Different responses of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community to day-time and night-time warming in a semiarid steppe

Arbuscular mycorrhizal （AM） fungi form mutualistic symbioses with most plant species and play important roles in ecosystems. Knowledge of the response of AM fungi to temperature change will improve our under- standing of the function of AM fungal community under global climate change scenarios in ecosystems. The effects of constant warming on AM fungal communities have been investigated previously, but responses to asymmetrical warming over 24-h periods have never been documented in natural ecosystems. In this study, we examined AM fungal communities in a full factorial design including day-time and night-time warming in a semiarid steppe in northern China. Day-time and 24-h warming, but not night-time warming, significantly increased AM fungal spore density. In contrast, none of the three warming regimes had a sig- nificant effect on AM fungal extra radical hyphal density. A total of 161 operational taxonomic units （OTUs） of AM fungi were recovered by 454 pyrosequencing of 18S rDNA. Day-time, night-time, and 24-h warming all significantly increased AM fungal OTU richness. Some AM fungal OTUs showed a significant bias toward day-time, night-time or 24-h warming. The AM fungal community composition was significantly affected by night-time warming, but not by day-time and 24-h warming. Our finding highlighted dif- ferent responses of AM fungal spore density and community composition to asymmetrical warming. This study might improve our understanding of ecosystem functioning of AM fungal community under global climate change scenarios in a semiarid steppe ecosystem.     

Changes in plant community composition lag behind climate warming in lowland forests

Climate change is driving latitudinal and altitudinal shifts in species distribution worldwide, leading to novel species assemblages. Lags between these biotic responses and contemporary climate changes have been reported for plants and animals. Theoretically, the magnitude of these lags should be greatest in lowland areas, where the velocity of climate change is expected to be much greater than that in highland areas. We compared temperature trends to temperatures reconstructed from plant assemblages (observed in 76,634 surveys) over a 44-year period in France (1965-2008). Here we report that forest plant communities had responded to 0.54 °C of the effective increase of 1.07 °C in highland areas (500-2,600 m above sea level), while they had responded to only 0.02 °C of the 1.11 °C warming trend in lowland areas. There was a larger temperature lag (by 3.1 times) between the climate and plant community composition in lowland forests than in highland forests. The explanation of such disparity lies in the following properties of lowland, as compared to highland, forests: the higher proportion of species with greater ability for local persistence as the climate warms, the reduced opportunity for short-distance escapes, and the greater habitat fragmentation. Although mountains are currently considered to be among the ecosystems most threatened by climate change (owing to mountaintop extinction), the current inertia of plant communities in lowland forests should also be noted, as it could lead to lowland biotic attrition.     

草原植物群落生产力及能量功能群组成对年降水量波动的响应

以内蒙古锡林郭勒草原羊草草原群落18年的动态监测数据及降水量数据为基础,在对草原植物进行能量功能群划分的基础上,分析了年降水量、生长季降水量(5-8月)对草原群落生物量、能量功能群组成的影响。结果表明:群落生物量构成中高能群所占比例最大;低能群最小,群落生物量的年际波动与高、中能群生物量变动趋势一致,而与低能群不相关;群落生物量和高能群生物量均与年降水量显著相关;中、低能群生物量则没有受到年降水量的显著影响。研究结果可为进一步揭示全球变化背景下,干旱半干旱区草原植物群落的动态变化规律,特别是群落能量变化规律提供有效参考。     

基于文献数据比较研究东北针阔混交林群落叶绿体遗传多样性

第四纪气候变化对植物群落产生深远影响,然而植物群落如何响应气候变化,群落内不同物种是否具有一致的响应,对于这些问题仍缺乏更系统和完整的答案．中国东北针阔混交林位于凉温带,对气候变化十分敏感,是研究物种对第四纪气候变化响应的理想区域．本研究利用文献检索调查东北针阔混交林物种谱系地理研究现状,并基于文献数据分析东北针阔混交林群落及其周边群落的遗传多样性空间分布情况．结果发现,2020年前,仅有23篇文章对27个东北针阔混交林群落物种进行谱系地理研究．无论是群落水平还是物种水平,均未发现遗传多样性的纬度梯度格局．现有的数据表明,长白山西部和大兴安岭北部地区具有较高的群落遗传多样性．这些结果表明冰期“原位避难”可能是东北针阔混交林群落物种的普遍模式,但是具体的冰期避难所位置可能存在物种差异．由于文献数据是独立而分散的谱系地理研究,存在取样种群和分子标记以及覆盖度的差异,从而导致基于文献分析的群落水平遗传多样性格局结论仍存在不确定性．未来应开展以群落遗传多样性和群落形成历史问题为导向的系统设计,以期系统性地回答群落如何响应第四纪气候变化．      

两种分子技术在丛枝菌根真菌群落研究中的应用比较

分子技术已广泛应用于丛枝菌根真菌的群落研究,最常见的有变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)和基于限制性酶切分析的技术.本文利用DGGE方法对侵染植物根系的丛枝菌根真菌群落的研究表明,DGGE技术具有很高的分辨率,但单纯的依赖DGGE图谱不能够准确的反映群落组成情况,必须要对DGGE条带进行克隆测序及系统发育分析才能够准确的反映群落组成情况.通过对DGGE分离并测序得到的8条DNA序列以及20条来源于Genbank数据库的不同种属的丛枝菌根真菌序列的酶切模拟分析表明,基于限制性酶切分析的技术具有很大的局限性,不仅在种的水平不能很好的区分丛枝菌根真菌,而且在属水平的分辨率也较差.     

Diversity of Plant Species of Alpine Grassland in Nakchu of Tibet, China

0Introduction Biologicaldiversityconcernedwiththesumofvariouslivingbeingsandtheirprocesses,aswellasthebasisofharmonious coexistencebetweenmanandnatureplaysanimportantroleinecology,economy,esthetics,ethics,etc.Duetodeteriorationofglobal environment,acceler…     

呼伦贝尔草原群落生产力与物种多样性关系分析

在呼伦贝草原选取5种代表性草原群落类型,采用取样调查的方法,探讨自然状况下草原植被群落生产力与物种多样性的关系,旨在为草原生态系统功能的恢复和草原有效管理提供理论依据.研究结果表明:大针茅+糙隐子草群落、羊草+克氏针茅群落、克氏针茅+羊草群落和贝加尔针茅+羊草群落多样性指数(物种丰富度指数、Simpson指数和Shannon-Winner指数)与生产力均呈显著正相关关系,但是羊草+寸草苔草甸草原物种多样性指数与生产力没有显著性相关关系.群落生产力受物种多样性、物种组成和环境因子等多因素共同影响,不仅仅是由物种多样性决定.     

南京北部郊野森林群落物种多样性及其环境解释

【目的】了解南京北部郊野森林植物群落的结构特征、物种多样性及其与生态环境影响因子的关系,为该地区森林植被群落的保护和植物资源的可持续利用提供参考。【方法】采用典型样方法在南京北部(长江以北)的8个自然山体中划定72个面积10 m×10 m的样方,在群落调查的基础上,应用多元回归树(MRT)和典范对应分析(CCA)方法对群落进行分类,分析群落的结构组成、物种多样性以及群落类型与环境因子之间的关系。【结果】①样地中共有维管植物79科203属270种;乔木层以朴树、麻栎的重要值最高,是群落的建群种。②朴树、麻栎等优势物种的数量和分布的均匀性决定了群落的物种多样性,群落表现出物种分布集中、优势明显的特征。③运用MRT分类法将72个样方划分为5个群落:群落Ⅰ主体由栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)+桑(Morus alba)构成,包含16个样方;群落Ⅱ主体由马尾松(Pinus massoniana)+刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)构成,包含15个样方;群落Ⅲ主体由麻栎(Quercus acutissima)+构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)构成,包含13个样方;群落Ⅳ主体黄连木(Pistacia chinensis)+枫香(Liquidambar formosana)构成,包含18个样方;群落Ⅴ主体由朴树(Celtis sinensis)+黄檀(Dalbergia hupeana)构成,包含10个样方。④CCA二维排序将群落分为5组,与MRT分类结果一致,可相互验证。同时,应用CCA排序分析环境因子与群落结构、优势树种的相关性,结果表明海拔、坡度是影响群落物种分布的主要环境因子。【结论】南京北部的郊野森林是维系与提高该区域内植物多样性的重要区域。该区域群落物种多样性丰富,朴树、麻栎等优势树种分布集中、优势明显。除人为干扰外,海拔、坡度、土壤含水率等环境因子对群落结构、植物生长具有明显影响,其中海拔影响最大,土壤含水率、营养元素等对植物的生长也有一定的作用。     

Fingerprints of global warming on wild animals and plants

Over the past 100 years, the global average temperature has increased by approximately 0.6 degrees C and is projected to continue to rise at a rapid rate. Although species have responded to climatic changes throughout their evolutionary history, a primary concern for wild species and their ecosystems is this rapid rate of change. We gathered information on species and global warming from 143 studies for our meta-analyses. These analyses reveal a consistent temperature-related shift, or 'fingerprint', in species ranging from molluscs to mammals and from grasses to trees. Indeed, more than 80% of the species that show changes are shifting in the direction expected on the basis of known physiological constraints of species. Consequently, the balance of evidence from these studies strongly suggests that a significant impact of global warming is already discernible in animal and plant populations. The synergism of rapid temperature rise and other stresses, in particular habitat destruction, could easily disrupt the connectedness among species and lead to a reformulation of species communities, reflecting differential changes in species, and to numerous extirpations and possibly extinctions.     

濒危植物合柱金莲木伴生群落特征

【目的】研究濒危植物合柱金莲木(Sinia rhodoleuca)的伴生群落特征,为该物种的保护提供参考。【方法】采用样地调查法对合柱金莲木的5个分布点:广西融水(P1)、广西金秀(P2)、广西德保(P3)、广东封开(P4)和广东连山(P5)进行调查,分析其伴生群落的种类组成、区系成分、结构特征、物种多样性及其种群年龄结构。【结果】在2000m2样地中共有维管束植物153种,隶属58科113属,主要优势科为樟科、壳斗科、紫金牛科、茜草科等。合柱金莲木伴生群落种子植物包含12个分布区类型,以泛热带分布、旧世界热带分布、热带亚洲分布为主,热带成分占优势,温带成分所占比例较小。合柱金莲木伴生群落结构分层现象明显,可分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层,层间植物匮乏。与P1、P2、P3样地相比,P4、P5样地生境破坏较小,Shannon指数和Simpson指数高。除P5样地内的合柱金莲木种群为增长型外,其余样地的合柱金莲木种群均为衰退型。【结论】合柱金莲木伴生群落的组成种类丰富,科、属组成复杂,其区系特点具有明显的热带-亚热带性质;伴生群落物种多样性与生境破坏程度有关;合柱金莲木种群多呈衰退趋势,应对其加强保护。     

黑龙江省东部山区森林生物多样性研究

研究了黑龙江东部山区森林生态系统的物种组成和生物多样性．调查结果表明：森林植物群落物种丰富度指数和多样性指数大小依次为：草本层＞乔木层＞灌木层；森林昆虫群落的物种多样性指数大小依次为：植食性昆虫＞捕食性昆虫＞寄生性昆虫，群落均匀度的变化不明显。     

红枫湖水库消落带植物物种组成及群落物种多样性研究

通过对红枫湖土质缓坡消落带、岩质岸坡消落带和河口型消落带植物群落进行调查,分析其草本植物群落物种组成、结构特征以及群落多样性.结果表明:共统计105种草本植物,隶属42科92属,菊科和禾本科居多,物种数随着海拔的增大呈现先增大后减少的趋势;土质缓坡消落带、岩质岸坡消落带群落物种多样性指数随高程变化呈一定的时空异质性,河口型消落带群落物种多样性指数沿入湖口至河流上段差异性不显著.消落带植物物种组成和群落多样性的变化来自于高程梯度造成的水淹强度及不同消落带微生境的差异,可见,消落带植物群落分布受海拔、地形的共同影响.     

气候变暖对黑龙江省五大连池兴安落叶松径向生长的影响

【目的】龙门石寨熔岩台地是五大连池火山群演替顶极群落兴安落叶松天然林的主要分布地。探讨近51年(1968—2018年)龙门石寨兴安落叶松树木径向生长对气候变暖的响应特征,进而为了解气候变暖背景下五大连池火山群植被演替趋势提供科学依据。【方法】采用Mann-Kendall检验方法确定研究区近51年气温变化的趋势和可能发生气温突变的年份,运用树轮气候学方法分析1968—1981年和1982—2018年两个时间段兴安落叶松径向生长对气候变化的响应特征。【结果】五大连池近44年(1975—2018年)平均气温呈增加趋势,且1981年为研究区年均气温升高的突变点。气候变暖后兴安落叶松年轮指数和胸高断面积增量都下降,年轮指数呈上升的趋势,而胸高断面积增量处于下降趋势,但均不显著。树木径向生长对于气温升高的响应出现了“分离效应”。水热条件共同控制兴安落叶松树木生长,但气温是径向生长的主要影响因子,气候变暖显著改变了兴安落叶松径向生长与气候因子的响应模式,树木径向生长对年平均气温、年平均最低气温和寒冷指数的响应敏感性显著增强。研究期上一年11月的降水以及当年2、3月和生长季前(4—5月)的平均最低气温是决定兴安落叶松年轮宽度的主要因素。【结论】1981年后五大连池气候显著变暖,气候变暖未显著改变兴安落叶松的径向生长,升温造成的干旱胁迫可能是树木径向生长对气温变化响应的“分离效应”及气候变暖后树木径向生长与气候因子的响应显著改变的重要原因。     

辽宁老秃顶子北坡乔木层物种多样性垂直分布格局

利用乔木层样方的物种重要值矩阵信息,运用TWINSPAN分类方法,科学地划分出辽宁老秃顶子北坡的主要森林群落类型,并采用物种丰富度、α多样性和β多样性等指标,进一步研究了老秃顶子北坡森林植被乔木层物种多样性随海拔梯度的变化趋势．结果表明,老秃顶子北坡森林植被可划分为6个群落类型;乔木层物种多样性随海拔梯度的变化趋势为：随着海拔的升高,物种丰富度基本呈现出先上升后下降的分布格局;α多样性中Shannon—Wiener指数呈波浪式缓慢下降,而Pietou均匀度指数没有明显的变化;β多样性（Cody指数）则随着海拔的升高先上升而后下降．     

连续火干扰对攀枝花干热河谷地表蚂蚁群落的影响

为了弄清攀枝花干热河谷连续火干扰林地地表蚂蚁多样性及其指示作用,在攀枝花市境内3种类型样地采用陷阱法对地表蚂蚁群落和植被群落进行调查.结果表明:攀枝花干热河谷3种类型样地表蚂蚁群落由4亚科16属21种组成,共1 878头;3种类型样地中,攀枝花公园蚂蚁多度和多样性水平最高;在3种类型的样地中,蚂蚁群落结构有差异,但同德林场火干扰样点与未火干扰样点群落结构较相似;同德林场短期未被火干扰栖境无指示物种,攀枝花公园和同德林场连续4 a火干扰样地均存在指示物种.研究表明具有连续火干扰的“计划烧除”可以在预防大面积火灾的前提下,在一定程度上保持蚂蚁群落较高的多度和较稳定的物种多样性水平,对提高区域生物多样性具有积极作用.     

健康与患黑胫病烟株根内AMF多样性和群落结构差异分析

丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）在烟草生长生理、抗病抗逆等方面具有积极作用.为探明烟株患黑胫病后对根内AMF多样性和群落结构的影响,分别以烟草K326和云烟87健康、感染黑胫病烟株的根部及根际土壤作为研究对象,应用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术探明烟草根部AMF多样性,采用显微形态观察烟草根内AMF侵染水平和根际土壤孢子密度,并分析土壤理化性质和AMF侵染特征的相关性.高通量测序结果表明在烟草根部共检测出1 655个AMF-OTUs,隶属于1纲4目5科6属,其中,Glomus为云烟87健康烟株根内AMF的优势属,其余样品优势属均为Paraglomus.聚类分析表明两个品种健康烟株根内AMF群落相似性较高,患病植株间根内AMF群落比较类似.侵染结果显示,患病烟株AMF侵染状况与土壤孢子密度均低于健康烟株根际土壤. RDA分析结果表明,全钾是影响AMF孢子密度和侵染状况的主要驱动因子,其次为速效磷和全磷;土壤p H值为烟株根内AMF多样性的主要影响因素,且两者呈负相关;此外,土壤中钾含量对烟草根内AMF群落组成的影响最为明显.研究...     

Ecological responses to recent climate change

There is now ample evidence of the ecological impacts of recent climate change, from polar terrestrial to tropical marine environments. The responses of both flora and fauna span an array of ecosystems and organizational hierarchies, from the species to the community levels. Despite continued uncertainty as to community and ecosystem trajectories under global change, our review exposes a coherent pattern of ecological change across systems. Although we are only at an early stage in the projected trends of global warming, ecological responses to recent climate change are already clearly visible.     

全球气候变暖的成因与影响

全球气候变化是21世纪人类社会面临的巨大挑战．作者阐述了全球变暖是气候变化的主要特征，对造成气候变暖的自然原因和人类原因进行讨论．探讨气候变暖对自然灾害、水资源、农业生产、生物种类、疾病发生、海平面变化等所产生的影响．     

不同轮割制度对内蒙古大针茅草原群落组成的影响

野外试验设计结合室内分析,探讨了以大针茅(Stipa grandis)为建群种的锡林郭勒典型草原区不同轮割制度对割草场产量、物种组成、群落结构及营养状态的影响.一年割2次的利用方式在短期内生物量收获较大,但这种状态较难持续;完全围封不利用也不利于草场恢复;一年割1次的适度刈割制度在当地较为合理,但是连年刈割会导致草场营养贫瘠,植物补偿现象减弱.越高频刈割对大针茅和羊草(Leymus chinensis)种群的影响越严重,产量明显减少,重要值下降,而糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)种群则相反;随刈割频度的增高根茎禾草在群落中的相对生物量上升,丛生禾草下降,二者明显互补.刈割对土壤和植物的N素质量分数影响最明显,连续刈割3年的土壤有效N质量分数较对照区降低18.62%,且达到显著水平,有效p,K质量分数也分别下降8.79%和1.93%.     

Rapid responses of British butterflies to opposing forces of climate and habitat change.

Habitat degradation and climate change are thought to be altering the distributions and abundances of animals and plants throughout the world, but their combined impacts have not been assessed for any species assemblage. Here we evaluated changes in the distribution sizes and abundances of 46 species of butterflies that approach their northern climatic range margins in Britain-where changes in climate and habitat are opposing forces. These insects might be expected to have responded positively to climate warming over the past 30 years, yet three-quarters of them declined: negative responses to habitat loss have outweighed positive responses to climate warming. Half of the species that were mobile and habitat generalists increased their distribution sites over this period (consistent with a climate explanation), whereas the other generalists and 89% of the habitat specialists declined in distribution size (consistent with habitat limitation). Changes in population abundances closely matched changes in distributions. The dual forces of habitat modification and climate change are likely to cause specialists to decline, leaving biological communities with reduced numbers of species and dominated by mobile and widespread habitat generalists.