Design of a compact C-band high brightness photoinjector for an ultra-fast electron diffraction

A compact C-band high brightness photoinjector for ultra-fast electron diffraction （UED） is under development at Tsinghua Uni- versity. The C-band photoinjector, operating at 5.172 GHz, uses a 1.45-cell C-band RF gun as the electron source. The design of the RF gun has addressed the physics, beam dynamics and mechanical aspects, and based on these design studies, a prototype has been fabricated. In order to obtain optimized performance for the UED, beam dynamics simulation has been carried out using the particle tracking code Astra for the photoinjector consisting of an alternative multi-cell RF gun design and a C-band compressor downstream. The beam dynamics parameters that are optimized include the bunch length, peak current, horizontal emittance, and position of the minimum bunch length.     

Flexible organic light-emitting diodes with poly-3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene as transparent anode

The flexible oragnic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) fabricatedon poly-3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene/polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT/PSS) coated substrates were demonstrated. How the fabricating processes and the device structure will affect the device performance was studied and the atomic force microscopy was employed to analyze the mophorlogy of the conducting polymer anode. Under optimized conditions, flexible OLEDs with PEDOT anode showed the brightness up to 2760 cd/m² and maximum external quantum efficiency of 1.4%. These data are comparable to those of conventional flexible OLEDs with ITO anode.     

Fabrication and field emission performance of arrays of vacuum microdiodes containing CuO nanowire emitters grown directly on glass without a catalyst

Arrays of vacuum microelectronic sources are fabricated on a glass substrate using cupric oxide (CuO) nanowire emitters. The arrays of electron sources possess a microdiode structure, which can effectively induce field emission and control the delivery of emitted electrons to the anode in a triode-type device operation. A technique for precisely growing CuO nanowires at the centre of microcavities in an array without using a catalyst and at temperatures as low as 400°C is presented. Such a simplified fabrication procedure results in improved field emission performance from the array compared with previous vacuum microelectronic devices. Typical prototype devices have turn-on gate voltages as low as 169 V to give emission current densities of 10 μA/cm2 at the anode. The ratio of anode current to cathode current reaches ~0.85, and the maximum change in emission current density per volt is 1 μA/cm2. Electron emission from the arrays is stable and reproducible under either pulsed or direct current fields. These characteristics indicate that microgate-controlled CuO nanowire emitters may find application in practical devices.     

激光二极管准直光源光学机械系统设计与调试

在数字音频唱机(CD)的开发方面,激光二极管(LD)由于具有一系列独特的优点,在科学与工程应用领域获得越来越广泛的应用.值得指出的是,LD激光器其光学和电气特性方面存在一些特别的问题,LD输出光束是:a.发散的;b.椭圆的;C.存在固有像散.环境温度的变化不仅影响其使用寿命,还会影响到其波长漂移和量子效率的变化.因此在实用时,必须对LD光束进行高质量准直,同时还应考虑系统的光能利用效率问题.为此,在研制高性能LD准直光源时,必须解决好以下四个问题:a.设计好准直物镜使其与激光二极管特性相匹配;b.设计合适的机械机构使LD与准直物镜集于一体,同时能够方便地进行精密光学对准,而且要具有一定的机械强度,使其能够承受一定的振动与冲击;C.研制有效的质量测试系统,以确保获得高质量的准直光束;d.研制安全可靠的LD驱动电源,以确保使用安全,延长寿命.     

CT法测束流发射度的计算机模拟

主要介绍一种利用CT法测量相空间束流发射度的技术,通过一系列二维相空间束流图像的计算机模拟重建,根据对相关计算结果的分析,表明该技术具有很高的测量精度,可以为研究束流传输、验证束流动力学理论提供所需的可靠束流相空间参数.     

广东韩江流域化学风化作用及大气CO2消耗的分析

岩石的风化作用与碳循环有着极为密切的联系。韩江流域处于湿热地区,是广东省除珠江流域以外的第二大流域。对韩江水系进行了系统采样、测试分析显示,河水水化学组成以HCO3-和Ca2+为主,其次是SO24-和Na+。Gibbs图分析表明,韩江流域河水离子成分主要来源于岩石的风化释放;相关分析和因子分析则表明,蒸发盐岩、碳酸盐岩、硅酸盐岩风化过程对河水离子的贡献率分别为33.4%、27.7%和为10.5%。大气中的CO2通过参与岩石的化学风化过程对河水中溶解质的贡献率为20.2%。韩江流域河水中HCO3-有50.2%来自大气CO2,由此估算韩江流域岩石化学风化对大气CO2的消耗量为73.33×108mol/a。在主要支流中,由大到小的顺序是汀江、石窟河、宁江、五华河和梅潭河,分别为28.08×108,13.26×108,10.22×108,5.17×108和2.90×108mol/a。韩江流域岩石化学风化对大气CO2的消耗率为252.2×103mol/(km2·a)。各主要支流中岩石化学风化对大气CO2消耗率最高的是宁江,为718.55×103mol/(km2·a),其次是石窟河360.14×103mol/(km2·a),再依次递减的是五华河282.04×103 mol/(km2·a),汀江237.73×103 mol/(km2·a),梅潭河181.18×103mol/(km2·a);韩江流域的平均化学风化率为54.11 t/(km2·a),各主要支流由高到低依次为,宁江最高140.5 t/(km2·a),石窟河71.2 t/(km2·a),汀江52.39 t/(km2·a),五华河51.02 t/(km2·a),梅潭河38.04 t/(km2·a)。     

低能电子储存环lattice设计

描述了一台低能电子储存环的lattice设计，包括线性光学参数设计和非线性动力学孔径优化．该储存环有两种运行模式，在低发射度模式下柬流发射度接近软X射线衍射限制发射度，光源亮度远高于合肥光源，同时用于安装插入元件的直线节数目较多；在等时性模式下线性动量紧缩因子连续可调，能够较方便地调节束团长度．     

Laser-plasma acceleration of quasi-monoenergetic protons from microstructured targets

Particle acceleration based on high intensity laser systems (a process known as laser-plasma acceleration) has achieved high quality particle beams that compare favourably with conventional acceleration techniques in terms of emittance, brightness and pulse duration. A long-term difficulty associated with laser-plasma acceleration--the very broad, exponential energy spectrum of the emitted particles--has been overcome recently for electron beams. Here we report analogous results for ions, specifically the production of quasi-monoenergetic proton beams using laser-plasma accelerators. Reliable and reproducible laser-accelerated ion beams were achieved by intense laser irradiation of solid microstructured targets. This proof-of-principle experiment serves to illuminate the role of laser-generated plasmas as feasible particle sources. Scalability studies show that, owing to their compact size and reasonable cost, such table-top laser systems with high repetition rates could contribute to the development of new generations of particle injectors that may be suitable for medical proton therapy.     

9MeV 行波电子直线加速器电子枪的模拟计算

介绍了海关集装箱检测系统用９ＭｅＶ行波电子直线加速器上电子枪的结构与特点。电子枪提供的初始电子束流性能直接影响到加速管上聚焦磁场的参数要求,为保证加速器出口处电子束打靶产生的ｘ射线剂量满足阵列探测器检测图象清晰度的要求,电子枪必须提供３００ｍＡ束流。为此,利用ＥＧＵＮ程序对电子枪的电子轨迹模拟计算,研究了聚焦极与阴极间相对尺寸与位置变化,以及阴极与阳极间距对束流与发射度的影响。提供了更换部件,缩小聚集极与阴极间隙及装配尺寸的参考尺寸与理论依据。     

阳极修饰对微生物燃料电池性能的影响

利用PW12/rGO复合材料负载于碳布表面制得PW12/rGO修饰阳极并构建单室空气阴极微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cells,MFC),考察了PW12/rGO修饰阳极对MFC产电和高氯酸盐(ClO4-)还原性能的影响,并通过对阳极表面形态及其电化学特性的分析,探讨了PW12/rGO修饰阳极改善MFC产电性能的机理.结果 表明,当ClO4-浓度为700 mg/L时,PW12/rGO修饰阳极MFC的最大输出电压和ClO4-平均去除速率分别为200.18 mV和1.15 kg/(m3·d),分别是空白阳极MFC的4.4倍和1.06倍;扫描电镜(SEM)表征显示,PW12/rGO修饰阳极表面附着的微生物量远高于空白阳极;Tafel曲线、循环伏安曲线(CV)和交流阻抗谱(EIS)测试表明,PW12/rGO修饰阳极较空白阳极具有更高的交换电流密度、CV电活性面积以及更低的电荷转移电阻.PW12/rGO修饰阳极提高了阳极电子产量和电子传递速率,进而改善了MFC的产电性能.     

A cloud of laser cooled 40Ca+ in a linear ion trap

A cloud of ⁴⁰Ca⁺ is successfully trapped and cooled using the radiation of a red-detuned 397 nm laser beam and a resonant 866 nm laser beam in our prototype linear ion trap, which was designed and constructed for studying quantum information processing. We have characterized the size of the ion cloud, estimating the temperature to be in the order of milli-Kelvins.     

电子束分布的抽样方法

电子与靶相互作用产生X射线源的正确模拟是精确模拟辐射照相过程的关键。在说明击靶电子束的束斑尺寸和发射度两个重要参数及其相互关系的基础上,给出了轴对称情形下电子束分布为Guass分布、均匀分布(KV分布)和水袋分布(WB)的抽样方法。通过举例说明了这些抽样方法的正确性,而且在实际辐射照相的Monte Carlo模拟中必须考虑电子束的发射度。     

Photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence properties of a novel CaLaGa307：Dy3＋ phosphor

A single host white emitting phosphor, CaLaGa3O7:Dy3+, was synthesized by chemical co-precipitation. Field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, laser particle size analysis, and photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence spectra were used to investigate the structural and optical properties of the phosphor. The phosphor particles were composed of microspheres with a slight tendency to agglomerate, and an average diameter was of about 1.0 μm. The Dy3+ ions acted as luminescent centers, and substituted La3+ ions in the single crystal lattice of CaLaGa3O7 where they were located in Cs sites. Under excitation with ultraviolet light and a low voltage electron beam, the CaLaGa3O7:Dy3+ phosphor exhibited the characteristic emission of Dy3+ (4F9/2-6H15/2 and 4F9/2-6H13/2 transitions) with intense yellow emission at about 573 nm. The chromaticity coordinates for the phosphor were in the white region. The relevant luminescence mechanisms of the phosphor are investigated. This phosphor may be applied in both field emission displays and white light-emitting diodes.     

CSP生产线高速钢轧辊温度场有限元分析

采用有限元软件ANSYS,结合某CSP生产线F4机架工作辊表面温度的实测值,建立轧辊二维温度场模型,对轧辊在轧制过程中的温度和热凸度变化进行研究。结果表明,轧辊在咬入弧区的换热系数为5.8×104 W/(m2·K),在非咬入弧区的水冷等效换热系数为1.1×104 W/(m2·K);在此等效换热边界条件下,使轧辊热凸度达到稳定的烫辊时间约为75min。     

Thermal properties of high temperature vacuum receivers used for parabolic trough solar thermal power system

The receiver's emittance and vacuum pressure are the two of great significance issues on the heat-loss which is the main factor reducing the efficiency of the parabolic though systems. In this paper, the thermal steady-state equilibrium method was used to test the receivers heat-loss. The receivers with increasing emittance were tested to study the variation of heat-loss. Meanwhile, the variable vacuum pressure in the annulus that affects the efficiency of the system was investigated. The influence of vacuumizing rate and getters on the vacuum pressure and heat-loss were discussed. The result shows that the emittance and vacuum pressure affect the receiver's heat-loss dramatically, and the emittance is the major influence factor on the thermal properties. The receiver with 0.08 emittance and 10~(-3) Pa vacuum pressure has a satisfactory heat-loss of 215.6 W/m at 400 ℃.The analysis further reveals that the synergistic effect of both emittance and vacuum pressure on the heat-loss can be reflected by the packaging temperature of the glass tube, and a fitting formula has been established to estimate the receivers' heat-loss according to the packaging temperature of the glass tube.     

纳米SnO2的制备及电化学性质

以无机盐为前体,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了纳米SnO₂粉体.用TG-DTA,XRD,SEM等对SnO₂粉末进行了表征.结果表明,采用该法经500 ℃热处理得到的SnO₂超细粉具有良好的四方结构,粒径分布均匀,平均粒径在92 nm左右.将该法制得的SnO2超细粉作为锂离子电池负极材料,可逆容量高达687　mAh·g^-1,而且嵌脱锂电压低(0.2～0.5 V),是一种很有潜力的锂离子电池负极材料.     

SLS工艺参数对Al2O3/SiO2/ZrO2复合陶瓷烧结质量的影响

针对复合陶瓷材料Al2O3/SiO2/ZrO2脆性大难加工等问题,结合选择性激光烧结(SLS)工艺成形复合陶瓷粉末,采用Nd:YAG激光器及其送粉装置进行激光烧结试验.利用扫描电镜(SEM)、能量色散X射线光谱仪(EDX)和X射线衍射分析仪(XRD)观察了成形件的微观组织并分析了微观组织成分.探讨了激光烧结的主要工艺参数对单层烧结质量的影响及扫描速度对显微结构的影响.结果表明:采用正交试验方法系统地分析了工艺过程,获得最佳工艺参数为扫描速度15mm/s、激光功率40W、搭接量04mm,得到了气孔较少、密度372g/cm3的烧结表面,能够烧结出致密并具有枝状组织的陶瓷.     

扫描电镜低电压操作时电子枪亮度的改进

在扫描电子显微镜上利用1—3KV的低加速电压操作,如果电子枪的几何关系保持不变,其亮度受到空间电荷效应的影响而显著下降。本文通过试验论述了缩短三极电子枪阳极与栅极的间距是提高低压电子枪亮度的有效方法。     

计算机模拟CT法测量束流发射度的弧度定标

发射度是反映加速器束流品质的重要物理参数,束流发射度的精确测量在工业生产中日益重要。CT法测束流发射度是利用CT原理与参数可调的输运元件相结合的方法测束流发射度。该方法具有对实验器材要求不高,不需要预设初始束流发射度图像,测量精度高的优点。在以往的CT法测量束流发射度实验中,四极磁铁的控制电流是均匀选取的,均匀的电流值对应的投影角度是不均匀的,角度的不均匀造成发射度图像的重建精度不高。提出先计算出的均匀角度对应的电流值,再根据电流值调节四极磁铁的控制电流;并编写模拟程序,进行模拟计算。模拟计算结果表明:弧度定标确定四极磁铁的控制电流比直接选取均匀四极磁铁电流值的方法测得的发射度更精确,同时减少了测量次数。     

Graphite-polypyrrole coated 316L stainless steel as bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

316L stainless steel (SS 316L) is quite attractive as bipolar plates in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). In this study, graphite-polypyrrole was coated on SS 316L by the method of cyclic voltammetry. The surface morphology and chemical composition of the graphite-polypyrrole composite coating were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A simulated working environment of PEMFC was applied for testing the corrosion properties of graphite-polypyrrole coated SS 316L. The current densities in the simulated PEMFC anode and cathode conditions are around 3×10-9 and 9×10-5 A·cm-2, respectively. In addition, the interfacial contact resistance (ICR) was also investigated. The ICR value of graphite-polypyrrole coated SS 316L is much lower than that of bare SS 316L. Therefore, graphite-polypyrrole coated SS 316L indicates a great potential for the application in PEMFC.