硬脆性泥页岩渗流-应力耦合井壁坍塌压力计算方法

硬脆性泥页岩的井壁坍塌是制约我国油气资源战略向深部地层成功转移的重要技术瓶颈。建立了裂缝渗流-应力耦合作用下孔隙压力的计算模型,选用弱面破坏准则,综合考虑各向异性、裂缝产状、井眼轨迹、地应力、渗流应力的影响建立了硬脆性泥页岩井壁坍塌压力的计算方法,分析了裂缝渗流、井眼轨迹和裂缝产状对坍塌压力的影响规律。研究发现,钻井液沿裂缝渗流导致坍塌压力升高,渗流初期坍塌压力升高较快,随时间推移,升高量逐渐逐渐减小;在高倾角裂缝中沿裂缝倾向钻进水平井坍塌压力较低。改善钻井液的封堵性、流变性和润湿性,减缓钻井液沿裂缝面的渗流,避免在坍塌压力较高的区域钻井,是该类地层安全钻井的关键。     

钻井液类型对井壁稳定的影响实例与防塌机理分析

针对东海油气田N区块钻井过程中易发生井壁坍塌的问题,通过梳理分析N5区块及周边构造三口探井地质条件、地层特性、测井数据,基于地质力学与岩石力学基本原理计算了井壁坍塌压力;并对使用水基钻井液和油基钻井液的钻井工况进行对比。研究发现在钻井液密度高于坍塌压力的情况下,使用密度相对较低的油基钻井液即能够保持井壁稳定,无阻卡等复杂问题。使用水基钻井液钻井,则部分泥页岩井段井径扩大,起下钻明显阻卡,处理复杂问题耗时较长。分析主要原因,在于油基钻井液能够降低泥页岩水化程度,减缓钻井液向微裂隙中的渗流,抑制微裂隙扩展,提高钻井液对井壁的有效支撑作用。因此,在东海油气田复杂泥页岩地层钻井中,使用油基钻井液能够更好地保持井壁稳定,避免或减少钻井复杂问题。     

页岩气水平井井壁稳定影响因素与技术对策

国内绝大多数页岩气水平井在页岩层段钻井过程都发生过坍塌,严重影响了钻井周期及后续压裂施工。由于页岩气井水平段一般较长,普遍在1000m以上,而且页岩地层层理发育,产状多变,岩石性质硬脆,水敏性矿物含量高,很容易发生井漏坍塌等问题。本文通过分析认为影响页岩气水平井井壁失稳的因素主要包括页岩的综合特性,地质力学因素,钻井液的综合性质及其他工程因素。解决页岩气水平井井壁失稳的首要途径是认识层理页岩的特殊力学特性,重点研究不同钻井液体系对其力学特性的影响程度及影响规律（也是钻井液优选的重要依据之一）;再次需要对地应力场进行综合研究;最后通过采用合理的井壁稳定力学模型获得控制井壁失稳的钻井液密度范围,配合使用快速高效钻具,才能最大程度确保井壁稳定。     

东营组硬脆性泥页岩井壁稳定性研究

硬脆性泥页岩地层的钻井过程中,井壁垮塌现象频发,严重影响了油气田的高效开发。为减少该类地层井壁失稳问题,本文通过室内试验对硬脆性泥页岩理化特性进行分析,并定量分析钻井液作用对泥页岩影响程度。基于室内试验结果,利用线弹性理论和单一弱面准则,建立了考虑弱面结构、温场作用、水化特性的井壁稳定模型。利用该模型对井壁稳定性影响因素进行分析,结果显示：弱面结构的存在使得坍塌压力明显升高。弱面产状变化,造成坍塌压力分布复杂,不再存在单调变化的井斜方位;随温差增大,造成地层坍塌压力上升,但上升幅度相对较小;钻井液作用会显著缩减安全钻井方位范围,提高井壁垮塌风险。现场实例分析结果表明：利用提出的井壁稳定模型可以准确地预测坍塌压力分布,从而指导现场钻井作业。     

冀东油田东营组硬脆性泥页岩井壁稳定性分析

硬脆性泥页岩地层的钻井过程中,井壁垮塌现象频发,严重影响了油气田的高效开发。为减少该类地层井壁失稳问题,通过室内试验对硬脆性泥页岩理化特性进行分析,并定量分析钻井液作用对泥页岩的影响程度。基于室内试验结果,利用线弹性理论和单一弱面准则,建立了考虑弱面结构、温场作用、水化特性的井壁稳定模型。利用该模型对井壁稳定性影响因素进行分析,结果显示:弱面结构的存在使得坍塌压力明显升高。弱面产状变化,造成坍塌压力分布复杂,不再存在单调变化的井斜方位;随温差增大,造成地层坍塌压力上升,但上升幅度相对较小;钻井液作用会显著缩减安全钻井方位范围,提高井壁垮塌风险。现场实例分析结果表明:利用提出的井壁稳定模型可以准确地预测坍塌压力分布,从而指导现场钻井作业。     

渤海油田渤中区域中深部泥页岩地层井壁稳定性

渤中区域资源潜力巨大,是目前渤海油田勘探开发的重点区块.前期探井钻井过程中中深部东营组、沙河街组泥岩地层井壁坍塌失稳现象频发,出现蹩压、阻卡等复杂事故.为揭示渤中区域中深部泥页岩井壁失稳机理,指导开发井钻井设计,对取自渤中区域东营组泥岩岩心开展了电镜扫描、矿物组分测试、泥浆浸泡以及岩石力学等系列实验,定量刻画了该地层的理化特性、岩石力学特性以及钻井液对力学性质的影响规律.实验结果表明,该区块中深部泥页岩处于由水化膨胀性泥页岩向硬脆性泥页岩转化的过程,既具有硬脆性泥页岩层理、裂隙发育的特征,又仍表现出一定的水化膨胀和分散特征.在实验结果的基础上,利用线弹性理论和单一弱面准则,建立了考虑弱面结构和水化作用的井壁稳定模型,对渤中区域定向开发井坍塌压力及其随井斜角和井斜方位角的变化规律进行了分析,揭示了钻井液作用对坍塌压力的影响.研究结果对于渤中区域开发井安全钻井具有一定的指导意义.     

泥页岩井壁坍塌周期分析

应用力学/化学耦合理论对泥页岩井壁延迟坍塌机理进行了分析.以多孔介质渗流力学为基础,建立了近井壁地层孔隙压力的计算模型,计算了不同时期的临界坍塌压力,分析了钻井液物性参数对井壁稳定性的影响,得到了近井壁地层孔隙压力及强度参数在时空域内的分布,以及一定钻井液密度下泥页岩井壁坍塌破坏的时间.算例分析表明,在同一膜效率下,随着钻井液水活度增加,坍塌周期缩短;在同一钻井液水活度下,提高膜效率可以延长坍塌周期;钻井液水活度越小,膜效率的影响越显著.现场选择钻井液时,同时考虑水活度和膜效率并根据井壁坍塌压力改变钻井液密度,效果才会更好.     

泥页岩井壁坍塌周期分析

应用力学／化学耦合理论对泥页岩井壁延迟坍塌机理进行了分析。以多孔介质渗流力学为基础，建立了近井壁地层孔隙压力的计算模型，计算了不同时期的临界坍塌压力，分析了钻井液物性参数对井壁稳定性的影响，得到了近井壁地层孔隙压力及强度参数在时空域内的分布，以及一定钻井液密度下泥页岩井壁坍塌破坏的时间。算例分析表明，在同一膜效率下，随着钻井液水活度增加，坍塌周期缩短；在同一钻井液水活度下，提高膜效率可以延长坍塌周期；钻井液水活度越小，膜效率的影响越显著。现场选择钻井液时，同时考虑水活度和膜效率并根据井壁坍塌压力改变钻井液密度，效果才会更好。     

渤中区块破碎性地层井壁失稳机理及对策

渤中区块东下段及以下地层泥页岩破碎性发育,已钻井井壁坍塌严重。通过综合分析破碎区地层特性,地质力学特征,以及钻井液性能的适应性,明确了渤中区块破碎性地层的井壁失稳机理,并提出了定制化的技术对策。研究结果表明,该区块泥岩地层为硬泥页岩,微裂缝发育,孔缝宽度为2～6μm,具有弱水化性质。东下段及以下泥页岩地层属于中等偏低强度地层,在聚胺PEM钻井液中浸泡7 d后,岩石强度下降40.82%。同时,上覆岩层压力和水平最大地应力之间差值较小,水平最小地应力值较低。井壁失稳机理主要为地层受走滑断层伴生正断层控制,钻井坍塌压力相对较高,地层微裂缝发育,钻井液封堵性不能满足微裂缝封堵要求,同时,破碎区泥页岩存在安全稳定周期。建议使用密度为1.40 g/cm³的聚胺PEM钻井液,在破碎区中钻井安全周期超过10 d,并添加3%的TEX封堵剂增强钻井液封堵性能。研究结果能够有效指导渤中区块开发井的安全钻井。     

锦州25-1油田井壁稳定问题

 锦州25-1油田沙河街组地层井壁失稳严重,为解决该油田的井壁失稳问题,对该油田的泥页岩矿物组分进行了分析,开展了泥页岩的力学及水化特性实验,分析了锦州25-1油田沙河街组泥页岩的岩石力学特性和井壁失稳机制.研究发现,沙河街组地层层理性泥页岩和水敏性泥页岩共同发育;层理性泥页岩具有显著的各向异性,易发生沿层理面的剪切滑移,造成井壁失稳;水敏性泥页岩在钻井液作用下会发生水化膨胀,导致井周地层的力学性质和应力状态发生变化,表现为坍塌压力随井眼钻开时间的改变而改变;两种地层相互影响造成油田复杂事故频发.结合室内实验结果,建立了合理钻井液密度的确定方法,研究了锦州25-1油田层理性泥页岩坍塌压力随井眼轨迹的分布规律和水敏性泥页岩的水化坍塌周期,给出了保证安全钻进的工程对策,该油田的井壁失稳问题必须在优化井眼轨迹和选择合理钻井液密度基础上,并增强钻井液的封堵性和抑制性才能解决.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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Brief Introduction to “Journal of Jilin University( Science Edition) ”

<正>"Journal of Jilin University(Science Edition)"is a comprehensive academic journal in the fields of science sponsored by Jilin University and administrated by the Ministry of Education of the Peoples Republic of China.The journal started publication in 1955.The original name at starting publication was"Journal of Natural Science of Northeast People University",which was changed into"Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Jilinensis"in 1958 owing to the name change of the university.The present journal name has