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Maintenance of genomic stability relies on the efficient and accurate execution of DNA repair pathways, and is essential for cell viability and the prevention of cancer. Mutation of genes encoding RecQ helicases or topoisomerases gives rise to genomic instability through excessive recombination. Here, we review the recent biochemical and genetic evidence to indicate that these two classes of protein act in concert in a conserved pathway to maintain genomic stability by preventing inappropriate recombination. 相似文献
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TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a prominent cytokine capable of inducing apoptosis. It can bind to five different cognate receptors, through which diverse intracellular pathways can be activated. TRAIL’s ability to preferentially kill transformed cells makes it a promising potential weapon for targeted tumor therapy. However, recognition of several resistance mechanisms to TRAIL-induced apoptosis has indicated that a thorough understanding of the details of TRAIL biology is still essential before this weapon can be confidently unleashed. Critical to this aim is revealing the functions and regulation mechanisms of TRAIL’s potent death receptor DR5. Although expression and signaling mechanisms of DR5 have been extensively studied, other aspects, such as its subcellular localization, non-signaling functions, and regulation of its membrane transport, have only recently attracted attention. Here, we discuss different aspects of TRAIL/DR5 biology, with a particular emphasis on the factors that seem to influence the cell surface expression pattern of DR5, along with factors that lead to its nuclear localization. Disturbance of this balance apparently affects the sensitivity of cancer cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis, thus constituting an eligible target for potential new therapeutic agents. 相似文献
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Victor Van Puyenbroeck Kurt Vermeire 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2018,75(9):1541-1558
Proteins routed to the secretory pathway start their journey by being transported across biological membranes, such as the endoplasmic reticulum. The essential nature of this protein translocation process has led to the evolution of several factors that specifically target the translocon and block translocation. In this review, various translocation pathways are discussed together with known inhibitors of translocation. Properties of signal peptide-specific systems are highlighted for the development of new therapeutic and antimicrobial applications, as compounds can target signal peptides from either host cells or pathogens and thereby selectively prevent translocation of those specific proteins. Broad inhibition of translocation is also an interesting target for the development of new anticancer drugs because cancer cells heavily depend on efficient protein translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum to support their fast growth. 相似文献
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This review outlines the use of expressed protein ligation (EPL) to study protein structure, function and stability. EPL is a chemoselective ligation method that allows the selective ligation of unprotected polypeptides from synthetic and recombinant origin for the production of semi-synthetic protein samples of well-defined and homogeneous chemical composition. This method has been extensively used for the site-specific introduction of biophysical probes, unnatural amino acids, and increasingly complex post-translational modifications. Since it was introduced 10 years ago, EPL applications have grown increasingly more sophisticated in order to address even more complex biological questions. In this review, we highlight how this powerful technology combined with standard biochemical analysis techniques has been used to improve our ability to understand protein structure and function. 相似文献
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Comparison of SXT and R391, two conjugative integrating elements: definition of a genetic backbone for the mobilization of resistance determinants 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Beaber JW Burrus V Hochhut B Waldor MK 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2002,59(12):2065-2070
The SXT element (SXT) is becoming an increasingly prevalent vector for the dissemination of antibiotic resistances in Vibrio cholerae. SXT is a member of a larger family of elements, formerly defined as IncJ plasmids, that are self-transmissible by conjugation
and integrate site-specifically into the host chromosome. Comparison of the DNA sequences of SXT and R391, an IncJ element
from Providencia rettgeri, indicate that these elements consist of a conserved backbone that mediates the regulation, excision/integration and conjugative
transfer of the elements. Both elements have insertions into this backbone that either confer the element-specific properties
or are of unknown function. Interestingly, the conserved SXT and R391 backbone apparently contains hotspots for insertion
of additional DNA sequences. This backbone represents a scaffold for the mobilization of genetic material between a wide range
of Gram-negative bacteria, allowing for rapid adaptation to changing envi
ronments.
RID="*"
ID="*"Corresponding author. 相似文献
8.
Action of juvenile hormone on the follicle cells ofRhodnius prolixus: Evidence for a novel regulatory mechanism involving protein kinase C 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Summary Juvenile hormone (JH) is known to act on the membranes of the follicle cells ofRhodnius, activating a specific Na+, K+-ATPase. This leads to a decrease in volume of the cells and the appearance of spaces between them (patency). The addition of an inhibitor of protein kinase C, 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H-7), to the medium in vitro inhibits the action of JH on the follicle cells. PDBU (phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate) mimics the action of JH in vitro and the response of the follicle cells to, PDBU is blocked by ouabain. It is concluded that the activation of protein kinase C is a required step in the chain of events leading to activation of the JH-dependent ATPase and set in train by the binding of JH to the membrane. 相似文献
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Lysine acetylation/deacetylation is increasingly being recognized as common post-translational modification that appears to
be broadly operational throughout the cell. The functional roles of these modifications, outside of the nucleus, have not
been extensively studied. Moreover, as acetyl-CoA donates the acetyl group for acetylation, nutrient availability and energetic
status may be pivotal in this modification. Similarly, nutrient limitation is associated with the deacetylation reaction.
This modification is orchestrated by a novel family of sirtuin deacetylases that function in a nutrient and redox dependent
manner and targets non-histone protein deacetylation. In compartment-specific locations, candidate target proteins undergoing
lysine-residue deacetylation are being identified. Through these investigations, the functional role of this post-translational
modification is being delineated. We review the sirtuin family proteins, discuss their functional effects on target proteins,
and postulate on potential biological programs and disease processes that may be modified by sirtuin-mediated deacetylation
of target proteins. 相似文献
10.
Apoptosis is a vital component in the evolutionarily conserved host defense system. Apoptosis is the guardian of tissue integrity
by removing unfit and injured cells without evoking inflammation. However, apoptosis seems to be a double-edged sword since
during low-level chronic stress, such as in aging, increased resistance to apoptosis can lead to the survival of functionally
deficient, post-mitotic cells with damaged housekeeping functions. Senescent cells are remarkably resistant to apoptosis,
and several studies indicate that host defense mechanisms can enhance anti-apoptotic signaling, which subsequently induces
a senescent, pro-inflammatory phenotype during the aging process. At the molecular level, age-related resistance to apoptosis
involves (1) functional deficiency in p53 network, (2) increased activity in the NF-κB-IAP/JNK axis, and (3) changes in molecular
chaperones, microRNAs, and epigenetic regulation. We will discuss the molecular basis of age-related resistance to apoptosis
and emphasize that increased resistance could enhance the aging process. 相似文献
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An integrated histological and ultrastructural study of the endometrial microcirculation in rats reveals that lymphatic capillaries are absent from the superficial uterine mucosa. Blood capillaries are fenestrated, and their basement membrane may be poorly developed. 相似文献
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Summary An integrated histological and ultrastructural study of the endometrial microcirculation in rats reveals that lymphatic capillaries are absent from the superficial uterine mucosa. Blood capillaries are fenestrated, and their basement membrane may be poorly developed.Supported by a grant from the Nationaal Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek-Fonds voor Geneeskundig Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (Belgium). 相似文献
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Annette Burkhart Thomas Lars Andresen Achim Aigner Louiza Bohn Thomsen Torben Moos 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2017,74(13):2467-2485
Treatment of chronic disorders affecting the central nervous system (CNS) is complicated by the inability of drugs to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Non-viral gene therapy applied to brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) denotes a novel approach to overcome the restraints in this passage, as turning BCECs into recombinant protein factories by transfection could result in protein secretion further into the brain. The present study aims to investigate the possibility of transfecting primary rat brain endothelial cells (RBECs) for recombinant protein synthesis and secretion of the neuroprotective protein erythropoietin (EPO). We previously showed that 4% of RBECs with BBB properties can be transfected without disrupting the BBB integrity in vitro, but it can be questioned whether this is sufficient to enable protein secretion at therapeutic levels. The present study examined various transfection vectors, with regard to increasing the transfection efficiency without disrupting the BBB integrity. Lipofectamine 3000? was the most potent vector compared to polyethylenimine (PEI) and Turbofect. When co-cultured with astrocytes, the genetically modified RBECs secreted recombinant EPO into the cell culture medium both luminally and abluminally, and despite lower levels of EPO reaching the abluminal chamber, the amount of recombinant EPO was sufficient to evolve a biological effect on astrocytes cultured at the abluminal side in terms of upregulated gene expression of brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF). In conclusion, non-viral gene therapy to RBECs leads to protein secretion and signifies a method for therapeutic proteins to target cells inside the CNS otherwise omitted due to the BBB. 相似文献
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J Constans M Viau J Ruffié 《Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des sciences. Série D, Sciences naturelles》1978,287(11):1003-1006
The authors describe the results obtained in an examination by isoelectrofocusing of more than 1,000 serum samples from various regions in France. The autochthonous populations of the north side of the Pyrénées are characterized by a high frequency of the gene Gc2 and a very low frequency of the Gc1F gene. This distinguishes them from the other groups studied (southwestern, northwestern and eastern France). The quantitative analysis of the data emphasizes the difference. These results can only be explained by the interdependance of the genetic and metabolic factors. 相似文献
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Via A Ferrè F Brannetti B Helmer-Citterich M 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2000,57(13-14):1970-1977
Many methods have been developed to analyse protein sequences and structures, although less work has been undertaken describing and comparing protein surfaces. Evolution can lead sequences to diverge or structures to change topology; nevertheless, surface determinants that are essential to protein function itself may be mantained. Moreover, different molecules could converge to similar functions by gaining specific surface determinants. In such cases, sequence or structure comparisons are likely to be inadequate in describing or identifying protein functions and evolutionary relationships among proteins. Surface analysis can identify function determinants that are independent of sequence or secondary structure and can therefore be a powerful tool to highlight cases of possible convergent or divergent evolution. This kind of approach can be useful for a better understanding of protein molecular and biochemical mechanisms of catalysis or interaction with a ligand, which are usually surface dependent. Protein surface comparison, when compared to sequence or structure comparison methods, is a hard computational challenge and evaluated methods allowing the comparison of protein surfaces are difficult to find. In this review, we will survey the current knowledge about protein surface similarity and the techniques to detect it. 相似文献
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Investigations of the green frogs from western Europe for electrophoretic variations at 4 enzyme loci demonstrated a new form which must be considered as a hybrid between Rana ridibunda and R. perezi. Biochemical evidence supports the hypothesis that its reproduction is hybridogenetic, as it is for R. esculenta. 相似文献
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J Gabarro-Arpa C Reiss 《Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des sciences. Série D, Sciences naturelles》1979,289(15):1133-1136
Assuming that the action of specific ligands is transferred to DNA via the bases in close contact with the ligand, which are stabilized (or destablized) in this process, the local and more distant action of the ligand on DNA can be evaluated quantitatively with the aid of Azbel's model. An application to the system regulating the E. coli lac operon is presented. 相似文献
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A. C. S. Souza S. Azoubel K. C. S. Queiroz M. P. Peppelenbosch C. V. Ferreira 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2009,66(7):1140-1153
Reversible tyrosine phosphorylation is a key posttranslational regulatory modification of proteins in all eukaryotic cells
in normal and pathological processes. Recently a pivotal janus-faced biological role of the low molecular weight protein tyrosine
phosphatase (LMWPTP) has become clear. On the one hand this enzyme is important in facilitating appropriate immune responses
towards infectious agents, on the other hand it mediates exaggerated inflammatory responses toward innocuous stimuli. The
evidence that LMWPTP plays a role in oncological processes has added a promising novel angle. In this review we shall focus
on the regulation of LMWPTP enzymatic activity of signaling pathways of different immunological cells, the relation between
genetic polymorphism of LMWPTP and predisposition to some type of inflammatory disorders and the contribution of this enzyme
to cancer cell onset, growth and migration. Therefore, the LMWPTP is an interesting target for pharmacological intervention,
thus modifying both inappropriate cellular immune responses and cancer cell aggressiveness.
Received 15 August 2008; received after revision 06 October 2008; accepted 14 October 2008 相似文献
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Ursula Hinz 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2010,67(7):1049-1064
With the dramatic increase in the volume of experimental results in every domain of life sciences, assembling pertinent data
and combining information from different fields has become a challenge. Information is dispersed over numerous specialized
databases and is presented in many different formats. Rapid access to experiment-based information about well-characterized
proteins helps predict the function of uncharacterized proteins identified by large-scale sequencing. In this context, universal
knowledgebases play essential roles in providing access to data from complementary types of experiments and serving as hubs
with cross-references to many specialized databases. This review outlines how the value of experimental data is optimized
by combining high-quality protein sequences with complementary experimental results, including information derived from protein
3D-structures, using as an example the UniProt knowledgebase (UniProtKB) and the tools and links provided on its website (). It also evokes precautions that are necessary for successful predictions and extrapolations. 相似文献