桂林毛村地下河流域岩溶关键带碳循环研究

本文系统总结了桂林毛村地下河观测站在岩溶关键带垂向上碳循环的监测工作,为基地进入岩溶关键带监测网络奠定基础。对岩溶植被层-土壤层-岩石层-地下水无缝连续体的碳循环监测,包括不同地质背景下典型植被的光合速率、自然植被下凋落物的分解(植被层)、不同土地利用方式下土壤碳库的组成及转化、土壤微生物及有机酸对碳酸盐岩的溶蚀(土壤层)、洞穴CO2浓度及同位素的变化(气体-岩石作用层)、流域水体无机碳特征、外源水对岩溶碳汇过程的促进(地下水层)等方面。经过长期的科研积累,形成一套包括岩溶生物地球化学、岩溶水文过程、同位素示踪技术等在内的野外及室内研究方法,为流域尺度岩溶关键带碳循环的研究提供了技术支持和理论基础。但岩溶关键带碳循环过程中的生物作用及现代CO2在岩溶关键带中的周转时间研究较少,亟待加强。桂林毛村地下河流域岩溶关键带碳循环的研究具有地域优势和学术优势,适合成为我国岩溶关键带监测站。     

凋落叶分解对土壤微生物数量和组成的影响

研究了8个树种凋落叶分解对土壤微生物数量和组成的影响.结果表明:凋落叶分解影响下的土壤中真菌数量比例明显高于对照土壤中的,说明真菌是凋落叶的重要分解者;凋落叶在分解前期,细菌所占比例最高,真菌和放线菌所占比例较低,而分解后期,细菌比例下降,真菌和放线菌比例上升;南洋楹、大叶相思、马占相思和荷木等树种凋落叶分解影响下的土壤微生物量较大,种类比较丰富,细菌所占比例较高,有较好的土壤微生物效应,而湿地松和马尾松凋落叶的土壤微生物效应则较差.     

不同凋落叶分解的土壤微生物效应

研究了8个树种凋落叶分解的土壤微生物效应．结果表明：凋落叶分解影响下的土壤与空白对照土壤相比，微生物生物量有明显提高，且分解越快的凋落叶，在其影响下土壤微生物生物量越大；南洋楹、大叶相思、马占相思和荷木等树种凋落叶分解影响下的土壤微生物量较大，有较好的土壤微生物效应，而湿地松和马尾松凋落叶的土壤微生物效应则较差．     

四川盆地深层微生物碳酸盐岩储层特征及其油气勘探前景

微生物碳酸盐岩是油气勘探储层的新类型。四川盆地微生物碳酸盐岩储层主要发育在上震旦统灯影组和中三叠统雷口坡组。灯影组微生物碳酸盐岩储层主要发育在灯二段和灯四段。灯影组微生物碳酸盐岩遍布全盆,岩石结构具有全盆地相似性,灯二段以凝块石和葡萄石为主,灯四段以纹层石和叠层石为主。灯二段储集空间主要为喀斯特孔洞、葡萄-花边状孔洞、微生物体腔孔、微生物格架间孔和凝块间溶孔,灯四段则以窗格孔和喀斯特孔洞为主。灯影组微生物碳酸盐岩优质储层形成的主控因素是微生物席、白云石化和风化壳喀斯特作用。雷口坡组微生物碳酸盐岩主要分布在川西地区的雷四段,主要为叠层石和凝块石,储集空间主要为微生物窗格孔和格架孔。雷口坡组微生物碳酸盐岩优质储层形成的主控因素是微生物礁滩（微生物席）、白云石化和埋藏溶蚀作用。目前,在灯影组和雷四段微生物碳酸盐岩储层均已发现大型气田,并具有非常广阔的勘探前景。四川盆地西部中北段是深层－超深层海相领域油气勘探的最有利地区之一。     

Evidence that decomposition rates of organic carbon in mineral soil do not vary with temperature

It has been suggested that increases in temperature can accelerate the decomposition of organic carbon contained in forest mineral soil (Cs), and, therefore, that global warming should increase the release of soil organic carbon to the atmosphere. These predictions assume, however, that decay constants can be accurately derived from short-term laboratory incubations of soil or that in situ incubations of fresh litter accurately represent the temperature sensitivity of Cs decomposition. But our limited understanding of the biophysical factors that control Cs decomposition rates, and observations of only minor increases in Cs decomposition rate with temperature in longer-term forest soil heating experiments and in latitudinal comparisons of Cs decomposition rates bring these predictions into question. Here we have compiled Cs decomposition data from 82 sites on five continents. We found that Cs decomposition rates were remarkably constant across a global-scale gradient in mean annual temperature. These data suggest that Cs decomposition rates for forest soils are not controlled by temperature limitations to microbial activity, and that increased temperature alone will not stimulate the decomposition of forest-derived carbon in mineral soil.     

Carbonate rock dissolution rates in different landuses and their carbon sink effect

Research on karst processes is important for the determination of their carbon sink potential,as is research into terrestrial ecosystems in karst areas.Solutional denudation rates of soils from three karst spring watersheds supporting different land uses were studied.Solution rates showed a distinct pattern based on land use,with a generally higher rate being recorded in forest use soil.The mean values for tablet dissolution from the cultivated land,shrublands,secondary forest,grassland and primary forest were 4.02,7.0,40.0,20.0,63.5 t km-2 a-1 respectively.Changes in vegetation patterns could improve the size of karst carbon sinks;for example,in this study the carbon sink was 3 times higher in primary forest than in secondary forest soil and 9 times higher than under shrubland,equating to an increase from 5.71-7.02 to 24.86-26.17 t km-2 a-1 from cultivated land or shrub to secondary forest and to primary forest,respectively.     

Nitrogen limitation of microbial decomposition in a grassland under elevated CO2

Carbon accumulation in the terrestrial biosphere could partially offset the effects of anthropogenic CO2 emissions on atmospheric CO2. The net impact of increased CO2 on the carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems is unclear, however, because elevated CO2 effects on carbon input to soils and plant use of water and nutrients often have contrasting effects on microbial processes. Here we show suppression of microbial decomposition in an annual grassland after continuous exposure to increased CO2 for five growing seasons. The increased CO2 enhanced plant nitrogen uptake, microbial biomass carbon, and available carbon for microbes. But it reduced available soil nitrogen, exacerbated nitrogen constraints on microbes, and reduced microbial respiration per unit biomass. These results indicate that increased CO2 can alter the interaction between plants and microbes in favour of plant utilization of nitrogen, thereby slowing microbial decomposition and increasing ecosystem carbon accumulation.     

石灰土剖面Th富集的地球化学研究

选择黔中岩溶地区的4条石灰3：-44面作为研究对象,通过精细采样分析,讨论了石灰土形成过程中Th富集的地球化学特征及行为．结果表明：1）岩一土界面是Th发生显著富集的重要地球化学作用场所,主要表现为岩一土界面反应中伴随碳酸盐快速溶蚀导致体积巨大缩小变化后的残余富集．在此过程中,Th表现出明显的惰性．2）在石灰土剖面形成和演化过程中,Th的地球化学行为可能因剖面间存在的微环境差异而有所不同．对于发育浅薄的剖面,Th受铁氧／氢氧化物和粘土矿物的吸附而表现出惰性;对于发育相对深厚的剖面,Th表现出明显的活性,其行为不受铁氧／氢氧化物和粘土矿物的明显影响．     

洪泽湖湿地植被类型对土壤有机碳粒径分布及微生物群落结构特征的影响

[目的]研究不同植被覆盖下湿地土壤有机碳组成、微生物群落结构的特征,为合理开发利用、恢复和保护湿地生态功能提供依据.[方法]以江苏洪泽湖与淮河交汇区湿地自然植被类型(湖草滩、芦苇滩)和人工植被类型(杨树林、柳树林)的土壤为研究对象,应用物理分组的方法研究土壤不同粒径(<2μm、≥2～63μm、≥63～200μm、≥20...     

退化喀斯特植被恢复过程中土壤微生物生物量碳的变化

土壤微生物生物量是表征退化喀斯特植被恢复过程中土壤质量的重要特征之一。笔者以贵州花江喀斯特高原生态综合治理示范区内土壤为研究对象,分析了退化喀斯特植被恢复过程中不同生境、不同层次、根际和非根际土壤微生物生物量碳的变化特征。结果表明:退化喀斯特植被恢复过程中土壤中的微生物生物量碳存在较大差异。随着退化喀斯特植被的恢复,土壤微生物生物量碳明显上升,从大到小表现为乔木群落阶段、灌木群落阶段、草本群落阶段、裸地阶段,反映出土壤质量在逐渐恢复;土壤微生物生物量碳的变化特征在不同生境间从大到小主要表现为裸地和草本群落阶段为石沟、土面、石槽,灌木群落阶段和乔林阶段为石槽、土面、石沟;土壤剖面上均呈明显的垂直分布特征,即随土层深度的增加,呈递减趋势,根际和根外变化明显,表现为根际高于非根际。     

不同土壤灭菌方法对土壤微生物活性的影响

灭菌处理是土壤生态学、微生物学及其相关学科的一种重要研究手段,灭菌效果的好坏直接关系到后续研究的进行及其结果的准确性.常用土壤灭菌方法的灭菌效果及其评估仍然存在很大的不确定性.本文选取目前常用的3种灭菌方法,即高温高压蒸汽法、氯仿熏蒸法及辐射灭菌法,对不同背景的土壤样品进行灭菌.通过改变灭菌次数及灭菌间隔时间,观察灭菌后土壤微生物呼吸速率的变化.结果表明:(1)常规氯仿熏蒸灭菌后土壤微生物呼吸速率并不完全随着微生物量的减小而降低,说明单纯从土壤微生物量的角度不能准确界定灭菌效果以及解析微生物在土壤生态过程中的作用;(2)高温高压蒸汽比常规氯仿熏蒸和辐射灭菌方法有更好的土壤微生物灭活效果.实际应用中采用高温高压蒸汽灭菌时,建议采用灭菌2次、时间间隔为3d的灭菌处理;在相关研究中,对使用该方法灭菌效果的分析研究最佳时间不宜超过2d.     

Characteristics of strontium isotopes and their implications in the Qixing Cave of Guizhou,China

The strontium isotopic compositions (87Sr/86Sr) of samples including soils, bedrock, soil waters, drip waters and their corresponding speleothems in the Qixing Cave (QXC), Guizhou Province, China, were systemically measured and analyzed. The results indicate that there are significant Sr isotopic differences among samples. The mean 87Sr/86Sr ratios in drip water for the samples 1#, 4# and 9# were 0.709568, 0.709139 and 0.708761, respectively, which possibly result from different flow paths, residence times, and other hydrogeological processes in the unsaturated zone overlying QXC. Meanwhile, levels of 40.8%, 57.6% and 72.4% of Sr in drip waters for 1#, 4# and 9#, respectively, were derived from bedrock dissolution, which was calculated by the mixture model of the two end-members (soil and bedrock). There is, however, no positive correlation between the relative proportion from bedrock dissolution (δ13C value is 1.8‰) and drip water δ13CDIC values. The mean drip water δ13CDIC value in 1# is the heaviest (–4.5‰) with the lowest contribution rate of bedrock dissolution, whereas the value in 9# is the lightest (–9.3‰) with the highest contribution rate of bedrock dissolution. The proportion from host rock dissolution in 4# is higher than that in 1# and lower than that in 9#, while its mean drip water δ13CDIC value (–8.6‰) is higher than that of 9# and lower than that for 1#. This suggests that the prior calcite precipitation (PCP) processes in the unsaturated zone overlying the cave are responsible for the δ13CDIC value differences between different drip waters, and not bedrock dissolution. Furthermore, this study also demonstrates that the 87Sr/86Sr ratios of speleothems in the 1# and 4# mainly reflect the variation in the relative proportions from the soil system (soil water) and bedrock dissolution overlying the cave. It is, therefore, feasible to use the strontium isotopic signals of speleothems as an indicator for soil chemical weathering intensity, and consequently as a monsoon proxy in the study area.     

栖霞中桥地区岩溶塌陷时空分布规律及成因分析

岩溶塌陷是岩溶地区一种特有的地质灾害,在时间上具有突发性,空间上具有隐蔽性.栖霞中桥地区位于山东省胶东半岛中北部,区内分布岩溶地层,岩溶发育较为强烈,近年来随着周边人类工程活动强度增大,加之一些自然因素影响,先后发生多次岩溶塌陷,给区内人民群众生产和生活带来了较大影响.以栖霞中桥地区作为研究区,通过收集资料、实地勘查、地球物理勘探、钻探、抽水试验、水位监测等工作方法取得本区岩溶塌陷、地层、降水、水位等翔实资料,研究分析了本区岩溶塌陷的时空分布规律:时间上主要发生于枯水期与丰枯交替时期,空间上多发生于覆盖型岩溶区岩溶水径流通道的两翼且地下水水力坡度急剧变化地段,均为断裂构造上盘区,第四系厚度多小于25 m,为黏性土与砂土互层的多层结构,与基岩面接触的岩性为粉质黏土及碎石土.在此基础上,分析了该区地下水位、降水变化对岩溶塌陷的影响机理:塌陷发生期间,区内地下水水位呈持续下降、骤然上升或上下起伏变化,已形成的土洞负压与高压相互交替,对土洞顶板产生吸力与压力,剪应力快速降低,岩溶地层上覆土体无法承受自身重力条件下引发岩溶塌陷,是潜蚀、真空、气爆及重力作用相互作用的结果,以潜蚀、真空效应为主.为栖霞市各级政府及相关主管部门开展岩溶塌陷地质灾害防治、地区规划建设等提供地质科学依据,为胶东半岛岩溶塌陷后续相关分析研究工作提供翔实的理论基础.     

重庆武隆喀斯特地貌及其演化

重庆武隆喀斯特是亚热带喀斯特中山峡谷喀斯特的典型代表.由分水岭到乌江河谷地势高差达2 000 m,在新构造持续抬升和大河强烈下切的背景下,各地貌单元的响应存在着时间和空间上的巨大差异,形成各自不同的喀斯特地貌类型和组合特点,因而出现了不同发育阶段地貌并存的局面:河谷地带对构造响应迅速,因溯源侵蚀作用,普遍发育峡谷地貌,两岸常形成多级洞穴层;高分水岭地区,地貌回春影响小,地面以常态的面状侵蚀作用为主;中间过度地带喀斯特化程度最高,总体上具有喀斯特地貌发育青年期阶段的特点.武隆喀斯特不仅完美地展现出多样性的中山峡谷喀斯特地貌发育特点,更是研究流域喀斯特系统演化规律的良好场所.     

陆地生态系统土壤有机碳分解温度敏感性研究进展

在全球变化背景下,土壤有机碳的分解及其温度敏感性在陆地生态系统碳循环中的重要性备受关注。温度敏感性指数(Q₁₀)微小的变化都可能导致未来土壤碳库大小评估的巨大偏差,充分了解土壤有机碳分解温度敏感性的调控机理对预测未来土壤碳变化具有重要意义。笔者对国内外已有研究进行分析,比较培养温度模式、底物质量、物理化学保护和微生物属性对土壤有机碳分解温度敏感性的影响。结果发现:(1)与传统的恒温模式相比,变温培养模式更好地克服了土壤微生物对恒定培养温度的适应性以及不同培养温度下底物消耗不均的缺点,能够更加准确地估算Q₁₀。(2)较多的研究发现难分解有机碳的Q₁₀大于易分解有机碳的Q₁₀,但也有研究发现难分解有机碳的Q₁₀并不比易分解有机碳的Q₁₀高,这主要是由于土壤有机碳库的异质性造成的。(3)团聚体和矿物吸附保护通过改变底物有效性或者反应位点的底物浓度来影响土壤有机碳分解的温度敏感性。(4)微生物的生理特性、群落组成和结构也会对温度敏感性造成影响,温度变化会造成土壤微生物群落组成及其相关生理特征的变化,进一步引起相关功能基因丰度的改变,从而改变有机碳分解的温度敏感性。土壤有机碳分解及其温度敏感性是全球气候变化对碳循环影响研究中很重要的一部分,对它的精确估算有利于完善全球气候变化模型,对准确预测未来全球气候变化具有重要意义。     

Effects of acetylene at low concentrations on nitrification, mineralization and microbial biomass nitrogen concentrations in forest soils

Temperate forest surface soils at the varying distances from main trunks (e.g., Pinus koraiensis and Quercus mongolica) were used to study the effects of acetylene (C₂H₂) at low concentrations on nitrification, mineralization and microbial biomass N concentrations of the soils, and to assess the contribution of heterotrophic nitrification to nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from soils. The use of acetylene at partial pressures within a range from 10 to 100 Pa C₂H₂ in headspace gas gave a significant decrease in N₂O emission at soil moisture of c. 45% water-filled porosity space, and the decrease was almost the same in each soil after exposure of C₂H₂ at low concentrations. Heterotrophic nitrification could account for 21%―48% of total N₂O emission from each soil; the contribution would increase with increasing distances from the Pinus koraiensis trunks rather than from the Quercus mongolica trunks. Under the experimental conditions, the use of C₂H₂ at low concentrations showed no significant influence on soil microbial biomass N, net N mineralization and microbial respiration. However, 100 Pa C₂H₂ in headspace gas could reduce carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from soils. According to the rapid consumption of 10 Pa C₂H₂ by forest soils and convenience for laboratory incubations, 50 Pa C₂H₂ in headspace gas can be used to study the origin of N₂O emissions from forest soils under aerobic conditions and the key associated driving mechanisms. The N₂O and CO₂ emissions from the soils at the same distances from the Quercus mongolica trunks were larger than those from the Pinus koraiensis trunks, and both emissions decreased as the distances from trunks increased. The stepwise regression analysis showed that 95% of the variability in soil CO₂ emissions could be accounted for by the concentrations of soil total C and water soluble organic C and soil pH, and that 72% of the variability in soil N₂O emissions could be accounted for by the concentrations of soil total N, exchangeable NH⁺₄-N and microbial biomass N and 25% of the variability in heterotrophic nitrification by the soil microbial biomass N concentration. The emissions of N₂O and CO₂ from forest soils after exposure of C₂H₂ at low concentrations were positively related to the net nitrification of the soils.     

Sources and migration path of chemical compositions in a karst groundwater system during rainfall events

Physical and chemical dynamics at Jiangjia Spring (JJS), the outlet of the Qingmuguan karst groundwater system in Chongqing, were monitored in situ during rainfall events to acquire a series of high-resolution data. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to identify the sources of chemical compositions in the karst groundwater. The coefficients of variations (CVs) of the physical and chemical data of JJS were utilized to interpret the migration path of the chemical compositions. The results showed that water-rock interactions, agricultural activities, and soil erosion were the main sources of the groundwater chemical compositions. Ions of potassium, sodium, nitrate, chloride and phosphate from agricultural activities together with ions of calcium, magnesium, strontium and bicarbonate derived from carbonate dissolution appear to be stored and regulated by the karst unsaturated zone in features such as fissures, pores and solution cracks. The concentrations of the ions remained relatively stable and they showed low CVs owing to their migration by diffuse flow to recharge the underground river. In contrast, concentrations of ions such as total iron, total manganese and aluminum from soil erosion were unstable and showed high CVs owing to their migration by overland flow to recharge the underground river directly via sinkholes. During heavy rainfall events, the nutrients from agricultural activities and sediment from soil erosion could quickly impair the aquatic ecosystem and pose serious threats to water quality. Therefore, it is necessary to reinforce management of the ecological system for better control of the influx of mass nutrients into the karst aquifer system.     

陆地生态系统土壤有机碳分解温度敏感性研究进展

在全球变化背景下,土壤有机碳的分解及其温度敏感性在陆地生态系统碳循环中的重要性备受关注。温度敏感性指数(Q₁₀)微小的变化都可能导致未来土壤碳库大小评估的巨大偏差,充分了解土壤有机碳分解温度敏感性的调控机理对预测未来土壤碳变化具有重要意义。笔者对国内外已有研究进行分析,比较培养温度模式、底物质量、物理化学保护和微生物属性对土壤有机碳分解温度敏感性的影响。结果发现:(1)与传统的恒温模式相比,变温培养模式更好地克服了土壤微生物对恒定培养温度的适应性以及不同培养温度下底物消耗不均的缺点,能够更加准确地估算Q₁₀。(2)较多的研究发现难分解有机碳的Q₁₀大于易分解有机碳的Q₁₀,但也有研究发现难分解有机碳的Q₁₀并不比易分解有机碳的Q₁₀高,这主要是由于土壤有机碳库的异质性造成的。(3)团聚体和矿物吸附保护通过改变底物有效性或者反应位点的底物浓度来影响土壤有机碳分解的温度敏感性。(4)微生物的生理特性、群落组成和结构也会对温度敏感性造成影响,温度变化会造成土壤微生物群落组成及其相关生理特征的变化,进一步引起相关功能基因丰度的改变,从而改变有机碳分解的温度敏感性。土壤有机碳分解及其温度敏感性是全球气候变化对碳循环影响研究中很重要的一部分,对它的精确估算有利于完善全球气候变化模型,对准确预测未来全球气候变化具有重要意义。     

玉米秸秆还田及腐熟剂对小麦产量、土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了玉米秸秆还田配施腐熟剂对土壤理化性状、微生物数量、酶活性及小麦产量的影响。结果显示,与秸秆未还田处理（CK）相比,秸秆还田（T1）和秸秆还田配施腐熟剂处理（T2）显著降低了土壤容重,提高了根际土壤细菌和放线菌数,以及土壤脲酶、中性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性,进而提高了土壤有效养分和有机质含量,最终产量分别显著提高了10.33%和13.46%;此外,T2与CK相比,降低了根际土壤真菌数,提高了土壤过氧化氢酶和脱氢酶活性,而T1处理的差异不明显。结果表明,秸秆还田可通过改善土壤微生物群落的数量和多样性来调节土壤酶活性和养分含量,优化根际生长环境,促进小麦生长。其中,秸秆还田配施腐熟剂的处理效果最佳,可在北方玉米种植区推广应用。     

干旱影响森林土壤有机碳周转及积累的研究进展

随着全球气候变暖趋势加剧,伴之而来的干旱问题成为全球关注的热点。干旱对森林生态系统碳积累和周转可能产生显著影响,其主要过程包括植被地上部分和地下部分凋落物对土壤有机碳的输入、凋落物的分解及土壤有机碳的矿化等。笔者综合分析了近年来国内外相关研究成果,对干旱影响森林土壤有机碳的主要过程与机制进行了归纳和总结,结果表明:①干旱通过促进叶片提前脱落,短期增加森林凋落物量,长期干旱则影响森林植物生长,降低森林初级生产力从而降低植物地上凋落物量。轻度和中度干旱下植物为补偿水分缺失增加细根生物量维持植物生命力,重度干旱下植物丧失自我修复能力导致细根生物量降低,干旱也会造成细根死亡率增加。平均而言,全球范围内干旱会造成森林凋落物量降低(1.9%)和细根生物量降低(8.7%),最终减少植物有机碳向土壤的输入量。②干旱可通过改变凋落物化学性质,对分解者——土壤动物、微生物产生胁迫,从而引起凋落物分解速率下降(10%~70%)。干旱使凋落物碳氮含量变化,造成凋落物次生代谢物,如纤维素、木质素、单宁等积累,改变根系分泌物化学组分,从而影响凋落物分解。干旱导致真菌生物量和分解者等土壤动物丰度降低,增加分解者捕食压力,使相关微生物和酶活性下降,造成凋落物分解速率下降。③干旱驱动微生物群落组成变化(真菌细菌比、革兰阳阴细菌比增加),造成微生物生物量下降,活性减弱,此外还会降低腐食动物的摄食活性、酶活性,最终导致土壤有机碳矿化速率下降(10%~50%)。④干旱对土壤有机碳不同组分影响不同,干旱会减小土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)库(2%~30%),造成表层土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)积累(30%~60%)。而在全球范围内的不同区域,干旱对土壤有机碳积累的影响也不同,亚热带森林中干旱对土壤有机碳积累的影响多是负面的,热带森林中则相反。总体而言,干旱对森林土壤有机碳库储量影响可能不大,但降低了土壤碳周转效率。而森林土壤有机碳周转过程不仅受干旱这一单一因素影响,温度、物种等因素会共同作用于土壤有机碳的周转与积累,且单因子的简单叠加模拟可能与现实环境中多因子综合对土壤碳通量的影响有一定差别。未来需要通过长期观测、延长控制实验时间、模拟原生环境条件等,开展多因素综合实验,加强干旱对土壤动物和微生物影响的研究,以深入了解干旱对森林土壤有机碳影响的生物学与生态学的过程与机制。