Wolbachia 在中国稻田飞虱中的感染和传播

用ＰＣＲ方法检测了采集于不同地域的稻田飞虱共生菌Ｗｏｌｂａｃｈｉａ的感染,发现灰飞虱Ｌａｏｄｅｌｐｈａｘ ｓｔｒｉａｔｅｌｌｕｓ,褐飞虱Ｎｉｌｅｐａｒｖａｔａ ｌｕｇｅｎｓ,白背飞虱Ｓｏｇａｔｅｌｌａ ｆｕｒｃｉｆｅｒａ 为Ｗｏｌｂａｃｈｉａ所感染。克隆了编码Ｗｏｌｂａｃｈｉａ外膜蛋白质的ｗｓｐ基因并进行了序列测定,对ｗｓｐ的ＲＦＬＰ分析证实了这些飞虱为单一Ｗｏｌｂａｃｈｉａ感染,还发现一种能同时     

灰飞虱共生菌Wolbachia引起的细胞质不亲和性

对我国６个地区和日本３个地区灰飞虱的Ｗｏｌｂａｈｉａ感染率，用ＰＣＲ技术进行了检测，结果表明中国的辽宁、北京、上海和云南的灰飞虱的Ｗｏｌｂａｃｈｉａ感染率均接近１００％；四川为５９．６％；而宁夏为０。各地区灰飞虱间的交配实验证明了在Ｗｏｌｂａｃｈｉａ引起的细胞质不亲和现象的存在，Ｗｏｌｂａｃｈｉａ１６ＳｒＤＮＡ的部分测序分析表明，上海、云南和日本出云的灰飞虱发的同为Ｗｏｌｂａｃｈｉａ ｐｉｐｉｅｎ     

Wolbachia在Drosophila auraria复合种和Drosophila simul …

用ＰＣＲ方法检测了多种果蝇中共生菌Ｗｏｂａｃｈｉａ的感染，发现，Ｄｒｏｓｏｐｈｉｌａ ａｕｒａｒｉａ复合以及采集于北京地区的Ｄｒｏｓｏｐｈｉｌａ ｓｉｍｕｌａｎｓ为Ｗｏｌｂａｃｈｉａ所感染，ＲＦＬＰ分析证实为单一感染，克隆了编码Ｗｏｌｂａｃｈｉａ外膜蛋白质的ｗｓｐ基因并进行了序列测定。     

Wolbachia在Drosophila auraria复合种和Drosophila simulans中的感染

用 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 方法检测了多种果蝇中共生菌 Ｗ ｏｌｂａｃｈｉａ 的感染,发现 Ｄｒｏｓｏｐｈｉｌａ ａｕｒａｒｉａ 复合种以及采集于北京地区的 Ｄｒｏｓｏｐｈｉｌａ ｓｉｍ ｕｌａｎｓ为 Ｗｏｌｂａｃｈｉａ 所感染, Ｒ Ｆ Ｌ Ｐ分析证实为单一感染．克隆了编码 Ｗ ｏｌｂａｃｈｉａ 外膜蛋白质的 ｗ ｓｐ 基因并进行了序列测定．同时比较了 Ｄｒｏｓｏｐｈｉｌａ ａｕｒａｒｉａ 复合种内 ４ 个种和采集于北京及美国加州的 Ｄｒｏｓｏｐｈｉｌａ ｓｉｍ ｕｌａｎｓ 的线粒体的细胞色素氧化酶 ２ 亚基基因的部分序列． 进而讨论了 Ｗｏｌｂａｃｈｉａ 对 Ｄｒｏｓｏｐｈｉｌａ ａｕｒａｒｉａ 复合种成员之间进化关系的影响．     

大黄的药理研究概况

大黄为廖科植物掌叶大黄ＲｈｅｕｍＰａｌｍａｔｕｍＬ .唐古特大黄ＲｈｅｕｍＯｆｆｉｃｉｎａｌｅＢａｌｇ、药用大黄ＲｈｅｕｍＯｆｆｉｃｉｎａｌｉｓＢａｉｌｌ的根茎及根。本品性寒、味苦 ,具有攻积导滞、泻火、凉血、活血祛瘀、利胆退黄等功效。《本草经》记载其“下瘀血、血闭寒热、破病徵 瘕积聚、留饮宿食、荡涤肠胃、推陈致新、通利水谷 ,调中化食 ,安和五脏”。《本草纲目》谓其主“下痢赤白 ,里急腹痛 ,小便淋沥、实热燥结 ,潮热谵语、黄疸、渚火疮”。我国从五十年代开始 ,对大黄的化学成份及其药理作用进行较广泛的研究 ,现…     

具有Allee效应的Nicholson-Bailey宿主-寄生物模型动态研究

建立了具有Allee效应的Nicholson-Bailey宿主-寄生物模型,分析了平衡点的稳定性,运用MATLAB模拟研究参数的改变对模型动态的影响,采用分岔图来对比分析有无Allee效应的宿主-寄生物模型的变化,最终得出加入Allee效应的宿主-寄生物模型会加速走向灭绝.     

广义岭型组合主成分估计及其K值的选取

本文把岭型组合主成分估计拓广为广义岭型组合主成分估计＾α（ｃ）证明＾α（ｋ）能更有效地改善ＬＳ估计，并运用Ｑ（ｃ）准则得到广义岭型组合主成分估计的显示解及得到该解的迭代算法     

基于Bloom Filter的路由循环实时被动检测方法

为了解决网络中路由循环的实时检测问题,提出了一种基于Bloom Filter的路由循环实时被动检测方法.这种方法利用Bloom Filter存储资源占用小和查找时间消耗少的优点快速地发现源、宿地址,源、宿端口号均相同的疑似循环路由报文,再通过对报文TTL值递减特征的判断确定循环路由现象的存在.对于Bloom Filter本身存在误判率的问题,该方法采用增大位向量的长度的方法予以解决.实验结果表明本方法可以准确地发现循环路由,与传统主被动探测路由循环方式相比,减少了对网络带宽资源的占用,同时极大提高了算法的实时性.     

增长区域上一类寄生虫-宿主模型的Turing不稳定

为理解区域演化对寄生虫-宿主Turing不稳定的影响,本文以寄生虫-宿主传染病模型为主体,研究增长区域上的反应扩散问题,通过线性化和谱分析给出模型产生Turing不稳定的条件,再利用数值模拟验证理论结果.结果表明扩散系数的增加有利于Turing斑图的形成,而区域增长对Turing斑图形成起破坏作用.     

长宿休闲研究进展

长宿休闲作为现代旅游增长较快的领域,从兴起就一直受到广泛关注.文章通过对国内外长宿休闲相关书籍和期刊文献的整理,对其相关研究进行归纳,着重介绍其研究焦点,以期为我国长宿休闲产业的健康发展提供借鉴.     

Wolbachia variability and host effects on crossing type in Culex mosquitoes

Wolbachia is a common maternally inherited bacterial symbiont able to induce crossing sterilities known as cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) in insects. Wolbachia-modified sperm are unable to complete fertilization of uninfected ova, but a rescue function allows infected eggs to develop normally. By providing a reproductive advantage to infected females, Wolbachia can rapidly invade uninfected populations, and this could provide a mechanism for driving transgenes through pest populations. CI can also occur between Wolbachia-infected populations and is usually associated with the presence of different Wolbachia strains. In the Culex pipiens mosquito group (including the filariasis vector C. quinquefasciatus) a very unusual degree of complexity of Wolbachia-induced crossing-types has been reported, with partial or complete CI that can be unidirectional or bidirectional, yet no Wolbachia strain variation was found. Here we show variation between incompatible Culex strains in two Wolbachia ankyrin repeat-encoding genes associated with a prophage region, one of which is sex-specifically expressed in some strains, and also a direct effect of the host nuclear genome on CI rescue.     

Wolbachia-induced incompatibility precedes other hybrid incompatibilities in Nasonia

Wolbachia are cytoplasmically inherited bacteria that cause a number of reproductive alterations in insects, including cytoplasmic incompatibility, an incompatibility between sperm and egg that results in loss of sperm chromosomes following fertilization. Wolbachia are estimated to infect 15-20% of all insect species, and also are common in arachnids, isopods and nematodes. Therefore, Wolbachia-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility could be an important factor promoting rapid speciation in invertebrates, although this contention is controversial. Here we show that high levels of bidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility between two closely related species of insects (the parasitic wasps Nasonia giraulti and Nasonia longicornis) preceded the evolution of other postmating reproductive barriers. The presence of Wolbachia severely reduces the frequency of hybrid offspring in interspecies crosses. However, antibiotic curing of the insects results in production of hybrids. Furthermore, F1 and F2 hybrids are completely viable and fertile, indicating the absence of F1 and F2 hybrid breakdown. Partial interspecific sexual isolation occurs, yet it is asymmetric and incomplete. Our results indicate that Wolbachia-induced reproductive isolation occurred in the early stages of speciation in this system, before the evolution of other postmating isolating mechanisms (for example, hybrid inviability and hybrid sterility).     

Cloning and characterization of a gene encoding phage-related tail protein (PrTP) of endosymbiont Wolbachia

Wolbachia is an obligatory, maternally inherited intracellular bacterium, known to infect a wide range of arthropods. It has been implicated in causing cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), parthenogenesis, the feminization of genetic males and male-killing in different hosts. However, the molecular mechanisms by which this fastidious bacterium causes these reproductive abnormalities have not yet been determined. In this study, we report on the cloning and characterization of the gene encoding phage-related tail protein (PrTP) from Wolbachia in Drosophila melanogaster CantonS (wMelCS) and from Wolbachia in Drosophila melanogaster yw67c23 (wMel) by representational difference analysis (RDA) and ligation-mediated PCR (LM-PCR). The functionality of a bipartite nuclear localization signal sequence (NLS) of the gene was also successfully tested in Drosophila S2 cells. PrTP expression in various strains of Wolbachia was investigated. Our results suggest that PrTP may not induce CI directly. However, the existence of prtp provided direct evidence of phage-mediated horizontal gene transfer (HGT) that might play an important role in a variety of reproductive abnormalities of Wolbachia.     

Isolation and characterization of a potential transposable element from Wolbachia

Wolbachia are a group of Rickettsia-like bacteria which parasitize the cells of a wide range of anthropoid. These microorganisms are associated with the reproductive and developmental abnormalities io their hosts. To study the molecular mechanism underlying such phenomena, we analyzed the genomic difference between Wolbachia with different cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) phenotype using representational difference analysis method. A potential transposable element, which exists in the strong CI-inducing strain wRi, was isolated. This element was designated as Wolbachia insertion sequence element (WISE).     

The wMel Wolbachia strain blocks dengue and invades caged Aedes aegypti populations

Dengue fever is the most important mosquito-borne viral disease of humans with more than 50 million cases estimated annually in more than 100 countries. Disturbingly, the geographic range of dengue is currently expanding and the severity of outbreaks is increasing. Control options for dengue are very limited and currently focus on reducing population abundance of the major mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti. These strategies are failing to reduce dengue incidence in tropical communities and there is an urgent need for effective alternatives. It has been proposed that endosymbiotic bacterial Wolbachia infections of insects might be used in novel strategies for dengue control. For example, the wMelPop-CLA Wolbachia strain reduces the lifespan of adult A. aegypti mosquitoes in stably transinfected lines. This life-shortening phenotype was predicted to reduce the potential for dengue transmission. The recent discovery that several Wolbachia infections, including wMelPop-CLA, can also directly influence the susceptibility of insects to infection with a range of insect and human pathogens has markedly changed the potential for Wolbachia infections to control human diseases. Here we describe the successful transinfection of A. aegypti with the avirulent wMel strain of Wolbachia, which induces the reproductive phenotype cytoplasmic incompatibility with minimal apparent fitness costs and high maternal transmission, providing optimal phenotypic effects for invasion. Under semi-field conditions, the wMel strain increased from an initial starting frequency of 0.65 to near fixation within a few generations, invading A. aegypti populations at an accelerated rate relative to trials with the wMelPop-CLA strain. We also show that wMel and wMelPop-CLA strains block transmission of dengue serotype 2 (DENV-2) in A. aegypti, forming the basis of a practical approach to dengue suppression.     

Wolbachia在灰飞虱体内的分布

灰飞虱（Laodelphax striatellus)能传播水稻条纹叶枯病,是我国主要的水稻害虫,有些灰飞虱体内含有细胞内共生菌－Wolbachia。Wolbachia是一种细胞质遗传的细胞内共生菌,这类细菌改变了宿主的生殖行为,引起细胞质不相容（CI）,雌性化及孤雌生殖等现象,导致带有Wolbachia的宿主具有生殖优势。采用PCR和Western杂交的方法分析Wolbachia的灰飞虱体内不同组织的分布状况,发现灰飞虱体内Wolbachia除存在于生殖组织外,还广泛分布在头、胸、腹、唾液腺、消化道等非生殖组织中。这种广泛的分布状态说明Wolbachia是在昆虫体内引入、表达与传播外源基因的良好媒介。     

Somatic stem cell niche tropism in Wolbachia

Wolbachia are intracellular bacteria found in the reproductive tissue of all major groups of arthropods. They are transmitted vertically from the female hosts to their offspring, in a pattern analogous to mitochondria inheritance. But Wolbachia phylogeny does not parallel that of the host, indicating that horizontal infectious transmission must also occur. Insect parasitoids are considered the most likely vectors, but the mechanism for horizontal transfer is largely unknown. Here we show that newly introduced Wolbachia cross several tissues and infect the germline of the adult Drosophila melanogaster female. Through investigation of bacterial migration patterns during the course of infection, we found that Wolbachia reach the germline through the somatic stem cell niche in the D. melanogaster germarium. In addition, our data suggest that Wolbachia are highly abundant in the somatic stem cell niche of long-term infected hosts, implying that this location may also contribute to efficient vertical transmission. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of an intracellular parasite displaying tropism for a stem cell niche.     

Successful establishment of Wolbachia in Aedes populations to suppress dengue transmission

Genetic manipulations of insect populations for pest control have been advocated for some time, but there are few cases where manipulated individuals have been released in the field and no cases where they have successfully invaded target populations. Population transformation using the intracellular bacterium Wolbachia is particularly attractive because this maternally-inherited agent provides a powerful mechanism to invade natural populations through cytoplasmic incompatibility. When Wolbachia are introduced into mosquitoes, they interfere with pathogen transmission and influence key life history traits such as lifespan. Here we describe how the wMel Wolbachia infection, introduced into the dengue vector Aedes aegypti from Drosophila melanogaster, successfully invaded two natural A. aegypti populations in Australia, reaching near-fixation in a few months following releases of wMel-infected A. aegypti adults. Models with plausible parameter values indicate that Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes suffered relatively small fitness costs, leading to an unstable equilibrium frequency <30% that must be exceeded for invasion. These findings demonstrate that Wolbachia-based strategies can be deployed as a practical approach to dengue suppression with potential for area-wide implementation.     

A host parasite interaction rescues Drosophila oogenesis defects

The cytoplasmically inherited bacterium Wolbachia pipientis is a widespread parasite of arthropods that manipulates the reproductive biology of its hosts, often to their detriment, in order to foster its own transmission through egg cytoplasm. Here we report that infection by Wolbachia restores fertility to Drosophila melanogaster mutant females prevented from making eggs by protein-coding lesions in Sex-lethal (Sxl), the master regulator of sex determination. Suppression of sterility by Wolbachia discriminates markedly among similar germline-specific Sxl alleles, and is not observed for mutations in other genes that produce similar 'tumorous ovary' phenotypes, including one that blocks Sxl germline expression. This allele and gene specificity indicates that suppression probably results from a specific interaction with Sxl protein, rather than from a bypass of the normal germline requirement for this developmental regulator or from an effect on Sxl expression. The Sxl-Wolbachia interaction provides a rare opportunity to explore host-parasite relationships at the molecular level in a model insect. Furthermore, demonstration that a parasite infection can counteract the deleterious effects of mutations in host genes illustrates how hosts might become dependent on parasites.