Seasonal variation of surface currents in the southwestern Taiwan Strait observed with HF radar

Long-term measurements from a pair of High-Frequency radar systems deployed near the coast of southern Fujian Province showed that surface currents in the southwestern Taiwan Strait were composed mainly of the monsoon-driven, seasonal fluctuation of longshore current and a persistent northeastward background flow with speeds around 10 cm/s. Measurements from bottom-moored ADCPs further indicated that below the surface Ekman layer longshore currents also directed to the north all year round.     

Cool Indonesian throughflow as a consequence of restricted surface layer flow

Approximately 10 million m3 x s(-1) of water flow from the Pacific Ocean into the Indian Ocean through the Indonesian seas. Within the Makassar Strait, the primary pathway of the flow, the Indonesian throughflow is far cooler than estimated earlier, as pointed out recently on the basis of ocean current and temperature measurements. Here we analyse ocean current and stratification data along with satellite-derived wind measurements, and find that during the boreal winter monsoon, the wind drives buoyant, low-salinity Java Sea surface water into the southern Makassar Strait, creating a northward pressure gradient in the surface layer of the strait. This surface layer 'freshwater plug' inhibits the warm surface water from the Pacific Ocean from flowing southward into the Indian Ocean, leading to a cooler Indian Ocean sea surface, which in turn may weaken the Asian monsoon. The summer wind reversal eliminates the obstructing pressure gradient, by transferring more-saline Banda Sea surface water into the southern Makassar Strait. The coupling of the southeast Asian freshwater budget to the Pacific and Indian Ocean surface temperatures by the proposed mechanism may represent an important negative feedback within the climate system.     

2008年澎湖海域寒害事件的EOF分析

2008年2月浙闽沿岸流的冷水异常地入侵台湾海峡澎湖水域,造成大量损失.为明确其发生过程中海表温度场、流场及风场间的相互关系,通过总结浙闽沿岸流两种流态变化特征,利用经验正交函数法(EOF)和矢量经验正交函数法(VEOF)分析NGSST的海表温度资料、数学模式的海表流场数据和Mercator的海表风场数据,从海表流场和风场角度讨论寒害事件发生的原因.结果表明,在长时间、高强度的东北季风驱动下,强大的浙阅沿岸流把大量冷水带到台湾海峡,从而引起寒害事件的发生.     

吕宋海峡及其周边海域海表温度的季节变化特征

利用海表温度的遥感资料,分析了吕宋海峡及其周边海域海表温度的季节变化及其区域特征,并初步分析了其主要特征的形成原因.研究结果表明:冬季海表温度除受太阳辐射、东北季风的影响外,还受该区域海流、海陆分布的影响,因此温度场呈现出多个水舌结构;夏季海表温度空间分布较均匀,冬季的水舌结构基本消失;同时在台湾梅峡西岸以及吕宋岛东、西两侧海域分别出现上升流导致的低温区和大于30.0 C的高温区,后者主要受海面辐射、海流等的影响.绝大部分研究海域内的海表温度极大值出现在7月,但在吕宋岛以西海区、台湾海峡中北部海区海表温度极大值分别出现在5月和8月;相对而言,海表温度的极小值主要出现在1月,研究区域东北部124°～126°E海域推迟到2月.     

基于HYCOM模拟的南海西北部环流

为研究北部湾在内的南海西北部海域环流结构的时空特征,本文基于Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model(HYCOM)模式和气象强迫数据,通过三重嵌套模拟研究南海西北部环流在风力强迫下的结构及其时空分布特征,结果表明:(1)南海西北部流场受季风影响较大,冬季基本为西南向流,夏季基本为东向流,流场结构复杂,外海涡旋众多,Ekman运动特征较为明显;(2)北部湾流场呈现出较强的密度流特征,冬季基本为气旋式环流,夏季同时存在较小尺度的气旋式和反气旋式环流; 7月湾口表层的气旋式环流结构向下直接影响到海底;(3)北部湾的海表面盐度受蒸发降雨影响较大,盐度分布西低东高,这与湾口和琼州海峡入侵的南海高盐海水有关;(4)在热盐作用和季风驱动下,琼州海峡的表、底层流冬季为西向流,夏季为东向流,冬季广东沿海地区的富营养化海水可能通过琼州海峡影响广西近海海域环境质量。     

北部湾冬半年环流特征及驱动机制分析

【目的】为了给北部湾的环境保护提供科学依据,研究北部湾冬半年的环流变化特征及其驱动机制。【方法】通过POM模型构建三维斜压后报模型,模拟2006~2007年南海西北部的环流,模拟时考虑了日平均风场、日平均热通量、河流径流和潮汐等强迫场;通过无季风驱动的敏感性实验分析东北季风对北部湾冬半年流场的作用;通过洋浦港外海在2005年12月25日到2006年1月25日的一个月海流观测数据来分析冬季海南岛西北岸的海流特征。【结果】模拟结果与观测数据吻合较好,北部湾冬半年环流呈气旋式,嵌套着南部的气旋式环流,而且秋季与冬季环流存在季节性振荡特征:在秋季,南部的气旋式环流可向北侵入至19°N,比冬季深入得多;在冬季,湾西岸和海南岛西北岸的南向流比秋季要强;这种季节性变化特征可从表层直达深层。另外,海南岛西北岸流在冬季为西南向而非东北向。【结论】冬半年北部湾的北部环流为局地风驱动,南部环流是由东北季风驱动的南海陆架流侵入北部湾而形成的;这种季节性涛动受东北季风的高频振荡分量驱动,尤其风场的南北向分量贡献较大,也说明风场的时间分辨率对北部湾环流影响较大;海南岛西北岸的西南向流受琼州海峡的西向流驱动,而东北季风只起辅助作用。     

Tropospheric biennial oscillation of the western Pacific subtropical high and its relationships with the tropical SST and atmospheric circulation anomalies

There is the significant period of tropospheric biennial Oscillation(TBO)over East Asian monsoon region at the interannual timescales,which has the important influences on East China climate.Based on a set of reconstructed indices which describes the western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH)objectively,this paper focuses on the TBO component of WPSH,one of the key members of the East Asian Monsoon system,and its relationships with the tropical SST and atmospheric circulation anomalies.It is found that(1)As an important interannual component of WPSH,the time series of TBO has the obvious transition in the late1970s,and the variability of the WPSH’s TBO component is more significant after the late 1970s.(2)The time-lag correlations between the WPSH’s TBO and the tropical sea surface temperature(SST)anomalies in several key ocean regions are more significant and have longer correlation duration than the raw data.The response of the western boundary index to ENSO is earlier than the intensity index,and the time-lag correlations of them are up to maximum when lagging ENSO by 3–5 months and 5–6months,respectively.(3)In the course of the WPSH’s TBO cycle,the occurrence of the El Ni o-like anomaly in the tropical central-eastern Pacific in winter is always coupled with the weak East Asian winter monsoon,with the most significant enhancing phase of the WPSH’TBO.In contrast,the La Ni a-like anomaly in the central-eastern Pacific in winter is coupled with the strong East Asian winter monsoon,with the most weakening phase of the WPSH’s TBO.(4)The distribution of the tropical SST and atmospheric circulations anomalies are asymmetric in the TBO cycle.The WPSH’s TBO is more significant in the period of the developing El Ni o-like anomaly in central-eastern Pacific than in the period of the developing La Ni a-like anomaly.Therefore,during the period of developing El Ni o-like anomaly,more attention should be paid to the interannual component of TBO signal in the short-term climate prediction.     

台湾海峡南部沿岸气候的主要特征

根据台湾海峡南部沿岸一些台站气温、气压、风、降水量等要素多年的统计结果,综合分析了各要素的主要特征及水系等对气候变化的影响。结果表明:1)气温、气压、降水量的大小及其变化特征东岸与西岸存在较大的差异;2)冬季月平均风速较大,大风日数也较多,夏季的风力较弱;3)夏季西南季风盛行期间雨量最为集中,而冬季的降水量较小,降水日数也较少。     

Simulation of the future change of East Asian monsoon climate using the IPCC SRES A2 and B2 scenarios

In this paper, we applied the newest emission scenarios of the sulfur and greenhouse gases, i.e. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) A2 and B2 scenarios, to investigating the change of the East Asian climate in the last three decades of the 21st century with an atmosphere-ocean coupled general circulation model. The global warming enlarges the land-sea thermal contrast and, hence, enhances (reduces) the East Asian summer (winter) monsoon circulation. The precipitation from the Yangtze and Huaihe river valley to North China increases significantly. In particular, the strong rainfall increase over North China implies that the East Asian rainy area would expand northward. In addition, from the southeastern coastal area to North China, the rainfall would increase significantly in September, implying that the rainy period of the East Asian monsoon would be prolonged about one month. In July, August and September, the interannual variability of the precipitation enhances evidently over North China, meaning a risk of flooding in the future.     

亚澳季风区大气视热源的季节演变特征

对1950-2000年平均的亚澳季风区大气热源的季节演变和突变特征进行分析.结果发现,亚澳季风区热带低纬的大气热源区随季节由冬到夏而自南半球向北半球移动,在盛夏达到最北,强度也最强,并在春末与北半球中纬度的热源区汇合,到秋季开始南撤;东亚季风区和印度季风区大气热源的冬夏型间转换的过度季节都较短,冬夏型间转换具有明显的突变性,而印度季风区大气热源的冬季型维持时间明显比夏季型要长;亚澳季风区内大气热源的年较差以亚洲季风区的热源年较差最显著,澳大利亚北部次之.     

防城港湾以西海域水体输运及其机制研究

为了探究防城港湾外海域的水体输运方式及机制,本文对历史调查数据及最新的海流调查资料的海流玫瑰图进行分析,结果发现：防城港湾以西海域的水体输运,冬季为反气旋式环流控制,水体输运主要为NE向;夏季为沿岸入海径流、气旋涡控制,水体输运主要为WSW向。春季和秋季,表层水体输运主要为WSW向,中层以下水体输运为NE向。风对表层流的影响较明显,夏季西南季风造成沿岸水的堆积产生正压梯度力使表层水体往西南向输运,但不起主导作用。中层以下主要受北部湾北部气旋式、反气旋式两种不同形式的环流控制。除此之外,琼州海峡西向流、入海径流、地形等对水体输运也产生重要的作用。     

Weakening relationship between East Asian winter monsoon and ENSO after mid-1970s

The East Asian winter monsoon(EAWM) is characterized by the frequent cold surges and associated closely with the Siberia High,East Asian Trough,and high-level westerly jet stream.The ENSO cycle can modulate the EAWM since it has co-variability with the sea surface temperature over the Indo-Western-Pacific which can tune the land-sea thermal contrast for the EAWM.This paper,by analyzing the EAWM,ENSO,and associated atmosphere-ocean variability,documents the weakening of the EAWMENSO relationship after the 1970s.The significant out-of-phase inter-relationship is found to be diminished after the 1970s.Further study in this work suggests that the weakened co-variability of the tropical Indo-Western-Pacific climate associated with ENSO after the 1970s is partly responsible for the weakened inter-relationship.Meanwhile,the reduced EAWM interannual variability and northward retreat of the EAWM-associated climate variability are favorable to the weakened ENSO-EAWM connection.     

Reduction of the East Asian winter monsoon interannual variability after the mid-1980s and possible cause

The East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) consists of subsystems such as the Siberian high, Aleutian low, East Asian trough, low-level northerly wind and high-level East Asian jet stream. It is revealed that the interannual variation of the EAWM-related atmospheric circulation has exhibited an obvious weakening since the mid-1980s. During 1956-1980, significant negative correlations between the EAWM and sea surface temperature are observed in the oceans along the east coast of East Asia, accompanied by significant positive correlations in the western Warm Pool. However, the significant interannual relationship in the previous period is found to have been disrupted during 1986-2010. Further analysis reveals that the Arctic Oscillation after the mid-1980s tends to suppress the interannual variability of the EAWM. In addition, it was found that the large-scale warming after the mid-1980s is favorable to reduce the land-sea thermal contrast variability on both the interdecadal and interannual time scales.     

The increase of snowfall in Northeast China after the mid-1980s

We studied long-term variation of winter snowfall in Northeast China (NEC) for 1951-2010. Results show that NEC snowfall increased about 20% during 1986-2010 relative to 1951-1985. Further investigation suggests that the snowfall increase is closely associated with weakening of the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM). The physical processes were portrayed by this research. Weakening of EAWM led to weakened cold air flow from the north, thus resulted in the warming of the surface ocean along the Northeast Asia coast and more water vapor evaporated from the ocean surface to the atmosphere and further transported to NEC. Also, because of EAWM weakening, more water vapor from south, east and west of NEC was transported to NEC, increasing water vapor content and hence snowfall there. From an atmospheric circulation viewpoint, EAWM weakening strengthened convergence at low levels and divergence at high levels, thereby favoring increased vertical convection and snowfall.     

2008年1月中国南方地区罕见低温冰雪天气的气候特征及其成因

 利用1951～2008年1月的中国160站气温降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了2008年1月中国南方地区罕见低温冰雪天气的气候特征及其成因,结果表明:①中国南方地区持续的低温和降水叠加是形成罕见低温冰雪灾害的直接原因;②2008年1月亚洲地区大气环流异常,出现了4个较异常的环流.乌拉尔山地区阻塞高压环流异常偏强,导致冷空气活动频繁、气流南北交换较强;东亚槽异常偏强,利于强冷空气南下;西太平洋副热带高压异常偏北,对冷空气滞留在中国南方地区和持续水汽输送起重要作用;高原南侧的南支槽异常偏强,这是持续水汽输送的必要条件;③导致中国南方地区罕见低温冰雪天气的主要原因是大气异常环流的异常配置.乌山阻塞经向环流较大,但东亚槽的位置偏北偏东,在加强气流东西交换的同时削弱了冷空气南下的速度;副高较强,一方面阻挡了强冷气团的快速南下,另一方面加强了副高西侧偏南气流的水汽输送;高原南侧的南支槽的强弱对水汽的输送起决定性作用.     

粤西沿岸流和物质输移模型研究及应用

本文通过建立FVCOM三维数值模型模拟广东沿岸海流,分析了粤西沿岸海流特征,研究结果表明,粤西沿岸海流主要为西南向流,只有在夏季西南季风较大时才会有东北向流。在海流模拟基础上建立物质输移扩散模型,模拟粤西沿岸的物质输移状况,模型结果显示,粤西沿岸的物质扩散以西向为主,只有夏季季风较大时物质才向东扩散,且扩散速度较小,琼州海峡的物质扩散终年向西。     

Sensitivity experiments of impacts of large-scale urbanization in East China on East Asian winter monsoon

By using the global atmospheric general circulation model CAM4.0 including an urban canopy parameterization scheme,the possible impacts of large-scale urbanization in East China on East Asian winter monsoon was investigated via idealized numerical experiments.Results suggest that large-scale urbanization can cause a significant warming effect in both surface temperature and air temperature near the surface over most areas of East China.Meanwhile,large-scale urbanization also alters the surface energy balance,causing evident increases in net surface long-wave radiation and sensible heat flux as well as intensified surface thermal heating to the atmosphere.Forced by the surface thermal heating anomalies induced by the large-scale urban expansion,East Asian winter monsoon circulation exhibits distinct changes.Overall,the extensive urbanization over East China will weaken East Asian winter monsoon,but intensify winter monsoon in northeast China.     

再创厦门吸引台资新优势研究

台资是祖国大陆各地招商引资争夺的焦点,如何再造厦门吸引台商投资的新优势,对当前和今后如何进一步做好厦门对台招商引资乃至厦门增创海峡西岸经济区建设领先优势等工作有着重大的实践意义。要抓住机遇,积极争取,塑造政策优势;打通关节,发挥地缘优势;构筑人和,打造服务优势,使三者相结合,以产业优势为内涵,变区位优势为竞争优势,再创厦门吸引台资新优势。     

East Asian monsoon change for the 21st century: Results of CMIP3 and CMIP5 models

Forty-two climate models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phases 3 and 5 were first evaluated in terms of their ability to simulate the present climatology of the East Asian winter (December-February) and summer (June-August) monsoons. The East Asian winter and summer monsoon changes over the 21st century were then projected using the results of 31 and 29 reliable climate models under the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) mid-range A1B scenario or the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) mid-low-range RCP4.5 scenario, respectively. Results showed that the East Asian winter monsoon changes little over time as a whole relative to the reference period 1980-1999. Regionally, it weakens (strengthens) north (south) of about 25°N in East Asia, which results from atmospheric circulation changes over the western North Pacific and Northeast Asia owing to the weakening and northward shift of the Aleutian Low, and from decreased north- west-southeast thermal and sea level pressure differences across Northeast Asia. In summer, monsoon strengthens slightly in East China over the 21st century as a consequence of an increased land-sea thermal contrast between the East Asian continent and the adjacent western North Pacific and South China Sea.     

基于Argo的热带东印度洋上层水团季节分布

为研究热带东印度洋上层海洋孟加拉湾水(BBW)及阿拉伯海水(ASW)的季节分布,利用2003-2012年的地转海洋学实时观测阵(Argo)资料,依据温盐标准分析其分布特征。结果显示,BBW在11月至次年3月主要分布在阿拉伯海东南部海域,6-10月出现在苏门答腊岛外海及赤道海域,并持续至次年2月。ASW在5,6月及10月至次年1月沿赤道向东延伸最远,可至90°E以东海域,在多数月份(6月至次年4月)还出现在湾内。分析表明,BBW有3个出湾通道:11月至次年3月,东印度沿岸流及东北季风漂流是BBW从湾内进入阿拉伯海东南部海域的2个主要流路,6-10月,BBW通过湾口东侧的连续南向流输送至苏门答腊岛外海;ASW入侵湾内有2个路径:11月至次年4月,由赤道至湾口的连续北向流经湾口东侧进入湾内,6-9月ASW由西南季风漂流输运至湾内。