降膜结晶分离过程的数值分析

为了研究降膜结晶过程的相变耦合传热传质过程 ,在混合物理论和实验观察所得的结晶形态及形貌特征的基础上建立了描述降膜结晶过程动量、热量和质量传递的数值模拟模型。该模型的一个重要特点是认为在降膜结晶过程中在熔体液相区和固相区之间存在一薄厚不匀且不断变化的二相区。以二元透明有机熔体 (萘硫茚 )为例 ,针对实验单管降膜结晶器的实际降膜结晶过程动量、热量和质量传递过程进行了数值模拟 ,所得结果在未引入任何经验常数下 ,与实验结果符合较好     

Dynamic instabilities and memory effects in vortex matter

The magnetic flux line lattice in type II superconductors serves as a useful system in which to study condensed matter flow, as its dynamic properties are tunable. Recent studies have shown a number of puzzling phenomena associated with vortex motion, including: low-frequency noise and slow voltage oscillations; a history-dependent dynamic response, and memory of the direction, amplitude duration and frequency of the previously applied current; high vortex mobility for alternating current, but no apparent vortex motion for direct currents; and strong suppression of an a.c. response by small d.c. bias. Taken together, these phenomena are incompatible with current understanding of vortex dynamics. Here we report a generic mechanism that accounts for these observations. Our model, which is derived from investigations of the current distribution across single crystals of NbSe2, is based on a competition between the injection of a disordered vortex phase at the sample edges, and the dynamic annealing of this metastable disorder by the transport current. For an alternating current, only narrow regions near the edges are in the disordered phase, while for d.c. bias, most of the sample is in the disordered phase--preventing vortex motion because of more efficient pinning. The resulting spatial dependence of the disordered vortex system serves as an active memory of the previous history.     

An electronic Mach-Zehnder interferometer

Double-slit electron interferometers fabricated in high mobility two-dimensional electron gases are powerful tools for studying coherent wave-like phenomena in mesoscopic systems. However, they suffer from low visibility of the interference patterns due to the many channels present in each slit, and from poor sensitivity to small currents due to their open geometry. Moreover, these interferometers do not function in high magnetic fields--such as those required to enter the quantum Hall effect regime--as the field destroys the symmetry between left and right slits. Here we report the fabrication and operation of a single-channel, two-path electron interferometer that functions in a high magnetic field. This device is the first electronic analogue of the optical Mach-Zehnder interferometer, and opens the way to measuring interference of quasiparticles with fractional charges. On the basis of measurements of single edge state and closed geometry transport in the quantum Hall effect regime, we find that the interferometer is highly sensitive and exhibits very high visibility (62%). However, the interference pattern decays precipitously with increasing electron temperature or energy. Although the origin of this dephasing is unclear, we show, via shot-noise measurements, that it is not a decoherence process that results from inelastic scattering events.     

中国跨省人口流动对区域经济增长的影响——基于非参数统计方法

人口流动对区域经济增长表现出不同的影响差异,亟需丰富实证研究。本研究运用Brown-Mood检验、局部多项式回归模型和Ridit检验,从静态与动态视角分析2015-2019年中国省际人口流动对GDP的影响。结果显示：(1)省际人口净流入平稳促进GDP增长,且随着人口净流入率增长而增长,促进作用呈先减后增的趋势;(2)东、中、西部人口流动及对GDP的促进作用存在差异,东部地区人口净流入率较高但GDP增长率仅处于中位,且随着人口净流入率提高,GDP增长率先显著升高,而后升高趋缓;(3)中部地区人口净流入率方向基本为负,人口净流入率对GDP增长的促进作用呈递增趋势,当人口净流入率升至-0.5%时,其对经济增长的促进作用开始衰减;(4)西部地区在不同人口净流入率水平下GDP增长率离散程度较高,但总体变化趋势与全国整体情况类似。建议东部地区优化人才结构、完善社会化就业培训和人力资本提升机制,在进行东部产业转移的同时协同人口流动;中部地区重点解决人口外流问题;西部地区继续承接劳动密集型产业,发展资源优势产业,提高人口流入水平。     

The interdecadal variation of Indonesian Throughflow and its mechanism

The interdecadal variation of the volume and heat transport of Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) and its mechanism are preliminarily studied on the basis of the updated SODA data. It is found that the interdecadal variation of ITF‘s volume transport is mainly concentrated in upper 714 m and that of ITF‘s heat transport is mainly confined to upper 450 m. There is fairly consistent interdecadal variation in the depth-integrated seawater pressure above different depths in the region south of Davao, north of New Guinea and southwest of Australia. The depth-integrated pressure difference between northwest of Australia and south of Java has best correspondence with ITF‘s volume transport on interdecadal time scales. The relation between the wind stress on the Pacific and ITF‘s volume transport on interdecadal time scales is studied based on Island Rule. It is shown that both the wind stress along the zonal lines just south of Australia and the Equator act as the dominant contributors to ITF‘s volume transport, with the latter dominating the phase of ITF‘s interdecadal variation. These results indicate that the atmospheric forcing and oceanic adjustment in the tropical region both contribute significantly to the ITF‘s interdecadal variation.     

城市土地利用与交通系统的一体化规划

城市土地利用与交通系统的一体化规划是建立城市可持续交通、综合解决城市交通问题的关键。该文首先对城市土地利用、交通基础设施与交通需求特性的关系及其动态演化机理进行了深入分析。在此基础上,提出了城市形态与交通系统的理想模式,指出实现合理的城市结构、高密度的土地利用和就业岗位与居住布局协调一致的用地形态,以及保留适当的绿地、公共空间至关重要。最后,提出了实现城市土地利用与交通系统一体化规划的核心内容、规划的层次划分、规划工作流程和互动反馈的规划方法。     

基于低碳模式下的城市交通结构优化模型研究

建立城市可持续发展的交通运输系统,不但要考虑交通出行效率目标最大化,还要使交通系统的资源消耗最小,环境污染最低。本文在以打造低碳城市的发展模式,针对出行的机动性和可达性,同时考虑环境容量、土地利用等约束条件来建立交通结构优化模型。     

关于质子淌度的机理

本文从质子淌度反常现象出发,着重讨论了水溶液中质子淌度的三种机理:经典质子传递机理,质子传递的隧道效应机理,水分子场助再定向——隧道效应机理。通过比较,我们认为第三种机理是目前解释水溶液中质子淌度的较好的一种机理。     

Moisture transport source／sink structure of the Meiyu rain belt along the Yangtze River valley

Based on the analyses of the moisture transport structure in the whole layer of the troposphere along the Yangtze River valley during draught/flood years using the NCEP reanalysis data, this paper reveals that there exists a key region with a “Large Triangle” shape of transporting moisture for the Tibetan Plateau to Meiyu Belt and its“source/sink” structure; discloses that the interannual variation of the whole budget of inflow and outflow of moisture through the boundaries of a “Large Triangle” key region has the in-phase characteristic. Then a moisture transport structure over the skirt of the plateau and a conceptual model on the “transfer post” of moisture transport in the area of the South China Sea-Tibetan Plateau-Yangtze River valley in summer are put forward in this paper: the anti-phase feature of whole layer moisture transport flow patterns of Yangtze River valley during drought/flooding years is exhibited using the computational scheme of whole layer moisture transport correlation vector fields; a comprehensive dynamic model and its physical diagram of the teleconnection source/sink structure of the moisture transport of the Meiyu rain belt have been made. It shows that the moisture transfer effect over the skirt of the plateau from the ocean (Indian Ocean, South China Sea and west North Pacific) led to a moisture confluence belt in the Yangtze River valley and the teleconnection moisture transport source/sink structure over the “Large Triangle” shape area in flooding years.     

3,8,13-三辛烷氧基吐昔烯的电荷传输性质

使用电子转移的Marcus模型,在B3LYP/6-31G**水平上对3,8,13-三辛烷氧基吐昔烯(3C8OTRX)的分子结构、电子结构及电荷传输性质进行理论研究.计算结果表明,该分子的空穴传输载流子迁移率(μ+=0.15)和传输速率常数 k+(5.49×1012 s-1)均比电子传输约大5.0倍,预示可设计成空穴传输材料.与苯并菲和六氮杂苯并菲比较,空穴传输能力比羟基取代六氮杂苯并菲强,与苯并菲接近,电子传输能力显著增强.     

流域泥沙过程机理分析

黄土高原地质地貌复杂，是黄河流域的主要泥沙源区，并以黄土丘陵沟壑区和黄土高塬沟壑区为代表．沟壑区的不同部位具有不同的侵蚀产沙现象，并在不同的空间尺度上表现出迥异的水沙运动规律．为此需将流域分为坡面与沟道两大系统分别研究，本文描述坡面侵蚀产沙、沟坡区重力侵蚀和沟道水沙运动的主要现象，分析各水沙过程的主要机理．揭示出可依据坡面径流建立坡面侵蚀产沙模型；根据水流的诱发作用，用沟坡土体失稳的随机力学模型模拟沟坡重力侵蚀；考虑影响水沙运动的多种要素，建立沟道系统的高含沙水沙模型．流域泥沙过程机理的研究为建立符合实际物理图景的水沙模型系统，完成流域泥沙过程模拟提供基础。     

香港恒生指数的波动性分析

利用粗粒化方法建立了香港股票市场的恒生指数和交易量之间关系的复杂网络模型,得到了该网络的一些重要拓扑特性,它们揭示了香港股票市场恒生指数和交易量联合波动的变化规律.通过计算网络的介数指标(BC)和反比参与率,找到网络的重要性节点,这些节点表示的波动模式在股票市场上控制和传递信息方面发挥重要的作用,对我们理解股票市场恒生指数和交易量的联合变化具有重要意义.最后将网络模型与随机网络进行比较,说明香港股票市场的恒生指数和交易量的联合变化具有统计稳定性.     

Crystallographic studies of the dynamic properties of lysozyme.

The patterns of atomic displacements in the crystals of hen and human lysozyme derived from independent crystallographic refinement are broadly similar. Analysis of the pattern indicates a close correlation with molecular structure, strongly suggestive of intramolecular motion. The active site of lysozyme is located in a region of high displacement. It is concluded that protein mobility may play a significant part in biological activity and that X-ray crystallography can contribute to its analysis.     

Electronic spin transport and spin precession in single graphene layers at room temperature

Electronic transport in single or a few layers of graphene is the subject of intense interest at present. The specific band structure of graphene, with its unique valley structure and Dirac neutrality point separating hole states from electron states, has led to the observation of new electronic transport phenomena such as anomalously quantized Hall effects, absence of weak localization and the existence of a minimum conductivity. In addition to dissipative transport, supercurrent transport has also been observed. Graphene might also be a promising material for spintronics and related applications, such as the realization of spin qubits, owing to the low intrinsic spin orbit interaction, as well as the low hyperfine interaction of the electron spins with the carbon nuclei. Here we report the observation of spin transport, as well as Larmor spin precession, over micrometre-scale distances in single graphene layers. The 'non-local' spin valve geometry was used in these experiments, employing four-terminal contact geometries with ferromagnetic cobalt electrodes making contact with the graphene sheet through a thin oxide layer. We observe clear bipolar (changing from positive to negative sign) spin signals that reflect the magnetization direction of all four electrodes, indicating that spin coherence extends underneath all of the contacts. No significant changes in the spin signals occur between 4.2 K, 77 K and room temperature. We extract a spin relaxation length between 1.5 and 2 mum at room temperature, only weakly dependent on charge density. The spin polarization of the ferromagnetic contacts is calculated from the measurements to be around ten per cent.     

应用理性预期模型对证券交易价量关系的分析

讨论了证券交易的价格及交易量之间的关系.过去的实证分析说明,在同一个时间段,证券价格的变动与交易量为正相关关系;同时,对于上升或者下降这样不同方向证券价格的变动,价格变动大小与交易量的相关关系呈现不同的模式.应用证券市场微观结构理论,通过理性预期模型来分析市场上有信息交易者和无信息交易者的交易行为,从而解释了证券价格变动与交易量所表现出的关系.     

磁颗粒复合体系中的反常霍耳效应

巨磁阻和反常霍耳效应都是与电子自旋相关散射有关的磁输运现象,应用扩展的有效介质近似方法和双通道模型,研究了磁颗粒复合体系中的反常霍耳效应,它源于旋轨耦合作用引起的电子非对称自旋相关散射。从理论上计算了反常霍耳效应与磁性颗粒尺寸关系,得到与实验基本相符的结果。在反常霍耳效应与磁颗粒浓度关系的研究中,发现在巨磁阻峰值浓度附近出现最佳的反常霍耳效应。     

Quantum quench of Kondo correlations in optical absorption

The interaction between a single confined spin and the spins of an electron reservoir leads to one of the most remarkable phenomena of many-body physics--the Kondo effect. Electronic transport measurements on single artificial atoms, or quantum dots, have made it possible to study the effect in great detail. Here we report optical measurements on a single semiconductor quantum dot tunnel-coupled to a degenerate electron gas which show that absorption of a single photon leads to an abrupt change in the system Hamiltonian and a quantum quench of Kondo correlations. By inferring the characteristic power-law exponents from the experimental absorption line shapes, we find a unique signature of the quench in the form of an Anderson orthogonality catastrophe, induced by a vanishing overlap between the initial and final many-body wavefunctions. We show that the power-law exponent that determines the degree of orthogonality can be tuned using an external magnetic field, which unequivocally demonstrates that the observed absorption line shape originates from Kondo correlations. Our experiments demonstrate that optical measurements on single artificial atoms offer new perspectives on many-body phenomena previously studied using transport spectroscopy only.     

粘弹性聚合物驱油的数学模型

为了研究粘弹性聚合物驱油规律,建立了粘弹性聚合物驱油数学模型。从弹性效应和粘性效应两个方面描述聚合物驱油机理。聚合物弹性能够降低残余油饱和度,聚合物粘性改善油水流度比,扩大波及体积。该模型能够模拟聚合物驱油具有的提高微观驱油效率和流度控制驱油机理以及所发生的对流、弥散、扩散、吸附等一系列物化现象。利用该模型拟合了实验室聚合物岩心驱油过程。数值模拟结果与实际岩心驱油过程基本一致,表明该模型可以进行聚合物驱油的机理研究、实际应用可行性研究、矿场方案优选和开发效果预测。     

A theory of power-law distributions in financial market fluctuations

Insights into the dynamics of a complex system are often gained by focusing on large fluctuations. For the financial system, huge databases now exist that facilitate the analysis of large fluctuations and the characterization of their statistical behaviour. Power laws appear to describe histograms of relevant financial fluctuations, such as fluctuations in stock price, trading volume and the number of trades. Surprisingly, the exponents that characterize these power laws are similar for different types and sizes of markets, for different market trends and even for different countries--suggesting that a generic theoretical basis may underlie these phenomena. Here we propose a model, based on a plausible set of assumptions, which provides an explanation for these empirical power laws. Our model is based on the hypothesis that large movements in stock market activity arise from the trades of large participants. Starting from an empirical characterization of the size distribution of those large market participants (mutual funds), we show that the power laws observed in financial data arise when the trading behaviour is performed in an optimal way. Our model additionally explains certain striking empirical regularities that describe the relationship between large fluctuations in prices, trading volume and the number of trades.     

基于马尔可夫链的易变性职业转移模型研究

当传统职业生涯逐渐向易变性职业生涯转变,职业的转移为多方向性、动态性和不可预测性.基于职业发展的混沌理论,尝试探索易变性职业路径规律的定量描述,将易变性职业看成一随机过程,运用马尔可夫链模型,选取营销资深人员的职业路径作为研究样本,建立易变性职业转移模型,并进行算例分析,从而得到职业转移"整体模式稳定性"的规律.结果显示易变性职业转移模型具有良好的适用性,该职业转移模型在理论上是对易变性职业生涯定量研究的有益补充,并在人力资源领域,特别是揭示人才成长规律方面具有实践意义.