隔岸遥望的乡村世界--试论鲁迅乡土文学独特的创作视角

根深蒂固的乡土情结及其独特的乡土经历决定了一个不容回避的事实；鲁迅本人并不熟悉乡村，并不熟悉普通农家生活。在眷恋与热爱、忧患与焦虑、怨怒与叛逆、孤独与苦闷的乡土情结的驱策与引导下，鲁迅在其乡土文学作品中不避矛盾地选择了隔岸遥望式的创作姿态。因此从某种意义上说，鲁迅乡土小说指向的接受主体并非农民，而是城市的读书人。也正是这种独特的创作视角，使鲁迅比其他乡土文学创作者对中国乡土农村有着更加清醒的认识和更加深刻的批判意识以及更加复杂的情绪感受，表现出迥异于前人与他人的更为持久和深沉的乡土关怀。     

中国现代小说乡土语言的产生及发展

乡土小说作为中国现代小说创作的一个重要流派一直是国内学界关注与研究的重点,但从语言本体角度研究乡土小说的并不多。针对这种情况,本文以语言本体为起点结合乡土文化与地方性知识,从早期以鲁迅为核心的乡土问题小说和以废名为起点的乡土诗化小说写作,到加入"革命"话语的解放区乡土小说和当代多元化的乡土写作等几个方面,来探究百年来中国乡土小说语言经历的错综复杂的演变过程之深层缘由,进而讨论乡土语言在当下及今后的小说创作中的意义及理应发挥的作用。     

四十年代乡土小说的生命意识与生存方式

四十年代的乡土小说，以战争为底色，以＂乡土＂、＂家园＂为中心概念，在生命意识和生存方式的追寻中，暗合了那个时代特有的民族精神。丁玲、周立波等小说中的英雄，以＂忘我和无我＂为生存方式；吴组缃、姚雪垠等小说中的村民，以＂大公有私＂为生命形态；师陀的小说，既写出陈世德们对生命的＂挥霍＂，也写出了葛天民们对家园的＂凝望＂；萧红笔下过份＂麻木＂的生命背后，更凸现了作者对故园的眷恋；＂自然＂的生存状态，是沈从文小说所追寻的理想极地，那不过是表达了作者＂洞察人性洞府＂的企盼；沙汀刻画的是乡土的＂奇丑＂，批判的是＂有乡土而无家园，有生命而无人生＂的＂内地文化＂。     

乡土文学史中的莫言乡土小说

莫言的作品大多是以乡土为背景来描写乡村生活的,应该说莫言小说是新时期乡土小说的代表,因此,将莫言的作品置于中国乡土小说背景中将有利于突显出其在乡土文学史上的独特之处。与写实主义和写意主义乡土作家不同,莫言的乡土小说更多的是以一种平民姿态表达着对于乡土中国苦难的体验乃至认同。     

人格退行:沈从文乡土小说创作的心理根源

从弗洛伊德的人格理论来分析沈从文乡土小说的创作心理,是一种新的视角。沈从文在乡土小说中所建构的理想的生存图式,心理根源是其人格发展在童年时期出现的“停滞现象”,在都市遭受精神挫折后,出现了“退行”。这种“人格退行”决定了沈从文湘西乡土小说的创作基调和整体风格。     

乡土文学史中的莫言乡土小说

莫言的作品大多是以乡土为背景来描写乡村生活的,应该说莫言小说是新时期乡土小说的代表,因此,将莫言的作品置于中国乡土小说背景中将有利于突显出其在乡土文学史上的独特之处。与写实主义和写意主义乡土作家不同,莫言的乡土小说更多的是以一种平民姿态表达着对于乡土中国苦难的体验乃至认同。     

回族女作家马金莲小说的语言特色

马金莲的小说话语具有鲜明的地域文化、族群文化和性别文化的特质.民间乡土情怀与底层生命感悟是马金莲小说话语的内在动力.人物话语的叙述化、景物描述的意境化是其小说话语的外在表现,倾听大地、倾听民众、倾听内心是其小说话语的生成机理.马金莲以素朴话语编织了意蕴丰厚的乡土世界,建构了独特的乡土审美经验.     

论田雁宁中篇小说的乡土主题

《田雁宁文集》中的十一个中篇小说以优美的文笔生动真切地描绘了上世纪后期大巴山新美的乡土风情。田雁宁中篇小说的一个鲜明特色是小说中的人物大多皆有生活原型,由此织入丰富的艺术想像,塑造出富有大巴山乡土特色的典型形象。其小说颇受沈从文、艾芜等老一辈乡土作家的影响,而又有着贴近当代生活的独特创造,他善于将如诗如画的巴山风物连同爱恨交织的强烈感情透进小说的字里行间和人物塑造之中,堪称当代新美的乡土风情画。     

诗意溃散的边地——田耳小说论

田耳的小说通过书写现代工业文明对乡土的碾压、乡土失序状态和荒诞的生存境遇，展现了一个诗意溃散的当代乡土世界，深入解剖了转型时期边地社会的内在肌理，刷新了我们对边地乡土的文学想象。在此意义上，田耳丰富了乡土写作的当代经验。     

二十年代“乡土小说”的群体风格

二十年代的“乡土小说”以其独特的魅力、独特的风貌活跃在新文学初期的文坛上,逐渐形成了一个小说流派,显示出较为相同的群体风格,表现出共同的审美风范.本文从表现内容、悲剧风貌、地方色彩等方面论述了“乡土小说”的群体风格.同时探讨它在中国小说现代化过程中的作用和意义.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with