Speciation of iron in atmospheric particulate matter by EXAFS

In the atmospheric particulate matter (PM), fractions with a particle size of less than 10 μm (PM10) or evenless than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) in aerodynamic diameter can be inhaled into human body and cause serious health problems[1,2]. The influence of the PM on health is not only related to elemental concentrations, but also to its chemical speciation. The study on elemental speciation in atmospheric PM is significant for evaluating toxicity of PM and providing information about the formation a…     

Spin transition of iron in magnesiowüstite in the Earth's lower mantle

Iron is the most abundant transition-metal element in the mantle and therefore plays an important role in the geochemistry and geodynamics of the Earth's interior. Pressure-induced electronic spin transitions of iron occur in magnesiowüstite, silicate perovskite and post-perovskite. Here we have studied the spin states of iron in magnesiowüstite and the isolated effects of the electronic transitions on the elasticity of magnesiowüstite with in situ X-ray emission spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction to pressures of the lowermost mantle. An observed high-spin to low-spin transition of iron in magnesiowüstite results in an abnormal compressional behaviour between the high-spin and the low-spin states. The high-pressure, low-spin state exhibits a much higher bulk modulus and bulk sound velocity than the low-pressure, high-spin state; the bulk modulus jumps by approximately 35 percent and bulk sound velocity increases by approximately 15 percent across the transition in (Mg0.83,Fe0.17)O. Although no significant density change is observed across the electronic transition, the jump in the sound velocities and the bulk modulus across the transition provides an additional explanation for the seismic wave heterogeneity in the lowermost mantle. The transition also affects current interpretations of the geophysical and geochemical models using extrapolated or calculated thermal equation-of-state data without considering the effects of the electronic transition.     

Molecular dynamics simulation of kink in 〈100〉 edge dislocation in body centred cubic iron

Using the molecular dynamics method,we have constructed two kink models corresponding to the 〈100〉{010} and 〈100〉{011} edge dislocations (EDs) in body centred cubic (bcc) Fe. It is found that the geometric structure of a kink depends on the type of edge dislocation and the structural energies of the atoms sites in the dislocation core region. The formation energies,migration energies and widths of the kinks in different types of EDs are calculated. The results show that formation and migration of the kink in the 〈100〉{010} edge dislocation are difficult. The 〈100〉{011} edge dislocation moves primarily through kink nucleation,rather than kink migration.     

Erosion–corrosion behavior of austenitic cast iron in an acidic slurry medium

A series of austenitic cast iron samples with different compositions were cast and a part of nickel in the samples was replaced by manganese for economic reason. Erosion–corrosion tests were conducted under 2wt% sulfuric acid and 15wt% quartz sand. The results show that the matrix of cast irons remains austenite after a portion of nickel is replaced with manganese.(Fe,Cr)3C is a common phase in the cast irons, and nickel is the main alloying element in high-nickel cast iron; whereas,(Fe,Mn)3C is observed with the increased manganese content in low-nickel cast iron. Under erosion–corrosion tests, the weight-loss rates of the cast irons increase with increasing time. Wear plays a more important role than corrosion in determining the weight loss. It is indicated that the processes of weight loss for the cast irons with high and low nickel contents are different. The erosion resistance of the cast iron containing 7.29wt% nickel and 6.94wt% manganese is equivalent to that of the cast iron containing 13.29wt% nickel.     

Reconstruction of broken Si–O–Si bonds in iron ore tailings (IOTs) in concrete

This paper reports a study on the reconstruction of broken Si-O-Si bonds in iron ore tailings (IOTs) in concrete. Limestone and IOTs were used to investigate the influence of different types of coarse aggregates on the compressive strengths of concrete samples. The differences in interfacial transition zones (ITZs) between aggregate and paste were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Meanwhile, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectroscopy (IR) were used to study microscopic changes in limestone and IOTs powders in a simple alkaline environment that simulated cement. The results show that the compressive strengths of IOTs concrete or paste are higher than those of limestone concrete or paste under identical conditions. The Ca/Si atom ratios in the ITZs of IOTs concrete samples are lower than those of limestone concrete; the diffraction peak of the calcium silicate phase at 2θ=29.5°, as well as the bands of Si-O bonds shifting to lower wavenumbers, indicates reconstruction of the broken Si-O-Si bonds on the surfaces of IOTs with Ca(OH)₂.     

A comparison of iron phthalocyanine and cobalt porphyrin on the electrochemical catalysis in Ni-MH battery

The effects of iron phthalocyanine （FePc） and cobalt porphyrin （CoPp） on inner pressure and cycle behavior of sealed Ni-MH batteries were investigated in this study. The morphology of battery electrode was observed by SEM. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of floating-charge/discharge battery was also measured. Experimental results show that the addition of FePc or CoPp to the alloy electrode is an effective approach to decrease the internal pressure of battery during the process of charge and overcharge. In contrast to CoPp, the battery with FePc exhibits a slower capacity decay and a smaller overpotential at the same charge-discharge rate. As an electrocatalyst, FePc may more effectively speed up the reduction of oxygen, and decrease its reduction potential. As a result, the charge process is accelerated, the gas evolution is reduced and the pulverization of electrode materials is slowed down.     

Heat exchange at air-sea interface in the South China Sea during monsoon periods in 1986

Air-sea interaction is achieved by air-sea interface flux exchange. Therefore, general attention has been paid to connective researches of the air-sea interface flux exchange and the burst of the summer monsoon in the South China Sea. Some preliminary res…     

Hydroxyl radicals induced by quartz particles in lung alveolar macrophages： the role of surface iron

Previous studies have shown that hydroxyl radical generation is a key step in the mechanism of pathogenic process caused by airborne particles to the lung. However, there is no direct evidence for dose-response relationship between airborne particles and hydroxyl radical generation. In this study, hydroxyl radicals generated in lung alveolar macrophages exposed to quartz particles were measured using a highly sensitive capillary electrophoresis-fluorescence detection method. The results demonstrated that quartz particles induced the generation of hydroxyl radical in a dose-dependent manner, and the amount of the hydroxyl radicals was 10^-10 mol/10⁶ cells. The viability of alveolar macrophages exposed to quartz particles decreased with the increase of quartz concentration, showing a clear dose-response relationship. Hydroxyl radical scavenger mannitol could increase the viability of quartz-treated cells, suggesting that hydroxyl radical contributed directly to cell death. In this study this contribution accounted for about 5%?20% of cell death. The hydroxyl radical generating potential was found to be related to surface iron content of the quartz particles.     

The Approaches to Teaching Culture Awareness at High School in ELT

A language is a carrier of a certain culture. Consequently,for the purpose of studying English well, it is essential for us to understand the contents of the English-spoken countries. This essay involves some ways for high school students to learn the culture of the English-spoken countries.     

Bicycle Conversion Factor Calibration at Two-Phase Intersections in Mixed Traffic Flow

Chinese traffic is typically composed of bicycles and motor vehicles on the same road. The efficiency of bicycle traffic in time and space at intersections was investigated for eight typical intersections in the cities of Tianjin, Shenyang, and Changchun, all in China, by means of video recording. Models were developed to calculate the through bicycle traffic and the left-turn bicycle traffic conversion factors in intersections where bicycles and motor vehicles share the same road. The results indicate that the through bicycle conversion factor is 0.28 and the left-turn bicycle conversion factor is 0.33. This conclusion differs from the current value used in China. More research on the conversion factor is necessary to evaluate the impact of intersections.     

at、in、on三个介词用法与比较

介词是英语用词中的一大项,涉及面较广且用法也较灵活,但非常重要。该文对at,on,in三个介词的意义和用法进行了归纳和比较。仅供参考。     

Modeling Mixed Traffic Flow at Crosswalks in Micro-Simulations Using Cellular Automata

The cellular automata (CA) micro-simulation model was used to describe the behavior of the mixed traffic flows at crosswalks where the pedestrians compete with the vehicles to cross the roadway. The focus of this paper is the behavior of pedestrians and the influence of pedestrians’ behavior on the vehicle flow, pedestrian flows, and the vehicle waiting time. The proportion of pedestrians who do not obey traffic laws, the group effect, and expected waiting time of pedestrians, regarded as the most important pedestrian characteristics, are taken into consideration in the analysis. Simulation results show the ability of the micro-simulation to capture the most important features of mixed traffic flow.     

Microbe-related precipitation of iron and silica in the Edmond deep-sea hydrothermal vent field on the Central Indian Ridge

Microbial mats, several millimeters thick and brown-yellow to white in color, were collected in hollow inside of chimney structure from Edmond hydrothermal field on the Central Indian Ridge. Microbes with shapes of rod and helical stalk-like filaments were observed in the microbial mats, and are com- monly characterized by their cells completely encrusted by thick mineralized layers, made up of large amounts of amorphous silica and minor amounts of iron oxides. Transmission Electron Microscope observation has demonstrated that the acicular Fe-bearing matter was not only heterogenously dis- tributed on the surface of the cell wall, but also deposited in the inside of cell, suggesting that bio-precipitation of Fe had occurred both on the surface and in the interior of cell. Microbial silicification was also commonly found in the mats. Silica usually precipitated homogeneously on the surface of the microbes and forms micro-laminated layers, which might be controlled by the inorganic process of precipitation in hydrothermal environment. The biomineralization phenomenon in the mi- crobial mats showed that the precipitation of Fe and Si was closely related to microbes in hydrothermal environment. Considering that hydrothermal activities provided required chemical elements for miner- alization, it is suggested that this biomineralization process also might be driven by hydrothermal ac- tivities at the sea floor to some extent.     

Effect of arsenic content and quenching temperature on solidification microstructure and arsenic distribution in iron–arsenic alloys

The solidification microstructure, grain boundary segregation of soluble arsenic, and characteristics of arsenic-rich phases were systematically investigated in Fe–As alloys with different arsenic contents and quenching temperatures. The results show that the solidification microstructures of Fe–0.5wt%As alloys consist of irregular ferrite, while the solidification microstructures of Fe–4wt%As and Fe–10wt%As alloys present the typical dendritic morphology, which becomes finer with increasing arsenic content and quenching temperature. In Fe–0.5wt%As alloys quenched from 1600 and 1200°C, the grain boundary segregation of arsenic is detected by transmission electron microscopy. In Fe–4wt%As and Fe–10wt%As alloys quenched from 1600 and 1420°C, a fully divorced eutectic morphology is observed, and the eutectic Fe2 As phase distributes discontinuously in the interdendritic regions. In contrast, the eutectic morphology of Fe–10wt%As alloy quenched from 1200°C is fibrous and forms a continuous network structure. Furthermore, the area fraction of the eutectic Fe2 As phase in Fe–4wt%As and Fe–10wt%As alloys increases with increasing arsenic content and decreasing quenching temperature.     

Co-oxidation of arsenic(Ⅲ) and iron(Ⅱ) ions by pressurized oxygen in acidic solutions

The co-oxidation of As(Ⅲ) and Fe(Ⅱ) in acidic solutions by pressured oxygen was studied under an oxygen pressure between 0.5 and2.0 MPa at a temperature of 150℃. It was confirmed that without Fe(Ⅱ) ions, As(Ⅲ) ions in the solutions are virtually non-oxidizable by pressured oxygen even at a temperature as high as 200℃ and an oxygen pressure up to 2.0 MPa. Fe(Ⅱ) ions in the solutions did have a catalysis effect on the oxidation of As(Ⅲ), possibly attributable to the production of such strong oxidants as hydroxyl free radicals(OH·) and Fe(IV) in the oxidation process of Fe(Ⅱ). The effects of such factors as the initial molar ratio of Fe(Ⅱ)/As(Ⅲ), initial pH value of the solution, oxygen pressure, and the addition of radical scavengers on the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) and Fe(Ⅱ) were studied. It was found that the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) was limited in the co-oxidation process due to the accumulation of the As(Ⅲ) oxidation product, As(V), in the solutions.     

The intense starburst HDF 850.1 in a galaxy overdensity at z ≈ 5.2 in the Hubble Deep Field

The Hubble Deep Field provides one of the deepest multiwavelength views of the distant Universe and has led to the detection of thousands of galaxies seen throughout cosmic time. An early map of the Hubble Deep Field at a wavelength of 850?micrometres, which is sensitive to dust emission powered by star formation, revealed the brightest source in the field, dubbed HDF?850.1 (ref. 2). For more than a decade, and despite significant efforts, no counterpart was found at shorter wavelengths, and it was not possible to determine its redshift, size or mass. Here we report a redshift of z = 5.183 for HDF?850.1, from a millimetre-wave molecular line scan. This places HDF?850.1 in a galaxy overdensity at z?≈?5.2, corresponding to a cosmic age of only 1.1?billion years after the Big Bang. This redshift is significantly higher than earlier estimates and higher than those of most of the hundreds of submillimetre-bright galaxies identified so far. The source has a star-formation rate of 850 solar masses per year and is spatially resolved on scales of 5 kiloparsecs, with an implied dynamical mass of about 1.3?×?10(11) solar masses, a significant fraction of which is present in the form of molecular gas. Despite our accurate determination of redshift and position, a counterpart emitting starlight remains elusive.     

Superconductor-insulator transition in La2 - xSrxCuO4 at the pair quantum resistance

High-temperature superconductivity in copper oxides arises when a parent insulator compound is doped beyond some critical concentration; what exactly happens at this superconductor-insulator transition is a key open question. The cleanest approach is to tune the carrier density using the electric field effect; for example, it was learned in this way that weak electron localization transforms superconducting SrTiO(3) into a Fermi-glass insulator. But in the copper oxides this has been a long-standing technical challenge, because perfect ultrathin films and huge local fields (>10(9)?V?m(-1)) are needed. Recently, such fields have been obtained using electrolytes or ionic liquids in the electric double-layer transistor configuration. Here we report synthesis of epitaxial films of La(2-?x)Sr(x)CuO(4) that are one unit cell thick, and fabrication of double-layer transistors. Very large fields and induced changes in surface carrier density enable shifts in the critical temperature by up to 30?K. Hundreds of resistance versus temperature and carrier density curves were recorded and shown to collapse onto a single function, as predicted for a two-dimensional superconductor-insulator transition. The observed critical resistance is precisely the quantum resistance for pairs, R(Q) = h/(2e) = 6.45?kΩ, suggestive of a phase transition driven by quantum phase fluctuations, and Cooper pair (de)localization.