有机溶剂萃取法提取乳酸

通过对萃取剂和稀释剂的筛选，确定了一个萃取相组成为５０％三烷基氧化膦（ＴＲＰＯ）／５０％磺化煤油的乳酸萃取体系．对萃合机理的研究表明，ＴＲＰＯ萃取乳酸的可能萃合物结构式为ＬＡ·ＴＲＰＯ．对乳酸萃取过程的各种影响因素进行了考察，从而得到了最佳操作条件．     

溶剂萃取法提取富马酸

通过对萃取剂的筛选，确定了一个以三烷基氧化磷（ＴＲＰＯ）为萃取剂，提取富马酸（ＦＡ）的萃取体系。采肜双对数法，红外图谱和水分分析对萃合物的研究表明：ＴＲＰＯ萃取ＦＡ的可能萃合物结构式为ＦＡ．２ＴＲＰＯ．Ｈ２Ｏ。对萃取过程中的各影响因素进行了考察，从而得到了最佳操作条件，并提出了一条采用溶剂以法从水溶液中提取ＦＡ的流程。     

用十二烷基苯磺酸钠萃取酪氨酸

用溶剂萃取法从盐酸介质中萃取酪氨酸。以十一烷基苯磺酸钠为萃取剂，以磺化煤油为稀释剂，磷酸三丁酯为调相剂，考察了各种因素对酪氨酸分配比的影响，确定了萃取及反萃过程的最佳工艺条件。研究了萃取反萃过程的热效应，计算了萃取和反萃取的理想级数。     

铜萃取剂M5640从硫酸镍溶液中分离铜的应用研究

研究了采用M5640-煤油-H2SO4萃取体系分离硫酸镍中Cu^2 的工艺，确定了从含有高浓度硫酸镍的溶液中萃取Cu^2 的最佳工艺条件以及负载有机相反萃工艺条件．结果表明，以M5640为萃取剂、硫酸溶液为反萃剂，经3级萃取、3级反萃后，可以从含有高浓度硫酸镍的溶液中分离出99．9％的Cu^2 ，Ni^2 的萃取少于0．5％．     

二(2-乙基己基)磷酸萃取钐的研究

二(2-乙基己基)磷酸(简称P_(204)是一种酸性磷型萃取剂。本文采用P_(204)的正己烷溶液从盐酸体系中萃取钐,确定了其萃取机理和萃合物的组成,测定出表观萃取平衡常数;并用P_(204)的磺化煤油溶液对钐的萃取条件及负载有机相的反萃条件进行了筛选。实验表明:当起始水相的PH值等于3.86时,萃取率达99.54％,而采用2N盐酸进行二级反萃,反萃率高达99.68％。     

溶剂萃取法提取氨基酸

以二（２－乙基己基）磷酸（Ｐ２０４）为萃取剂，从沉淀胱氨酸后的毛发水解母液中提取复合氨基权。萃取过程的最佳工艺条件为：萃取剂组成Ｐ２０４（０．７５）－磺化煤油（０．１５）－乙基己醇（０．１０），室温，初始水相的ｐＨ值为２．５；用去离子水反萃取，萃取及反萃取的理论级数分别为８级和９级。     

羟基酸的络合萃取和萃吸平衡研究

以羟基乙酸、苹果酸和柠檬酸为分离研究对象，通过比较系统的相平衡实验和萃淋树脂的萃吸平衡实验，研究了羟基酸的络合萃取和萃吸分离过程，初步探讨了利用络合萃取的过程机理筛选萃淋树脂的途径．实验结果表明，７３０１萃淋树脂对柠檬酸的萃吸性能最好，ＴＲＰＯ萃淋树脂的次之，ＴＢＰ萃淋树脂的相对较小，萃淋树脂的萃吸性能好坏与对应的溶剂的Ｌｅｗｉｓ碱性强弱相对应．初步可以认为，可以利用络合萃取过程的有关实验结果来筛选合适的萃淋树脂进行稀溶液的萃吸分离．     

三烷基(混合)氧膦对Fe(Ⅲ)萃取性能的研究

研究了三烷基氧膦（ＴＲＰＯ）萃取剂对Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）的萃取性能，测定了 ＴＲＰＯ对Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）的萃取随萃取平衡时间，水相 ＨＮＯ３浓度， Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）浓度和温度的变化。计算了萃取反应的焓变△Ｈ°，熵变△Ｓ°及表观平衡常数Ｋ。结果表明：体积分数为３０％的ＴＲＰＯ－煤油萃取体系萃取模拟高放废液时，三相的产生与水溶液中Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）离子的浓度紧密相关。当水溶液中［Ｈ＋］＝１．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ－１， ρ［Ｆｅ（Ⅲ），初始］＞８．０ｇ／Ｌ时，萃取体系出现第三相。测定了轻、重两个有机相的体积比和 Ｆｅ含量比随水相 Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）离子初始浓度的变化，讨论了 ＴＲＰＯ与 Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）络合的溶剂化数ｎ。     

溶剂萃取法制取硫酸钾的研究

本文研究了溶剂萃取法由ＫＣｌ与Ｈ２ＳＯ４反应制取Ｋ２ＳＯ４的方法，结果表明，胺类萃取剂对盐酸有较高的选择性；在确定的优惠工艺条件下，制得的产品Ｋ２ＳＯ４纯度高，达９７．５％以上，氯离子含量低于０．５％；用氨水反萃取，反萃率达９５％     

盐酸体系中萃取分离砷的研究

以TBP,D2EHDTPA及N_(235)为萃取剂,对盐酸体系中含砷及其它金属离子的溶液进行萃取实验,选择了两种合适有机相组成:25％TBP 25％D2EHDTPA 50％磺化煤油及25％N_(235) 50％磺化煤油 25％2-乙基己醇(反萃时加入),能使砷与其它金属离子分离。用选择的有机相对某生产实际溶液进行砷的分离实验,以达到消除污染及综合回收的目的。本文还用红外光谱法探讨了上述萃取剂萃取As(Ⅲ)及As(Ⅴ)的机理。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the