Implementing Both Domestic Wastewater Reuse and Sludge Reduction by a Combination of Anaerobic Phase and Membrane bioreactor

The aim of the research was to obtain both an excellent effluent for reuse and a reduced sludge production simultaneously by a combination process of anaerobic phase and Membrane bioreactor （MBR） technology in treating domestic wastewater. During the experimental period of three months, excellent removals for COD, NH3-H, TN were obtained, and mean removals were 91.87%, 96.13%, and 69. 23%, respectively. Whereas, at first 20 days, the removal for TP was only about 15.87%. In the following days, about 30% of raw water was introduced into the anaerobic reactor to supply organics for denitrificatien and release of polyphosphate, then a significant improvement for TP removal was observed, and mean removal of TP increased to 76.35%. During the operational period, it was investigated that the permeate could meet the requirements of several water criteria for reuse except free chlorine, and a mean excess sludge yield coefficient of 0.137 g MLSS/g COD was obtained. Therefore, the predicted goals of permeate for reuse and excess sludge reduction could be both achieved after dosing a certain quantity of disinfectant into the permeate.     

Experimental Study on Minimization of Sludge Production by Ozonation Process

Based on the hypothesis of reducing sludge production under cryptic growth conditions, ozone was used as cell lysis agent to treat excess sludge, and then the ozonated supernatant was returned to. the aeration tank. The results show that COD and NH4+-N removal efficiencies in ozonation process were 87.96% and 84.42%, respectively. Meanwhile, a low excess sludge yield coefficient of 0.113 (g SS/g COD removed) was obtained. Compared with that of the control test, the process configuration decreased the excess sludge production by 51.3%.     

Efficient Degradation 4-Nitrophenol by Photocatalysis from Modified TiO2 Doped Copper

In the present study,a film consisting of TiO_2 doped with copper was prepared for efficiently decomposing 4-nitrophenol(4-NP) by photocatalysis.The preparing process of TiO_2 doped with copper includes two procedures:preparing Ti(OH)_4 doped with copper and synthesizing anatase and rutile TiO_2 doped with copper.Ti(OH)_4 doped with copper could be achieved by hydrolyzing TiCl_4in the mixed solution containing deionized water and copper oxalate.The Ti(OH)_4 doped with copper can be gained successfully by the following procedures:rinsing,drying and vacuum drying.The Ti(OH)_4 doped with copper could be converted into anatase TiO_2 doped with copper and rutile TiO_2 doped with copper by incineration for 4.5 h at 723 and 1 073 K,respectively.Characterizations of anatase TiO_2 doped with copper and rutile TiO_2 doped with copper were determined by X-ray diffraction(XRD) and energy dispersion of X-ray(EDX).Anatase and rutile TiO_2 doped with copper were dissolved in a mixed solution containing isopropanol and diethylamine.Stainless electrode was submerged into with the solutions,the film of TiO_2 was formed by drying the thin layer at a ramp rate of 3℃/min until 373 K,and this temperature was held for 1 h.The temperature of the oven was subsequently increased to a final temperature of 823 K at a ramp rate of 3℃/min,and was held at this value for 1 h.The stainless steel covered with modified TiO_2 film was utilized as the anode.The stainless steel mesh was used as the cathode.The cathode and anode were connected with the source and immersed into the solution with 100 mg/L 4-NP.The whole reaction on photocatalysis was perfectly carried out after ultraviolet radiation and aerator were run.The experimental results showed that:cracking ratio of 4-NP ring,the removal ratio of chemical oxygen demand(COD) and total organic carbon(TOC) were respectively more than 90%,80% and 80% within 2 h.Degradation of 4-NP implied its potential application in associated wastewater.     

Mechanism on impact of internal-electrolysis pretreatment on biodegradability of yeast wastewater

The internal-electrolysis （IE） process can be used as pretreatment to improve the biodegradability of yeast wastewater. The water before and after IE pretreatment was analyzed by UV, GPC, GC-MS to determine the changes in its chemical composition. The mechanism on the improvement of biodegrad- ability by the IE process was discussed in two aspects according to the changes of chemical composition. （i） Some reactions occurred during the IE process, such as hydrolytic reaction, cracking, and redox reaction. Thus, the cyclic structure opened and changed into chains, and the macromolecular compounds were spilt to small molecule substances. All these reactions tended to simplify the structure of molecules and increase the donating electron groups so as to improve the biodegradability. （ii） The small molecule acids and alcohols in raw water or produced by the internal electrolysis process could be removed through volatilization and electrochemical adhesion, which was conducive to the removal of COD and the improvement of biodegradability of yeast wastewater.     

Degradation of the antibiotic sulfamonomethoxine sodium in aqueous solution by photo-Fenton oxidation

In this study, photo-Fenton oxidation was applied to degradation of sulfamonomethoxine sodium (SMMS) in aqueous solution. The operation parameters of pH, temperature, and concentrations of H2O2, Fe2+ and SMMS were investigated. The optimum conditions for the photo-Fenton process were determined as follows: [SMMS]=4.53 mg/L, pH 4.0, [H2O2]=0.49 mmol/L, [Fe2+]= 19.51 μmol/L and T=25°C. Under these conditions 98.5% of the SMMS degraded. The kinetics were also studied, and degradation of SMMS by the photo-Fenton process could be described by first-order kinetics. The apparent activation energy was calculated as 23.95 kJ/mol. Mineralization of the process was investigated by measuring the chemical oxygen demand (COD), and the COD decreased by 99% after 120 min. This process could be used as a pretreatment method for wastewater containing sulfamonomethoxine sodium.     

Performance of Sequencing Biofilm Batch Reactor（SBBR） under Micro-aerobic Condition for Aniline-Contaminated Wastewater Treatment

The performance of sequencing biofilm batch reactor（ SBBR） under micro-aerobic condition for aniline-contaminated wastewater treatment was investigated in this study. Dissolved oxygen（ DO） and aniline concentrations were selected as the operating variables to analyze,model,and optimize the process. In order to analyze the process,5 dependent parameters,chemical oxygen demand（ COD）,aniline,ammonium,total nitrogen（ TN）,and total phosphorous（ TP） removal as the process responses were studied. From the results, increase in DO concentration could promote the removal of COD,aniline,ammonium,and TN,while increase in aniline concentration has a slightly negative impact on the removal of pollutants. The optimum DO concentration was found to be 0. 4-0. 5 mg /L. The removal efficiencies for COD,aniline,ammonium,and TN at the optimum point（ DO concentration0. 5 mg /L,aniline concentration 11 mg /L） were 95. 84%,100%,75. 72%,and 45. 39%,respectively. The oxidative deamination was the main degradation method for aniline under micro-aerobic condition. Simultaneously nitrification-denitrification（ SND）process performed under micro-aerobic condition and about 20%-40% nitrogen was removed by SND.     

Different Performances of H2O2 to Oxidise Aldicarb and Hexazinone in the Advanced Oxidation Process of Ozone/Hydrogen Peroxide

The degradations of hexazinone and aldicarb by direct ozonation combined an advanced oxidation process（ AOP） of O3/H2O2 were investigated in this study focusing on the oxidation mechanism by identifying the hydrogen peroxide consumption during the oxidation process of the two chemicals. The results showed that H2O2 could enhance the removal rate of the triazine herbicide hexazinone,and it was consumed along with the variation of removal rate in the light of different pH levels. The addition of H2O2 contributed little to the removal of the thiocarbamate herbicide aldicarb and H2O2 content kept constantly throughout the degradation process. Tert-butyl alcohol（ TBA） effectively scavenged the ·OH radical for hexazinone,but had no effect on the removal rate of aldicarb. Aldicarb removal was mainly attributed to direct ozonation molecule in both O3（ 97.00%） and O3/H2O2（ 96.76%）systems. Moreover,sole O3 could hardly oxidize hexazinone whereas·OH radicals contribute respective 74.70% and 97.50% of removal in O3 system and O3/H2O2 AOP. All of these findings suggest that the mechanism of ·OH radical generation and the chain reaction in O3/H2O2 AOP should be further discussed.     

Control for Modified University of Cape Town Process Using Oxidation-Reduction Potential in the Second Anoxic Zone

The aim of this work is to evaluate the feasibility of applying the technology of oxidation-reduction potential(ORP)control on the municipal wastewater treatment system for nitrogen and phosphorus removal.Meanwhile the relation between the optimal ORP(ORP opt)and influent C/N ratio was evaluated,in which the influent chemical oxygen demand(COD)concentration was stabilized at(290±10)mg/L,the influent total phosphorus(TP)concentration was stabilized at(7.0±0.5)mg/L.The results indicated that:(1)the ORP in the second anoxic zone had effect on nitrogen and phosphorus removal capability,and the average percentages of phosphorus uptake in ANO2zone(ηa)increased with increasing ORP,i.e.,increasing from 12.0%at-143 mV to22.0%,30.0%,37.0%,and 45.0%at-123,-111,-105 and-95 mV,respectively;(2)the ORP opt as function of influent C/N ratio could be calculated by the equation:y=252.73e(-x/3.39)-131.01;the maximum percentage of phosphorus uptake in ANO2as function of the ORP opt could be calculated by the equation:y=-0.49 e(x/15.58)+1.51.The ORP opt was the important process control parameter that must be optimized for operation of enhanced biological phosphorus removal(EBPR)system.Moreover,ORP sensor is very simple,and the industrial applications of this strategy is practical.     

Efficient photo-assisted Fenton oxidation treatment of multi-walled carbon nanotubes

In this paper,a new and efficient way to oxidize and functionalize the multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) has been developed by using a combination of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and Fenton oxida-tion process,namely UV/Fenton oxidation treatment. Comparing with conventionally individual Fenton oxidation treatment of MWNTs,UV/Fenton combined treatment improved the etching rates and effi-ciencies and hence reduced the time for surface modification of MWNTs,which was proved to be an effective method in etching and functionalizing CNTs. The formation of new functional groups,struc-tural changes and thermal stability during oxidation period were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),Raman spectroscopy and could be clarified by thermogravimetric analy-sis (TGA),which showed that it was under UV irradiation conditions that MWNTs could be rapidly functionalized with hydroxyl,carbonyl and carboxyl groups in the presence of Fenton reagents,origi-nating from the increase in the gross HO· concentration and the existent synergetic effect when using UV irradiation combing with Fenton oxidation process. Introduction of such new oxygen-containing functional groups was attributed to attacks of HO· on defect sites and unsaturated bonds of C=C in the MWNTs sample,which should play an important role in accounting for the FTIR and Raman spectral changes.     

Passivation Mechanism of 316L Stainless Steel in Oxidizing Acid Solution

The compositions and the chemical valence states of elements of 316L stainless steel passive film formed in the oxidizing acid solution were studied by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopic (XPS) analysis. The electrochemical polarization curve was measured. The passivation process in the oxidizing acid solution was studied by AC impedance technology. The results indicated that the stable compounds layer was formed on the surface of the sample and the adsorption was the main step in the nitrite solution during passivation process. The catalysis passivation mechanism was put forward according to the experimental results. During passivation process, the water molecule was adsorbed on the surface of the sample at first in the oxidizing acid solution. The oxidizer in the solution played a role as catalyst. The oxide and hydroxide, which could be changed each other and finally formed stable passive film, were generated from adsorbing intermediate under the catalytic action. The mathematical models for predicting the steady polarization curve and the AC impedance spectra at certain conditions have been obtained. The passivation mechanism of 316L stainless steel in the oxidizing acid solution can be interpreted by the catalysis passivation mechanism.     

ABR-BAF组合工艺处理大蒜切片废水

研究了厌氧折流板反应器(anaerobic baffled reactor, ABR)与曝气生物滤池(biological aerated filter,BAF)的组合工艺处理大蒜切片废水的运行特点。结果表明：ABR的最佳水力停留时间（HRT）为24?h,有机负荷(COD)小于6?kg/m3·d为宜,COD的平均去除率可达87%;BAF的最佳HRT为16?h,最佳气水比为10∶1,进水有机负荷(COD)宜保持在1.1～1.4?kg/m3·d,COD的平均去除率为82.0%。ABR BAF组合工艺COD总去除率保持在98.4%～98.7%之间,出水的COD质量浓度为79～94?mg/L,出水水质满足GB8978 1996《污水综合排放标准》一级标准。     

ABR—BAF组合工艺处理大蒜切片废水

研究了厌氧折流板反应器（almerobic baffled reactor,ABR）与曝气生物滤池（biological aerated filter,BAF）的组合工艺处理大蒜切片废水的运行特点。结果表明：ABR的最佳水力停留时间（HRT）为24h,有机负荷（COD）小于6ks／m^3·d为宜,COD的平均去除率可达87％;BAF的最佳HRT为16h,最佳气水比为10：1,进水有机负荷（COD）宜保持在1．1～1．4kg／m^3·d,COD的平均去除率为82．0％。ABR-BAF组合工艺COD总去除率保持在98．4％～98．7％之间,出水的COD质量浓度为79～94mg／L,出水水质满足GB8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》一级标准。     

大蒜切片废水处理的组合工艺实验研究

研究填料厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)—活性污泥—水生植物的组合工艺处理大蒜切片加工废水的运行特点.结果表明:填料ABR单元的最佳HRT为20 h,有机负荷小于COD 7.8 kg/(m3.d)为宜,在此工况下,COD的平均去除率可达92.5%;活性污泥法单元的最佳HRT为12 h,进水有机负荷宜保持在COD 0.8~1.2 kg/(m3.d)之间,在此工况下,COD的平均去除率为81.0%;水生植物单元的最佳HRT为3.5 d,在此最佳HRT下,COD的去除率为42.6%.该组合工艺COD总去除率保持在99.37%~99.42%之间,出水的COD浓度为38~41 mg/L,出水水质能稳定达到国家一级A排放标准.     

低浓度染色废水的臭氧-活性炭在线脱色及其回用的研究

利用臭氧脱色和活性嶷吸附联用技术在线连续处理印染加工中的低浓度废水。考察了多种染料利用臭氧-活性炭吸附联用在线处理的效果，以及臭氧用量、温度、pH值、盐分对废水脱色率的影响。结果表明，用谊工艺处理大多数水溶性染料废水都有较好的效果。低浓度的染色洗涤废水处理后，出水接近无色，CODCr去除率在80％以上，回用于后道水洗工序效果良好，从而达到减少染色加工用水的目的。     

填充床电化学反应器处理甲基橙废水影响因素研究

采用活性炭(AC)填充型电化学反应器模拟甲基橙废水进行实验研究,分析不同阳极类型对甲基橙废水色度和化学需氧量(COD)去除效率的影响.实验结果显示,PbO2/Ti阳极较RuO2/Ti、IrO2-Ta2O5/Ti阳极对甲基橙废水具有更好的脱色及COD降解效率,经150min电催化氧化,色度及COD去除率分别可达98.14%和54.22%.在此基础上,采用单因素实验方法,研究甲基橙初始浓度、电解质质量浓度及电流密度对甲基橙废水电催化氧化效率的影响,并计算不同电流密度下体系的电流效率(ACE)及能耗(Esp).结果表明,在甲基橙初始浓度200mg/L,电解质质量浓度3%,电流密度30A/m2时,色度及COD去除率最高达98.89%和55.28%,ACE最高为65.86%,能耗最低为COD:11.19kWh/kg.     

AOPs对黄石市垃圾渗滤液的预处理研究

针对垃圾渗滤液可生化性较差、处理效果不理想的现实,采用单一和多种高级氧化技术复合的方法对黄石市西塞垃圾填埋场的渗滤液进行了预处理.结果发现,尽管单一微波法去除COD不理想,但处理后垃圾渗滤液的生物降解性得到了一定提高;复合方法中以光照-Fenton-微波法预处理效果最佳,在pH=3,FeSO4·7H2O固体的投加量为0.4%,光照并曝气1h,在微波炉中以900W辐照6min,H2O2/FeSO4·7H2O固体的质量比为3的条件下,光照-Fenton-微波法对COD的去除率高达61.8%,预处理效果令人满意.     

活性炭吸附法处理染料废水

研究了活性炭对染料废水色度和COD的去除率，考察了温度、pH值和活性炭量对废水脱色率的影响．结果表明．活性炭量是脱色率的主要影响因素．室温下．初始浓度为250mg／L时，处理酸性品红、碱性品红、活性黑B-133染料废水的活性炭最佳用量分别为0．8％、1．0％、2．0％．脱色率均在97％以上．COD去除率分别为63．28％、95．66％、84．62％．     

脉冲水解酸化-A/O生物反应器处理石化废水的中试研究及微生物群落结构解析

 采用自行设计的脉冲布水器,建造脉冲水解酸化-A/O（厌氧好氧工艺法）中试装置处理实际石化废水。水解酸化池和A/O的容积分别2.6 m³和3.9 m³;脉冲布水器的频次为10次/h;A/O池污泥龄25 d,污泥回流比100%,温度15~32℃。反应器稳定运行近7个月的结果表明：尽管进水化学需氧量（COD）和氨氮波动较大,但出水COD和氨氮的去除率保持稳定。在进水COD质量浓度为（458±107）mg·L^-1,系统COD去除率为80%,其中脉冲水解酸化池（PHA）的COD去除率为29%。进水氨氮质量浓度为（35.9±11.3）mg·L^-1,系统氨氮的去除率为86%。UV₂₅₄和TN的平均去除率约为58%,TP去除率可达86%。PHA泥水混合良好,出水挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）浓度比进水提高近1倍,BOD₅（5天生化需氧量）/COD值比进水提高35%,显示其良好的水解酸化效果,并可提高进水的可生化性。Ilumina Miseq测序结果表明：变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）是主要的优势菌群,所占的比例在50%以上。在属的水平上,Anaerolineaceae和Clostridiales在水解酸化池中丰度较高;A/O池中丰度较高的菌属为Flexibacter,Thiobacillu,Nitrosomonadaceae和Nitrospira。通过反应器各段不同微生物种群的共同作用,石化废水中复杂的有机污染物得以有效降解。结果表明,脉冲布水水解酸化-A/O工艺是一种很有前途的石化废水处理技术,并可应用于其他工业废水的处理。     

混凝-SBR法联合处理造纸废水

探讨了混凝法、SBR法以及混凝-SBR法联合工艺对造纸废水的处理效果,分析了混凝剂种类、混凝剂用量、pH值、搅拌速度等因素对造纸废水混凝处理效果的影响.结果表明,聚合硫酸铁（PFS）对造纸废水的混凝处理效果优于硫酸铁和硫酸铝.正交实验结果表明PFS投加量对混凝处理效果有显著影响.直接采用混凝法和SBR法处理造纸废水的效...     

基于PbO_2电极电化学降解对硝基苯酚的研究

本工作采用电化学方法,制备钛基PbO2电极,用于对硝基苯酚溶液进行电化学降解.考察了溶液pH值、电流强度、支持电解质浓度等因素对对硝基苯酚去除率的影响,确定了对硝基苯酚电化学降解的最佳反应条件,并就对硝基苯酚的电化学降解历程进行了简要分析,提出了对硝基苯酚的可能降解途径.