光子扫描隧道显微镜的超衍射分辨的光子理论假说

光子扫描隧道显微镜（ＰｈｏｔｏｎＳｃａｎｎｉｎｇＴｕｎｎｅｌｉｎｇＭｉｃｒｏｓｃｏｐｅ，简称ＰＳＴＭ）的发明是在近场光学理论、全内反射理论、光纤技术、高灵敏度光电探测技术和计算机等获得重大进展的基础之上取得的，最近的研究结果表明其ＰＳＴＭ已实现１～３ｎｍ的超衍射极限的分辨率，如何解释ＰＳＴＭ能够获得如此高的超衍射极限分辨率？ＰＳＴＭ能获得的超衍射极限分辨率会是多少？本文提出一种关于ＰＳＴＭ的光子理论假说，这个假说是基于下面两个基本定律：１．光子不只是携带能量和光学信息的载体，也是具有一定空间尺寸的基本粒子２．当光子发生反射、折射、散射等时，仅改变它所携带的能量和光学信息，它的粒子尺寸并不改变，即ｐｈｏｔｏ＝常数．将上面两个基本定律应用于ＰＳＴＭ时，所谓“消逝场（ｅｖａｎｅｓｃｅｎｔｆｉｅｌｄ）”实际上乃是弱光子分布场，探测光纤尖端尺寸实际上相当于一个“门”，它控制着进入光纤的光子数量，通过一些计算，可获得如下几个结论：１．在ＰＳＴＭ的探测系统足够灵敏的条件下，探测光纤尖端的直径Ｄ和近场探测间距Ｚ是决定ＰＳＴＭ超级射分辨率的两个最重要的因索．２．ＰＳＴＭ分辨极限将产生在Ｄ＝ｐｈｏｔｏｎ和Ｚ＝ｐｈｏｔｏｎ．３Ｐ     

科技热词

M理论是为“物理的终极理论”而提议的理论，希望能藉由单一个理论来解释所有物质与能源的本质与交互关系。其结合了所有超弦理论（共五种）和十一维的超引力理论。     

植物病毒增殖的超循环理论与抗病毒植物基因工程

考虑了两个典型的植物病毒ＴＭＶ和ＰＶＹ,从病毒基因组的复制,翻译和组装各个环节的反应方程出发得到了病毒增殖的动力学方程。这组方程是Ｅｉｇｉｎ超循环理论在病毒ＲＮＡ增殖系统中的应用和发展。     

浅谈超共轭效应

综述了超共轭效应及其物理性质的影响，以及超共轭理论的发展。     

氢原子理论的修正过程

在玻尔理论基础上，以氢原子能级和氢原子光谱为主线，探讨了狄拉克理论、兰姆移位、氢原子光谱的超精细结构理论对氢原子理论的修正．     

微生物生长稳定性超熵产生判据

运用非平衡态热力学超熵产生理论和微生物生长动力学理论以细胞、培养基和产物为参量，讨论了微生物生长的超熵产生及稳定性判，理论分析与实验计算结果基本一致。     

eγ对撞机上的标轻子的振荡效应

超对称理论由于具有巨大的优越性而被认为是标准模型的最佳候选者．随着实验技术的进步，测量超对称理论中的参数已成为粒子物理学家的重要任务．在众多参数中，标轻子的味混合矩阵由于紧密联系着味改变过程而广为物理学家所关注．低能轻子味改变过程，例如μ→ｅγ，由于ＧＩＭ机制压低，不会对它们给出过强的限制，所以，我们希望通过对标轻子产生现象的研究来获得混合矩阵的限制．我们选取高能ｅγ对撞机上轻子味改变过程来探测标轻子的混合矩阵，与ｅ＋ｅ－对撞机、ＰＰ－对撞机比较，这样选取有如下优点：（１）ｅγ对撞机具有很干净的…     

N=1扰动超共形孤子理论与超Leibniz法则与量子守恒流

利用Ｎ＝１扰动超共形场论研究超对称ｓｉｎｅ－Ｇｏｒｄｏｎ理论，借助于超Ｌｅｉｂｎｉｚ法则求出了一组量子守恒流的一般形式．     

基于双相介质的AVO技术在气水储层识别中的探索应用

川西新场上三叠统须家河组储层具有超致密、超埋深的特点,识别流体性质的难度很大.从基于Biot理论的精确的双相介质AVO方程出发,结合该储层实测的岩石物理数据,分析了须家河组储层在含气、水时的反射波随入射角变化的响应特征.分析结果显示,对须家河组上部的须四段储层可用基于双相介质理论的方法来进行气、水的识别;但对更深的须二储层结果不理想,需要寻求其他的方法来解决.     

Λ超核结构

简要回顾了Λ超核结构研究的实验和理论研究进展，并介绍了超子-核子相互作用和对单Λ超核的描述，以及奇特Λ超核现象的最新研究成果，包括超核的巨中子晕、超子晕等。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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