肝细胞、星形细胞和树突状细胞的嘌呤核苷分解相关基因表达减弱.预示大鼠肝再生与嘌呤核苷酸代谢密切相关.     

A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA

DNA from bacteria has stimulatory effects on mammalian immune cells, which depend on the presence of unmethylated CpG dinucleotides in the bacterial DNA. In contrast, mammalian DNA has a low frequency of CpG dinucleotides, and these are mostly methylated; therefore, mammalian DNA does not have immuno-stimulatory activity. CpG DNA induces a strong T-helper-1-like inflammatory response. Accumulating evidence has revealed the therapeutic potential of CpG DNA as adjuvants for vaccination strategies for cancer, allergy and infectious diseases. Despite its promising clinical use, the molecular mechanism by which CpG DNA activates immune cells remains unclear. Here we show that cellular response to CpG DNA is mediated by a Toll-like receptor, TLR9. TLR9-deficient (TLR9-/-) mice did not show any response to CpG DNA, including proliferation of splenocytes, inflammatory cytokine production from macrophages and maturation of dendritic cells. TLR9-/- mice showed resistance to the lethal effect of CpG DNA without any elevation of serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. The in vivo CpG-DNA-mediated T-helper type-1 response was also abolished in TLR9-/- mice. Thus, vertebrate immune systems appear to have evolved a specific Toll-like receptor that distinguishes bacterial DNA from self-DNA.     

Chromatin-IgG complexes activate B cells by dual engagement of IgM and Toll-like receptors

Autoreactive B cells are present in the lymphoid tissues of healthy individuals, but typically remain quiescent. When this homeostasis is perturbed, the formation of self-reactive antibodies can have serious pathological consequences. B cells expressing an antigen receptor specific for self-immunoglobulin-gamma (IgG) make a class of autoantibodies known as rheumatoid factor (RF). Here we show that effective activation of RF+ B cells is mediated by IgG2a-chromatin immune complexes and requires the synergistic engagement of the antigen receptor and a member of the MyD88-dependent Toll-like receptor (TLR) family. Inhibitor studies implicate TLR9. These data establish a critical link between the innate and adaptive immune systems in the development of systemic autoimmune disease and explain the preponderance of autoantibodies reactive with nucleic acid-protein particles. The unique features of this dual-engagement pathway should facilitate the development of therapies that specifically target autoreactive B cells.