有限合伙制——我国风险投资的最佳组织形式

通过分析有限合伙的基本内涵和法律特征，论证了我国建立有限合伙制的必要性和可行性，进而提出了完善我国有限合伙法律制度的若干建议。     

论在风险投资领域的有限合伙制

风险投资业是一个信息高度不对称、营运风险很高的行业。有限合伙制已被证明是风险投资最主要、最理想的组织形式。在研究有限合伙制风险投资的基础上,从融资的角度分析了目前我国风险投资业实行有限合伙制这一组织模式的优势,旨在说明有限合伙应广泛适用于我国的风险投资业。     

试论有限合伙制度在我国的立法演进

有限合伙制度设计与风险投资组织形式的有机契合，使其作为风险投资组织形式的理想选择，在国外渊源悠长。有限合伙制度在我国经历了地方性立法到全国立法的演进过程。该制度的设立，打破了妨碍风险投资实业发展的众多法律障碍，突破了主体限制，为风险投资事业的发展起到重要的制度支撑和推动作用。该制度的运作，新法颁布后可以在加强行业监管、细化有限合伙人应承担无限责任等方面进行完善。     

国外风险投资组织形式对我国的启示

风险投资组织是风险投资体系的核心，是风险资本从投资者流向风险企业的金融中介。由于风险投资组织在风险投资体系中的特殊作用，风险投资所采取的组织形式及相应的制度安排就显得特别重要。经验表明，风险投资采用什么样的组织形式和制度安排，在很大程度上会影响到风险投资的效率。目前国际盛行的风险投资组织形式主要是两种，有限合伙制主导的美国模式和大公司主导的日本模式。     

风险投资组织形式比较及研究

美国风险投资中,有限合伙制的比例达到80%以上。金融机构附属风险投资公司是日本风险投资的主要形式。从西欧看,各国主要采取对银行等金融机构从事风险贷款等制定了贷款与担保计划,采取有限合伙与产业附属公司相结合的形式。中国近些年来的风险投资亦蓬勃发展,但我国风险投资还处于起步阶段,人们对风险投资还没有较为全面的认识,所以我国的风险投资还有很长的路要走,但有限合伙制是我国风险投资组织结构未来发展的目标和趋势。     

现有法律对发展我国风险投资的制约及其完善

本文分析了我国现有法律对风险投资过程中的风险投资企业的设立、筹资、风险资金的投资、自身管理及被投企业的管理、退出各阶段的法律制约,我国现有法律明显阻碍了风险投资的发展,急需完善法律体系以支持风险投资的发展。     

我国风险投资退出机制中的法律障碍及立法完善

风险投资退出机制是风险投资健康发展的核心环节。我国系统的风险投资法律体系目前依旧缺位，现行相关法律法规对风险投资的各种退出机制更是构成了诸多的法律障碍。建议根据我国现实情况及国外立法的成功经验：开辟二板市场，恢复并规范原有的场外交易市场，完善产权交易制度，同时对相关法律法规进行修改，以构建我国的风险投资退出法律制度，保障风险资本顺畅退出，促进我国风险投资事业快速健康发展。     

不对称信息下的风险资本委托代理分析

投资者与风险资本家的关系是风险投资市场中的重要部分，运用博弈论方法，从不对称信息的角度分析了风险投资中投资者与风险资本家之间的委托代理关系，论述了在有限合伙制构架下投资者对风险资本家的选择、控制、激励与风险分担的问题，指出只有对自己能力有充分信心的风险资本家才接受有限合伙制。在有限合伙制中，报酬机制是其中心环节，它把投资者与风险资本家的利益的联系在一起；投资净收益提成比率则是报酬机制的关键，它不仅反映了对风险资本家的激励，还反映了投资者与风险资本家间的风险分担的问题；同时，市场信誉在风险投资中扮演了重要的角色。     

建立中国风险投资企业的组织形式

一是以有限责任公司为主，逐渐向有限合伙制过渡。将来基金法公布以后，要研究有限合伙制问题。有限合伙制最大的特点是风险投资家作为合伙人，要投入占总量1%-2%的资金，同时作为管理者，他还要负无限责任。二是在我国公司法规定的法人治理结构的框架下，增加对项目经理的授权。目前我国的风险投资是按照公司制组织的，重大决策必须通过董事会，这种公司法人治理结构是为了解决所有者和经营者利益不一致的问题。但是如果项目经理权限太小的话，不利于培养中国的风险投资家。所以，重大决策通过董事会是对的，但另一方面对项目经理要加大授…     

有限合伙与风险投资的企业组织形式选择

目前，福建闽南地区，许多传统产业的富余资金都抽离出来做风险投资，成立各种创投公司。但这些风险投资机构的组织形式基本为传统的有限责任公司制。20世纪80年代以来，为了解决“资本提供者一风险投资家”、“风险投资家一风险企业”之间的激励约束问题，美国等发达国家风险投资机构形成了有限合伙制这一企业组织形式。2006年8月修订，2007年6月1日起施行的《合伙企业法》引了入有限合伙这种合伙企业形式，扫除了风险投资新的企业组织形式的法律上的障碍。本文试图通过有限公司的公理治理和有限合伙企业的契约治理优劣的比较，分析适合本土风险投资的企业组织形式选择。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that