面神经核对呼吸节律的影响

实验选用健康成年SD大鼠,观察大鼠面神经核内的非运动神经元的放电样式以及电刺激面神经核对呼吸节律的影响,以探讨面神经核是否参与呼吸调节.在面运动神经元逆行溃变的面神经核内可记录到呼吸相关神经元(RRNs),单脉冲刺激面神经核可引起膈肌肌电的瞬时抑制,在吸气早、中期短串刺激面神经核可延长吸气时程,吸气后期刺激引起吸气终止,呼气相刺激可延长呼气时程,连续刺激面神经核可抑制吸气.     

运动疲劳大鼠丘脑腹外侧核神经元自发放电特征的分析

通过观察力竭运动对大鼠丘脑腹外侧核(VL)神经元自发放电活动的影响,探讨丘脑腹外侧核在运动疲劳中枢调控过程中的作用.选取雄性Wistar大鼠,随机分为对照组和疲劳组.采用跑台递增负荷运动方案,建立运动疲劳模型.采用玻璃微电极的体电生理学技术,观察丘脑腹外侧核神经元自发放电活动,并对其放电模式、放电频率、锋电位间隔直方图进行线下分析.得到了FG大鼠丘脑腹外侧核单簇发混合放电和规则单发放电神经元比例明显低于CG(P0.01),爆发式放电神经元比例明显高于CG(P0.01).FG大鼠丘脑腹外侧核神经元总放电频率显著低于CG(P0.05),规则单发放电频率有所升高,单簇发混合放电频率有所降低,但与CG相比均未见显著差异(P0.05).可以看出大鼠丘脑腹外侧核神经元参与了运动性疲劳的中枢调控.丘脑腹外侧核在运动疲劳引起间接通路与直接通路的调节功能失衡过程中起关键作用.     

精氨酸加压素免疫阳性神经元在中菊头蝠(Rhinolophus affinis)脑中的分布

精氨酸加压素(arginine vasopressin,AVP)属于垂体后叶激素家族,它与神经内分泌的调节、心血管功能的调节、血压调节、学习和记忆以及生殖等生理功能密切相关.AVP在不同哺乳动物中枢神经系统内的分布方式和传输路径存在明显差异.本实验采用免疫组织化学ABC法系统观察了AVP免疫阳性神经元和免疫阳性神经纤维在中菊头蝠(Rhinolophus affinis)脑中的形态特征和分布特点.结果显示AVP免疫阳性神经元和免疫阳性神经纤维明显可见于中菊头蝠下丘脑室旁核、视上核、视交叉上核、下丘脑外侧区、正中隆起和垂体后叶,其细胞形态与其它哺乳动物相应结构的细胞特征类似,提示AVP神经元在哺乳动物下丘脑中的分布具有高度的保守性,AVP在中菊头蝠下丘脑可能有着与其它哺乳动物类似的功能.室周视前区、终纹床核和前脑外侧束也有少量AVP免疫阳性(immunoreactive arginine-vasopressin,AVP-ir)神经元分布,而在海马、隔核、杏仁核和侧间隔等边缘核团没有发现与大鼠等哺乳动物相应结构类似的分布,这可能与蝙蝠的视觉退化有关.     

大鼠端脑神经元型一氧化氮合酶免疫阳性神经元的分析

目的：观察大鼠端脑神经元一氧化氮合酶（nNOS）免疫阳性神经元的分析。方法：ABC免疫细胞化学显示大鼠端脑nNOS阳性神经元。结果：nNOS阳性神经元呈棕褐色，胞体的形态多样化，呈梭形、三角形、圆形等多种形状，突起一个或多个；阳性纤维呈棕色串珠状，个别脑区阳性纤维相互交织成网。端脑nNOS免疫阳性神经元主要分布于嗅结节（包括海马回）、梨状区（包括梨状皮质和梨状核）、斜角带、隔区、杏仁复合体、海马结构、尾壳核和苍白球，以及大脑皮质等各个部位，其中以大脑皮质、梨状区和斜角带、尾壳核等部分最为丰富。结论：大鼠端脑内分布有丰富的nNOS阳性神经元，它们可能通过调节神经递质的分泌，参与脑的高级整合功能。     

大鼠端脑神经元型一氧化氮合酶免疫阳性神经元的分布

目的 :观察大鼠端脑神经元型一氧化氮合酶 (nNOS)免疫阳性神经元的分布。方法 :ABC免疫细胞化学法显示大鼠端脑nNOS阳性神经元。结果 :nNOS阳性神经元呈棕褐色 ,胞体的形态多样化 ,呈梭形、三角形、圆形等多种形状 ,突起有一个或多个 ;阳性纤维呈棕色串珠状 ,个别脑区阳性纤维相互交织成网。端脑nNOS免疫阳性神经元主要分布于嗅结节 (包括海马回 )、梨状区 (包括梨状皮质和梨状核 )、斜角带、隔区、杏仁复合体、海马结构、尾壳核和苍白球 ,以及大脑皮质等各个部位 ,其中以大脑皮质、梨状区和斜角带、尾壳核等部位最为丰富。结论 :大鼠端脑内分布有丰富的nNOS阳性神经元 ,它们可能通过调节神经递质的分泌 ,参与脑的高级整合功能。     

运动性疲劳与运动性力竭现象与本质的对比性分析

根据近十年来的有关文献资料,综合分析比较了运动性疲劳与运动性力竭在机体不同系统、不同层次上产生的影响,结果表明运动性疲劳属于生理现象,运动性力竭属于病理现象,两者存在本质上的不同.对运动性疲劳要进行多技术、多指标、系统性的综合评定,建立标准化的运动性疲劳实验模型.     

腹腔注射结核菌素衍生蛋白小鼠中枢含催产素神经元的形态改变

研究中枢神经系统内含催产素(Oxytocin,OXY)神经元在免疫系统功能增强时的形态学特点．结果证实,在结核菌素衍生蛋白(PPD)诱发的免疫应答的不同阶段,由免疫组化法显示的BALB／c小鼠视前区和下丘脑室旁核OXY免疫反应阳性(OXY-ir)神经元呈现树突明显增粗、树突和胞体上棘状膨体明显增多等形态变化,这表明中枢OXY-ir神经元在受到免疫刺激时发生活跃的结构重塑．     

运动性疲劳中枢机制的研究进展

运动性中枢疲劳首先是由运动所引起的,使其中枢神经系统不能够产生和维持足够的冲动到运动所需的肌肉现象.然而引起运动性中枢疲劳的因素很多,例如能量的供应不充分,氨中毒、中枢氧化还原状态不平衡,以及中枢神经递质发生了一些改变等等.长时间运动所引起的中枢神经递质的变化被看成为引起运动性疲劳的最主要的机制,也就是说,当中枢的兴奋性和抑制性不能够达到一个相对平衡的状态时,就会引起运动性疲劳的产生.本文对运动性疲劳的中枢机制进行综合的分析,重点阐述中枢单胺类神经递质与中枢氨基酸神经递质发生紊乱时对运动能力的影响及与运动性疲劳产生之间的关系.     

多元统计在神经元分类中的应用

根据神经信息学数据库建立共同的标准,采用多元统计的方法研究神经元的分类问题,首先用L-Measure[1-2]软件计算出神经元形态指标值,由于每个指标包含4个统计值,本文按变易系数最大原则进行选取,接着用主成分分析缩减神经元指标为5个主成分指标,进行聚类分析,并比较形态分类与神经元按功能上的分类的差异,得出形态分类的效果比较理想,与神经元功能分类基本一致。     

侧脑室注射腺苷对家兔尾核痛神经元自发放电活动的影响

采用侧脑室给药法及常规神经元放电引导法,研究了腺苷(Ado)对家兔尾核痛神经元自发放电的影响及其可能机制.结果表明Ado能不同程度的抑制尾核痛神经元自发放电活动,且呈明显的剂量依赖性.其作用机理可能与Ado和其A1受体结合后,间接激活ATP敏感性K 通道,引起尾核痛神经元细胞膜超极化有关.     

Excitatory effect of histamine on neuronal activity of rat cerebellar fastigial nucleus in vitro

The cerebellar fastigial nucleus (FN) holds an important role in motor control and body balance. Previous studies have revealed that the nucleus is innervated by direct hypothalamocerebellar histaminergic fibers. However, the functional role of histaminergic projection in cerebellar FN has never been established. In this study, we investigated the effect of histamine on neuronal firing of cerebellar FN by using slice preparations. Sixty-five FN cells were recorded from 47 cerebellar slices, and a vast majority of the cells responded to histamine stimulation with an excitatory response (58/65, 89.2%). Perfusing slices with low-Ca2 /high-Mg2 medium did not block the histamine-induced excitation (n=10), supporting a direct postsynaptic action of histamine on the cells. Furthermore, the excitatory effect of histamine on FN neurons was not blocked by selective histamine H1 receptor antagonist triprolidine (n=15) or chlorpheniramine (n=10), but was effectively suppressed by ranitidine (n=15), a highly selective histamine H2 receptor antagonist. On the other hand, highly selective histamine H2 receptor agonist dimaprit (n=20) instead of histamine H1 receptor agonist 2-pyridylethylamine (n=16) mimicked the ex- citatory effect of histamine on FN neurons. The dimaprit-induced FN neuronal excitation was effectively antagonized by selective histamine H2 receptor antagonist ranitidine (n=13) but not influenced by se- lective histamine H1 receptor antagonist triprolidine (n=15). These results demonstrate that histamine excites cerebellar FN cells via the histamine H2 receptor mechanism and suggest that the hypotha- lamocerebellar histaminergic fibers may modulate cerebellar FN-mediated sensorimotor integration through their excitatory innervations on FN neurons.     

Excitatory effect of histamine on neuronal activity of rat cerebellar fastigial nucleus Jn vitro

The cerebellar fastigial nucleus （FN） holds an important role in motor control and body balance. Previous studies have revealed that the nucleus is innervated by direct hypothalamocerebellar hletaminergic fibers. However, the functional role of histaminergic projection in cerebellar FN has never been established. In this study, we investigated the effect of histamine on neuronal firing of cerebellar FN by using slice preparations. Sixty-five FN cells were recorded from 47 cerebellar slices, and a vast majority of the cells responded to histamine stimulation with an excitatory response （58/65, 89.2%）. Perfusing slices with low-Ca^2＋/high-Mg^2＋ medium did not block the histamine-induced excitation （n=10）, supporting a direct postsynaptic action of histamine on the cells. Furthermore, the excitatory effect of histamine on FN neurons was not blocked by selective histamine H1 receptor antagonist triprolidine （n=15） or chlorpheniramine （n=10）, but was effectively suppressed by ranitidine （n=15）, a highly selective histamine H2 receptor antagonist. On the other hand, highly selective histamine H2 receptor agonist dimaprit （n=20） instead of histamine HI receptor agonist 2-pyridylethylamine （n=16） mimicked the excitatory effect of histamine on FN neurons. The dimaprit-induced FN neuronal excitation was effectively antagonized by selective histamine H2 receptor antagonist ranitidine （n=13） but not influenced by selective histamine H1 receptor antagonist triprolidine （n=15）. These results demonstrate that histamine excites cerebellar FN cells via the histamine H2 receptor mechanism and suggest that the hypothalamocerebellar histaminergic fibers may modulate cerebellar FN-mediated sensorimotor integration through their excitatory innervations on FN neurons.     

Modulation of neuronal activity of cerebellar fastigial nucleus by locus coeruleus stimulation in the rat

The effects of stimulating locus coeruleus (LC) on neuronal activity of cerebellar fastigial nucleus (FN) was investigated. Stimulation of LC elicited inhibitory, excitatory and biphasic (inhibition-excitation) responses from FN cells. The majority of responsive cells showed an inhibitory response with a latency of less than 10 ms. Injection of α adrenoreceptor antagonists phentolamine (ⅳ) could block the inhibitory response of FN cells to the LC stimulation, but propranolol (ⅳ), a β adrenoreceptor antagonist, could not. These results suggest that LC-cerebellar noradrenergic afferent fibers may be involved in the cerebellar sensorimotor integration process by exerting their modulatory action on the cerebellar nuclear cells' activities.     

降钙素基因相关肽在受损SD大鼠面神经运动神经元中的表达与定位

目的：研究降钙素基因相关肽（calcitonin gene—related peptide。CGRV）在面神经损伤后再生过程中面神经运动神经元中的表达变化．方法：健康SD大鼠分别行左侧面神经茎乳孔压榨术,术后饲养3、7、14、21、28、35d,取出脑干含面神经核团部分,用免疫组化及图像分析技术,观察面神经核中的CGRP在面神经再生中的变化．结果：CGRP分布于正常SD大鼠面神经各亚核。面神经损伤后3d。损伤侧的面神经核中CGRP比对照侧增强．图像分析CGRP灰度值与对照侧比较,差异显著（P〈0．05）;损伤后7d达最高峰（P〈0．05）,以后尽管显著表达但渐减．结论：损伤导致CGRP在面神经运动神经元中的表达增加,提示CGRP在面神经再生修复过程中发挥调理作用．     

采用S型控制算法的步进电机控制器

为了改善步进电机的启动特性,将S型算法应用到步进电机的启动过程中,设计一种基于S3FN41F微处理器的步进电机嵌入式控制系统,并将其应用于液晶屏(LCD)压合器中.对该算法进行实现与验证,结果表明:采用S型控制算法的步进电机控制器能够更好地控制步进电机的运行,具有失步率低、振荡小、生产效率高等优点,能更好地应用于高速、高精度的压合系统中.     

蛤蚧发声通路核团定位的初步研究

采用辣根过氧化物酶（HRP）方法和电刺激技术对爬行类动物蛤蚧发声通路的神经核团进行了定位研究。结果表明：在延脑部位,疑核和迷走神经运动核参与对蛤蚧发声活动的调节,但以疑核对发声活动的调节作用最为重要。疑核对蛤蚧发声器的支配为双侧性的,但以同侧为主。而迷走神经运动核只有单侧的标记。实验结果提示,中脑的中央灰质区（SGC）的背外侧核团可能通过对凝核的调节来影响蛤蚧的发声活动,大脑皮质的背侧皮质区（DX）也可能参与对发声活动的调节,且均为双侧性的调节作用。     

Contributions of an avian basal ganglia-forebrain circuit to real-time modulation of song

Cortical-basal ganglia circuits have a critical role in motor control and motor learning. In songbirds, the anterior forebrain pathway (AFP) is a basal ganglia-forebrain circuit required for song learning and adult vocal plasticity but not for production of learned song. Here, we investigate functional contributions of this circuit to the control of song, a complex, learned motor skill. We test the hypothesis that neural activity in the AFP of adult birds can direct moment-by-moment changes in the primary motor areas responsible for generating song. We show that song-triggered microstimulation in the output nucleus of the AFP induces acute and specific changes in learned parameters of song. Moreover, under both natural and experimental conditions, variability in the pattern of AFP activity is associated with variability in song structure. Finally, lesions of the output nucleus of the AFP prevent naturally occurring modulation of song variability. These findings demonstrate a previously unappreciated capacity of the AFP to direct real-time changes in song. More generally, they suggest that frontal cortical and basal ganglia areas may contribute to motor learning by biasing motor output towards desired targets or by introducing stochastic variability required for reinforcement learning.     

纤维粘连蛋白在人滋养上皮的不同定位与功能

从正常人不同发育时期,不明原因流产,增殖型和侵蚀型葡萄胎滋养细胞角度,用免疫组织化学方法观察纤维粘连蛋白（FN）的显微定位,比较研究其不同定位与滋养上皮增殖,生长，分化,凋亡，迁移和浸润的关系。结果显示 正常人不同发育时期,FN在早孕合体滋养细胞基底膜和绒毛外滋养细胞膜呈阳性着色,在中期非合体结处的滋养细胞质呈免疫反应阳性,在足月滋养细胞呈阴性着色; 不明原因流产,FN在合体滋养细胞核内呈阳性着色; FN在增殖型葡萄胎滋养细胞膜和绒毛外滋养细胞质呈强阳性着色;FN在侵蚀型葡萄胎滋养细胞质呈阳性着色。提示FN胞质定位与滋养上皮迁移和侵蚀密切相关,FN基底膜定位与滋养细胞分化密切相关,FN胞膜定位与滋养细胞增殖相关,FN的阴性着色与滋养细胞衰老,FN胞核转位与滋养细胞凋亡可能相关。     

Glycogenolysis induced by serotonin in brain: identification of a new class of receptor

Serotonin-containing neurones in brain have been proposed to have a role in the control of physiological mechanisms such as sleep, thermoregulation, pain perception and endocrine secretions as well as in the physiopathology of migraine or depressive illness. One difficulty in testing these possibilities lies in the scarcity of pharmacological agents able to interact selectively with the probably multiple classes of serotonin receptors in the central nervous system. Development of such agents would be facilitated by simple in vitro models in which biological responses to serotonin in mammalian brain could be quantified. Thus a serotonin-sensitive adenylate cyclase has been characterized in rat brain, but the response to serotonin is weak in newborn and practically absent in adult animals. In addition, two pharmacologically distinct classes of serotoninergic binding site have been identified using 3H-serotonin and 3H-spiperone as ligands, but their identification as receptors remains to be established. More recently, serotonin has been shown to stimulate phosphorylation of a neuronal protein in slices from the facial motor nucleus, although the receptors mediating this action were not characterized. We now report that serotonin stimulates glycogen hydrolysis in slices of cerebral cortex, that this action is mediated by a novel class of receptors and that tricyclic antidepressants are among the best competitive antagonists of the indolamine.