Cattle movements and bovine tuberculosis in Great Britain

For 20 years, bovine tuberculosis (BTB) has been spreading in Great Britain (England, Wales and Scotland) and is now endemic in the southwest and parts of central England and in southwest Wales, and occurs sporadically elsewhere. Although its transmission pathways remain poorly understood, the disease's distribution was previously modelled statistically by using environmental variables and measures of their seasonality. Movements of infected animals have long been considered a critical factor in the spread of livestock diseases, as reflected in strict import/export regulations, the extensive movement restrictions imposed during the 2001 foot-and-mouth disease outbreak, the tracing procedures after a new case of BTB has been confirmed and the Government's recently published strategic framework for the sustainable control on BTB. Since January 2001 it has been mandatory for stock-keepers in Great Britain to notify the British Cattle Movement Service of all cattle births, movements and deaths. Here we show that movements as recorded in the Cattle Tracing System data archive, and particularly those from areas where BTB is reported, consistently outperform environmental, topographic and other anthropogenic variables as the main predictor of disease occurrence. Simulation distribution models for 2002 and 2003, incorporating all predictor categories, are presented and used to project distributions for 2004 and 2005.     

当代英国价值教育评介

本文介绍了当代英国价值教育的社会基础、有关的法规和政策、主要内容和途径和价值教育方法的综合化趋势，英国的价值教育对我国教育发展与改革有较大的启示。     

Nitrates, nitrites and gastric cancer in Great Britain

Nitrate and nitrite were measured in the saliva of two populations who differed in their risk of developing gastric cancer. Surprisingly, the levels of both ions were significantly higher in the low-risk group.     

工业化之前英国教育观念的变化

劳动力素质的提高是工业化发源于英国的一个决定性因素,其中教育观念的变化在教会创办学校和英国民众接受教育方面起到了重要的推动作用,主要表现在两个方面:第一,教会大力兴办教育,极大地扩大了受教育的范围和人数;第二,不断扩大的基础教育促进了英国国民素质的普遍提高。试图分析这些变化的原因、主要表现、结果及影响。     

英国早期殖民扩张与民族国家发展

英国近代早期的殖民扩张 ,是同民族国家的形成与发展联系在一起的。英国民族国家形成时期的殖民扩张 ,是都铎“新君主制”和民族国家发展的伴随物 ,是大英帝国奠基的先导。这个漫长而曲折的发展过程经过了大约一个半世纪 ,构成英帝国前史。民族国家的利己性和排他性 ,驱使英国人反对包括罗马教皇、西班牙人、葡萄牙人、汉萨人等在内的外国势力对英格兰民族国家的束缚、限制与威胁 ;英国人把海外殖民扩张视为实现英格兰民族平等发展的神圣权利 ,他们在反对外国人的斗争中逐渐增强了民族意识和民族精神 ;打败西班牙人不但提高了英格兰民族的自信心 ,而且扫除了他们通向海外殖民扩张道路上的最大障碍 ,为斯图亚特王朝时期英国海外殖民贸易帝国的建立和发展准备了有利条件。     

试析不列颠早期城镇化过程中的罗马因素

不列颠早期城镇化过程包含两个阶段。一是凯撒入侵至克劳狄征服不列颠。这一时期罗马影响主要体现在对不列颠的政治控制、与不列颠的贸易互动以及罗马人向不列颠的移民等。其二是克劳狄征服后的罗马不列颠时期。这一时期引进罗马因素,推进城镇化政策,建立重要的要塞和城镇;罗马文化影响着不列颠,也促进不列颠城镇罗马化,使不列颠逐渐效法罗马。而在不列颠早期城镇化过程中,罗马帝国所坚持的原则是在减少管理成本获得收益的同时,也给予不列颠人获得好处的权利,从而达到了与不列颠的合作与共赢。