30MnCrNiMoB钢绝热剪切带的显微观察与微结构分析

３０ＭｎＣｒＮｉＭｏＢ低合金钢板（１５ｍｍ厚）经９００℃淬火．４００℃×２ｈ回火，在模拟穿甲弹射击下，背强为４３７ｍ／ｓ．弹坑周围用硝酸酒精腐蚀可观测到白亮的绝热剪切带（ＡＳＢ）．带的尖端分布着向基体发散的流变线．透射电镜观察显示带中为严重碎化的马氏体，其衍射花样几乎等于多晶环．绝热剪切带内除马氏体外尚有细小碳化物．本文证实这种绝热剪切带是一种形变带，并测得最大剪切应变为１９００％．     

切削高强度结构钢形成的绝热剪切带微结构观察

使用扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜对高强度结构钢30CrNi3MoV正交切削产生的切屑内绝热剪切带的微细组织进行了观察，测量了绝热剪切带的显微硬度。绝热剪切带中心和基体组织之间，组织是渐变的。绝热剪切带内硬度达到了淬火马氏体硬度，并具有细小的等轴晶组织，内部含有少量χ-Fe6C2和Fe3C碳化物与奥氏体。基体和剪切带之间的过渡区为大塑性变形的马氏体组织，分布有高密度的位错。研究结果表明，在实验切削条件下得到的绝热剪切带属于相变带。     

空冷贝氏体钢破片中绝热剪切带的热处理研究

利用HX-1型显微硬度计、光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)等分析测试手段,研究Mn-B系空冷贝氏体钢爆破圆筒破片中绝热剪切带热处理后的显微硬度和微观形貌特征.结果表明:热处理导致绝热剪切带中储存能量释放使绝热剪切带硬度下降,800℃热处理后绝热剪切带硬度最低,300℃热处理后绝热剪切带白亮特征减弱,800℃热处理后绝热剪切带白亮特征完全消失,与基体融为一体.     

钛在爆炸复合冲击载荷下的绝热剪切现象

研究了在爆炸复合冲击载荷下工业纯钛和低碳钢（ＴＡ２／Ａ３）爆炸复合界面层附近ＴＡ２侧出现的绝热剪切带（ＡＳＢ）内的显微组织，表明其ＡＳＢ内具有等轴微晶组织特征并未发现微裂纹，ＡＳＢ内的显微硬度比附近基体略高，对仅在ＴＡ２侧产生ＡＳＢ，而在Ａ３侧从未观察到．这一现象从材料－力学－热学上进行了综合分析讨论．结果表明：应变丰和应变都影响绝热剪切过程；在爆炸复合冲击载荷这一近似绝热条件下，材料本身的物理性能（如比定容热容ｃｖ，密度ｐ等）、刀学性能（如导热系数ｋ）都影响ＡＳＢ产生的倾向性．     

穿甲试验靶弹孔微观结构和绝热剪切带特性

发射海37弹道炮对60钢装甲靶板穿孔周围的微观结构进行了研究，在弹孔表面发现有钨的成分，说明在高速侵彻过程中产生的高压可以使钨熔化，弹孔周围的绝热剪切带沿主剪应力方向形成，与静态塑性变形滑移线方向接近，绝热剪切带上不均匀的变形将产生微裂纹和微孔洞，在弹孔周围同时发现相变带和形变带两种绝热剪切带。     

空冷贝氏体钢破片中绝热剪切带的微观形貌特征

利用金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)等设备,研究了空冷贝氏体钢爆破圆筒破片中的绝热剪切带的微观形貌特征.实验结果表明:破片中绝热剪切带为白亮带,其形貌与基体组织有明显的区别,绝热剪切带上有分叉和裂纹;衍射证明绝热剪切带内组织为晶体结构,带内有位错胞和位错缠结;原子力显微镜观测表明绝热剪切带高于基体.     

易碎型钨合金动态拉伸强度测试方法研究

研究钢管在爆炸加载条件下绝热剪切带的作用,结果表明绝热剪切带是在钢管动态膨胀过程中形成的,并在钢管破碎时成为断裂的通道,充当“预制”的作用,并用透射电镜观察了破片内绝热剪切带的精细结构,绝热剪切带中心是等轴晶组织,这是动态再结晶的结果。带内发生动态再结晶表明绝热温升已经很高,它的软化作用使其成为钢管破碎时的断裂通道。     

TA2钛合金绝热剪切带起始实验研究

本文利用分离式霍普金森压杆加载TA2钛合金扁平帽型试样,结合高速红外测温与金相观察,分析动态加载下帽型试样受迫剪切的力学响应以及绝热剪切带温度演化,并讨论绝热剪切失稳起始条件.结果显示,TA2钛合金绝热剪切带起始时的温度约为470 K.在该温度下,材料热软化不足以引起本构软化,因此热软化可能不是绝热剪切起始必要条件,相反可能是由于剪切局域化带产生导致带内温度的急剧上升.以温度达到470 K时刻作为绝热剪切带起始条件,得到随加载率增大,帽型试样绝热剪切起始时的压缩位移随加载率增大呈下降趋势.     

高速冲击下2519A-T87铝合金微观组织研究

用金相显微镜(OM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对2519A-T87铝合金靶材弹坑周围的高速冲击特征组织进行了观察分析。在OM下观察分析发现弹坑周围形成了变形带和绝热剪切带,裂纹在绝热剪切带内萌发和扩展。TEM下观察分析发现变形带内为微带组织,绝热剪切带内是动态再结晶组织。位错在微观组织演化过程中起到了重要作用。显微硬度测试结果表明,绝热剪切带的硬度值远远低于基体。     

钢管爆炸条件下绝热剪切带的作用和精细结构

研究钢管在爆炸加载条件下绝势剪切带的作用,结果表明绝热剪切带是在钢管动态膨胀过程中形成的,并在钢管破碎时成为断裂的通道,充当“预制”的作用,并用透射电镜观察了破片内绝热剪切带的业有细结构,绝热剪切带中心是等轴晶组织,这是动态再结晶的结果,带内发生动态再结晶表明绝热温升已经很高,它的软化使其成为钢管破碎时的断裂通道。     

肉鸡腹水综合征的防制

肉鸡腹水综合征(Ascites sydrome in broilers,ASB)是危害快速生长幼龄肉鸡,以大量浆液性液体蓄积在腹腔为特征的非传染性疾病,该病给肉鸡饲养业造成很大的经济损失。近年来,西昌市肉鸡腹水综合征时有发生,我们先后对10多万只肉鸡进行了该病的综合防制,取得了满意的效果。     

平头弹侵彻金属靶板的绝热剪切数值模拟及温度场研究

采用非线形有限元分析软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA,本文对平头弹侵彻金属靶板的绝热剪切冲塞模式进行数值仿真分析,并与相关的平头弹穿甲Weldox 460E钢靶的试验数据进行分析比较。基于不同弹速下对靶板绝热剪切带带宽（Bandwidth of ASB）进行数值预测,讨论平头弹穿透金属靶板过程中ASB区域温度场的分布。结果表明：平头弹以不同速度侵彻一定厚度金属靶时,随着弹体速度的增大,ASB内温度变化率越大,绝热剪切局域化也越显著,数值仿真分析结果与试验数据吻合较好。     

新型粉末冶金减摩材料的研究

航空用粉末冶金减摩材料处于特殊工况下,属薄壁易磨损件。本文提出了一个新型材质方案,研究了制取过程的工艺参数,检测了材料的摩擦磨损特性,分析了显微组织的影响。并且提供批量零件供现场使用,结果表明,该材料完全满足航空使用工况要求,是一种具有广泛应用前景的新型粉末冶金自润滑减摩材料。     

Mechanical behavior of a near α titanium alloy under dynamic compression: Characterization and modeling

Dynamic compression tests under strain rates from 870 s^?1 to 2100 s^?1 were conducted for a near α Ti–8Al–1Mo–1V titanium alloy with equiaxed microstructure. Compression behavior, adiabatic shearing and band microstructure were investigated via characterization and calculation. The results demonstrate that all dynamic constitutive curves exhibited obvious stress fluctuation phenomenon with double increase-decrease changing stages at the primary stage of compression. The dislocation multiplication theory can be used to explain this phenomenon. After the stress fluctuation period, work hardening coexisted with the thermal softening, resulting in the slow hardening tendency in constitutive curves. J-C model was utilized to quantify the dynamic constitutive curves. The deviations between the predicted and experimental curves under high strain rates may be attributed to the over-consideration of thermal softening effect in J-C model. Adiabatic shearing band (ASB) began to form under the strain rate of 2100 s^?1. A total shearing strain of 8.1 within ASB achieved in 8.9 μs, corresponding to a local strain rate of about 9.1 × 10⁵ s^?1 and is over 430 times of the macro strain rate. Post annealing was conducted on ASB before EBSD characterization. Due to the static recrystallization during annealing, the α phase within ASB generally presented as ultra-fine grains less than 1 μm in diameter.     

Implications of fragile X expression in normal males for the nature of the mutation

The fragile site at Xq27, associated with a common form of X-linked mental retardation (XLMR), is expressed in a variable proportion of the peripheral lymphocytes of affected males when the cells are cultured under thymidylate stress (Td stress) produced by folate or thymidylate deprivation. Some clinically normal males--transmitting males--are known to carry and transmit the fragile X mutation and yet show no cytogenetic expression in lymphocytes. Normal males with no family history of X-linked mental retardation express the site only rarely. When the fragile X chromosome from affected males is isolated in a rodent genetic background by somatic cell hybridization, the level of expression is similar to that seen in lymphocytes under Td stress. Here we show that X chromosomes from two transmitting males and two normal control males, all of which were fragile X negative in lymphocytes or lymphoblasts, could be made to express the fragile site in hybrids, although at levels that were below those seen in hybrids from affected males. Furthermore, transmitting males could be differentiated from normal males by their significantly higher expression rates when hybrids were exposed to caffeine before cytogenetic harvest. One male chimpanzee also showed low level expression in hybrid cells. These data suggest that the hybrid system lowers the threshold for fragile X expression, a fragile site at Xq27 may be present on all human and chimpanzee X chromosomes and constitutes a previously unrecognized common fragile site and the hybrid system with caffeine post-treatment can distinguish between the common Xq27 fragile site of control males, the occult mutant fragile site of a transmitting male, and the fully expressed fragile site of an affected male with XLMR. Thus the mutation producing XLMR may represent a multi-step alteration of a naturally occurring DNA sequence producing a continuum of cytogenetic expression and a threshold for clinical manifestation.     

基于GIS的江西省脆弱生态环境时空评价

进行脆弱生态环境研究,对生态环境建设与保护具有重大意义。本研究以江西省为例,在G IS支持下,通过构建脆弱生态环境评价指标体系,计算生态环境脆弱度,利用重心迁移模型计算脆弱度等级的重心迁移方向和距离。研究结果表明,自20世纪80年代中期至2000年,该省生态环境总体上有了极大改善,2000年轻度脆弱等级面积122 649.29 km2,占全省总面积的73.5%,比20世纪80年代中期增加919 26.80 km2,增加259.91%;轻度脆弱等级重心迁移结果表明,赣南部生态环境的改善好于赣北部。     

Cell-type-specific replication initiation programs set fragility of the FRA3B fragile site

Common fragile sites have long been identified by cytogeneticists as chromosomal regions prone to breakage upon replication stress. They are increasingly recognized to be preferential targets for oncogene-induced DNA damage in pre-neoplastic lesions and hotspots for chromosomal rearrangements in various cancers. Common fragile site instability was attributed to the fact that they contain sequences prone to form secondary structures that may impair replication fork movement, possibly leading to fork collapse resulting in DNA breaks. Here we show, in contrast to this view, that the fragility of FRA3B--the most active common fragile site in human lymphocytes--does not rely on fork slowing or stalling but on a paucity of initiation events. Indeed, in lymphoblastoid cells, but not in fibroblasts, initiation events are excluded from a FRA3B core extending approximately 700 kilobases, which forces forks coming from flanking regions to cover long distances in order to complete replication. We also show that origins of the flanking regions fire in mid-S phase, leaving the site incompletely replicated upon fork slowing. Notably, FRA3B instability is specific to cells showing this particular initiation pattern. The fact that both origin setting and replication timing are highly plastic in mammalian cells explains the tissue specificity of common fragile site instability we observed. Thus, we propose that common fragile sites correspond to the latest initiation-poor regions to complete replication in a given cell type. For historical reasons, common fragile sites have been essentially mapped in lymphocytes. Therefore, common fragile site contribution to chromosomal rearrangements in tumours should be reassessed after mapping fragile sites in the cell type from which each tumour originates.     

一种多功能数字水印算法的研究与实现

提出了一种图像多功能数字水印算法.在图像中同时嵌入一个鲁棒水印和一个脆弱水印,前者用于版权保护,后者用于篡改提示.结果表明,鲁棒水印对各种攻击具有一定的稳健性,而脆弱水印具有一定的易损性,从而实现了版权保护和篡改提示,而且有效实现了原始水印的盲检测.     

福建省脆弱生态环境的定量研究

以福建省生态环境时空特征为研究对象,综合各区域自然、社会和经济等各方面因素,选取17个指标建立脆弱生态环境评价指标体系。以福建省的67个县市为单位进行脆弱性定量评价,把全省分成五种脆弱类型。根据评价结果,分析福建省各个县市的生态环境脆弱类型、空间分布、区域分异状况及成因驱动等,掌握脆弱生态环境的形成与演化机理以及其区域特点,为因地制宜地进行环境改造和建设各种生态环境恢复工程提供科学依据,以实现福建省资源环境的良性发展和持续利用。