面向社交数据流连续查询的基准评测

社交数据流上的连续查询处理具有广泛的应用,但其处理技术仍不成熟.本文对社交数据流上的连续查询问题进行建模,定义数据特征、负载类型与分布,以及性能测度.在此基础上,提出一个面向该问题的基准评测.该工作对社交数据流处理应用的系统选型、相关查询处理技术性能比较具有重要意义.     

Centromere inactivation in a dicentric rice chromosome during sexual reproduction

T0135 is a variant selected from the progeny of a rice line telotrisomic for the short arm of chromosome 11 （2n＋IIS＇）. Fluores- cent in situ hybridization （FISH） results indicated that T0135 contained two telocentric chromosomes, which have two centro- mere-specific molecular markers （5S rDNA） for chromosome 11; thus T0135 is a newly-described rice chromosome variant with two dicentric chromosomes, named 22＋11L-＋11L＇＋I IS.11S-＋I 1S-11S. （22 represents the 22 chromosomes excluding chromo- some 11 in the rice genome, ＂-＂ represents the centromere）. To investigate the genetic stability of the rice dicentric chromosomes during sexual reproduction, we observed the chromosome types in the progeny. Ninety-four percent of the progeny had the same chromosome type as the parental line. This result indicates that the dicentric chromosomes are mostly stable during mitosis and meiosis. Immunofluorescence analysis for centromere specific histone H3 （CENH3） revealed that only one centromere is active and the other centromere is inactivated in the rice dicentric chromosomes.     

Primitive agriculture in a social amoeba

Agriculture has been a large part of the ecological success of humans. A handful of animals, notably the fungus-growing ants, termites and ambrosia beetles, have advanced agriculture that involves dispersal and seeding of food propagules, cultivation of the crop and sustainable harvesting. More primitive examples, which could be called husbandry because they involve fewer adaptations, include marine snails farming intertidal fungi and damselfish farming algae. Recent work has shown that microorganisms are surprisingly like animals in having sophisticated behaviours such as cooperation, communication and recognition, as well as many kinds of symbiosis. Here we show that the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum has a primitive farming symbiosis that includes dispersal and prudent harvesting of the crop. About one-third of wild-collected clones engage in husbandry of bacteria. Instead of consuming all bacteria in their patch, they stop feeding early and incorporate bacteria into their fruiting bodies. They then carry bacteria during spore dispersal and can seed a new food crop, which is a major advantage if edible bacteria are lacking at the new site. However, if they arrive at sites already containing appropriate bacteria, the costs of early feeding cessation are not compensated for, which may account for the dichotomous nature of this farming symbiosis. The striking convergent evolution between bacterial husbandry in social amoebas and fungus farming in social insects makes sense because multigenerational benefits of farming go to already established kin groups.     

Unrelated helpers in a social insect

High-resolution genetic markers have revolutionized our understanding of vertebrate mating systems, but have so far yielded few comparable surprises about kinship in social insects. Here we use microsatellite markers to reveal an unexpected and unique social system in what is probably the best-studied social wasp, Polistes dominulus. Social insect colonies are nearly always composed of close relatives; therefore, non-reproductive helping behaviour can be favoured by kin selection, because the helpers aid reproductives who share their genes. In P. dominulus, however, 35% of foundress nestmates are unrelated and gain no such advantage. The P. dominulus system is unlike all other cases of unrelated social insects, because one individual has nearly complete reproductive dominance over subordinates who could have chosen other reproductive options. The only significant advantage that subordinates obtain is a chance at later reproduction, particularly if the queen dies. Thus, P. dominulus societies are functionally unlike other social insects, but similar to certain vertebrate societies, in which the unrelated helpers gain through inheritance of a territory or a mate.     

非整倍体和人类生殖健康

非整倍体即染色体数目异常,发生于生殖细胞则可能导致不育不孕、自发流产和先天出生缺陷.精子非整倍体发生率为5%～7%,卵子非整倍体发生率为22%～90%;在早期自然流产中,非整倍体率高达50%.绝大多数临床上常见的非整倍体患儿的异常染色体来自卵子(母亲),而且母亲减数分裂I同源染色体不分离是除13和18号染色体以外的各种常见染色体非整倍体的主要原因.母亲的年龄是迄今唯一被证实的与生殖细胞非整倍体发生密切相关的流行病学因素,减数分裂遗传重组(频率和位点分布)异常可能是导致减数分裂I同源染色体不分离的主要细胞学和遗传学因素,减数分裂前最后一次DNA复制时cohesin复合体的加载及其之后的维持异常则可能是引起减数分裂染色体不分离的分子生物学因素.减数分裂遗传重组和cohesin复合体的加载均发生于女性胚胎发育的8～30周,而非整倍体卵子的形成多发生在35岁以上的女性,因此我们认为导致非整倍体卵子形成的"罪恶种子"早在35年前即已埋下,随着女性年龄增大,其体内保障染色体精确分离的保护机制如纺锤体聚合检验点被"磨损"削弱,而最终导致减数分裂时染色体分离异常.未来的研究应着重探讨遗传重组改变的原因、机理及如何导致减数分裂染色体不分离,了解卵母细胞中cohesin复合体、纺锤体聚合检验点的功能是否随女性年龄增大而减弱及其生物学机制,从而为有效防止非整倍体的发生、减少人类生殖相关非整倍体疾病的发生提供理论基础.     

Oxygen uptake occurs faster than sodium pumping in bee retina after a light flash

When neurones are active there is an entry of Na+, which must subsequently be pumped out, and an increase in their oxygen consumption rate (Qo2). The Na+ pump derives its energy from ATP, splitting it into ADP and Pi, and it has reasonably been proposed that the changes in concentrations of ATP, ADP and Pi lead to a stimulation of the O2 consumption by the mitochondria and hence to a restoration of the stock of ATP. Here we present evidence suggesting that Qo2 must be controlled differently in the retinal photoreceptor cells of the honeybee drone. Stimulation of drone photoreceptors with a flash of light causes an entry of Na+ (ref. 4) and a transient increase in Qo2 that indicates respiration of the right order of magnitude to provide ATP to pump the Na+ out. We report intracellular recordings of changes in intracellular sodium (Nai+) and potassium (Ki+) in response to single light flashes and have compared the time course of extra oxygen consumption (delta Qo2) with these ion changes and other indices of Na+ pumping. We found that the time course of pumping seems to lag behind the time course of delta Qo2. It follows that the mitochondrial respiration must be stimulated by some signal which is generated earlier than the rise in ADP produced by the Na+ pump.     

Long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission in the hippocampus induced by a bee venom peptide

Several neurotoxins have been isolated from bee venom. One of these, the mast cell degranulating peptide (MCD), releases histamine from mast cells and on central administration produces arousal at low concentrations and convulsions at higher doses. These effects are mediated through specific high-affinity binding sites which are concentrated in cortical structures, notably the hippocampus. This structure appears to be the source of changes in the electrocorticogram that follow injections of MCD into the cerebral ventricle, and which induce a quasi-permanent hippocampal theta rhythm in the motionless rat alternating with epileptiform spike waves. We report here that brief application of MCD to the CA1 region of hippocampal slices induces long-term potentiation, that is, a long-lasting increase in the efficacy of synaptic transmission. This potentiation seems to be indistinguishable from the classical LTP produced by trains of high-frequency electrical stimulation and considered to be related in some way to memory. Using binding to synaptosomal membranes and radioimmunoassay techniques, we have also found an endogenous peptide equivalent of MCD in brain extracts. This raises the possibility that a MCD-like peptide may be important in long-term potentiation.     

牦牛繁殖科学研究进展

主要分析总结了近五年来牦牛繁殖科学在生殖内分泌调节机制、诱导发情与同期发情、超数排卵、牦牛及牦牛与普通牛体外受精、牦牛与普通牛异种体细胞核移植等方面的研究进展和存在的问题,并提出了如何将这些研究进展应用到牦牛生产中以提高牦牛业的经济效益以及进一步开展牦牛繁殖科学研究的思路.     

动物繁殖学教学中创新教育的初探

创新教育的核心是培养学生的创新精神和实践能力,其前提是培养学生创新意识和创新思维.动物繁殖学既是一门重要的专业性学科,又是一门具有广阔前景和效益的应用性学科.在动物繁殖学教学中实施创新教育,必须加强培养学生的创新意识,创新思维,创新能力和创新精神.