亲权鉴定中DNA技术的应用

DNA亲权鉴定测试与传统的血液测试有很大的不同.它的优点深受法庭科学界青睐.本文就此浅谈DNA技术在亲权鉴定中的应用.     

克隆西农莎能奶山羊的微卫星DNA分析

目的利用微卫星DNA技术对通过体细胞克隆技术获得的两只西农莎能奶山羊进行鉴定。方法提取两只克隆西农莎能奶山羊、两只受体西农莎能奶山羊母羊、西农莎能奶山羊供体细胞和两只对照组西农莎能奶山羊母羊的基因组DNA,通过5对具有显著多态性差异的引物扩增微卫星DNA序列,并对其进行微卫星DNA分析。结果两只克隆西农莎能奶山羊和供体细胞的基因型完全一致,受体母羊和对照组母羊的微卫星DNA多态性则与前两者均不相同。结论两只克隆西农莎能奶山羊基因组DNA来源于供体细胞。     

中药材人参鉴定技术方法的研究与评价

主要探讨现有的人参鉴定传统方法和分子生物学方法在鉴定过程中的准确性和客观性,综述了聚合酶链式反应(Polymerase Chain Reaction,PCR)、随机扩增多态性DNA标记(Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA,RAPD)、限制性片段长度多态性分析(Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism,RFLP)、扩增片段长度多态性分析(Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism,AFLP)、多位点探针DNA指纹图谱和微卫星标记技术(SSR)等在人参物种鉴定中的应用,并对每种技术进行了相应的评价.     

微卫星标记在Ⅱ型糖尿病基因定位上的应用

微卫星是以几个碱基(一般为1～6个)为重复单位组成的简单的串联重复序列,遍布真核生物基因组中,具有丰度高、多态性高、共显性标记、选择中性、可自动检测等优点,已经成为人类遗传学研究中被广泛应用的分子遗传标记.Ⅱ型糖尿病是糖尿病中最普遍的一种形式,它以胰岛素抗性活动紊乱为特征.该病与遗传因素、肥胖以及缺少运动行为等生活方式相关.为有效阻止或至少延缓疾病的进程,对Ⅱ型糖尿病的基因定位研究是必要的.微卫星DNA标记技术在动物亲缘关系的鉴定、特定基因定位、群体遗传结构的分析、物种的进化和系统发生以及遗传基因连锁图谱的构建等方面已得到了广泛的应用.因此,就微卫星DNA遗传标记在Ⅱ型糖尿病基因定位上应用的原理、方法等方面进行综述.     

Identifiler体系在三联体亲权鉴定中的突变现象分析

目的：观察Identifiler体系在三联体亲权鉴定中的突变现象及特点.方法：使用ABI-3130XL型遗传分析仪对66个肯定亲权关系的案例进行Identifiler体系的STR分型.结果：在66个案例中共出现5次单等位基因突变,父系突变与母系突变比例为4∶1.结论：STR基因座突变现象较为常见.当出现突变时,应加测基因座或增加其他检测方法,以提高鉴定结论的可靠性.     

四个近交系斑马鱼微卫星多态性研究

目的研究微卫星DNA多态性在四个近交系实验用斑马鱼遗传监测中的应用。方法选取斑马鱼不同染色体上的3个微卫星位点,应用PCR技术对常用的4种近交系(AB,TU,WIK,LF)斑马鱼进行了微卫星DNA多态性分析。结果3个微卫星DNA具有稳定扩增效果在不同品系之间表现显著多态性。结论运用所筛选的3个位点进行微卫星多态性分析,能够快速、经济地对AB,TU,WIK,LF四种品系斑马鱼进行遗传监测。     

白鹭脱落羽毛的微卫星个体识别研究

利用鹭科鸟类已有微卫星引物进行跨种扩增筛选,获得12对可用于白鹭(Egretta garzetta)的微卫星引物,结合非损伤采集的脱落羽毛样品,在物种分子鉴定和性别分子鉴定的基础上,建立适用于羽毛样品个体识别分析的微卫星基因分型技术体系.在中国沿海的3个白鹭繁殖种群的181样品中,19个羽毛样品由于DNA质量较差未能有效鉴定物种.119个羽毛样品成功地鉴定为白鹭个体,物种鉴定结果可重复率达93.8%.性别鉴定结果可重复率94.1%,119个白鹭羽毛样品当中的28.57%为雄性.基因分型得到各个位点的等位基因数7~22个,观察杂合度和期望杂合度分别为0.623~0.875和0.779~0.918,没有位点偏离哈迪-温伯格平衡,基因分型错误率为1.2%.个体识别分析发现其中的2个样品为相同基因型,为重复采集自同一个体脱落的不同羽毛.本研究结果将为深入研究白鹭种群遗传结构、扩散模式等保护遗传学问题奠定了基础,并且能够为其他鹭科鸟类的脱落羽毛的物种鉴定、性别鉴定、个体识别提供参考.     

跨物种筛选黄毛鼠的微卫星分子标记

利用微卫星引物侧翼序列具有保守性的特点进行了跨物种筛选黄毛鼠微卫星引物的研究.选取60对大鼠、小鼠已知的微卫星位点引物,对黄毛鼠的基因组DNA进行了PCR扩增,通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳、聚丙烯酰氨凝胶电泳及基因扫描技术筛选了适合黄毛鼠的多态性位点引物.研究结果显示,60对微卫星位点引物中,17对引物能够稳定扩增,其中8对引物的多态信息含量(PIC)均大于0.5,为高度多态性引物.研究筛选到的微卫星位点可为后期黄毛鼠的种群遗传学研究提供参考.     

微卫星标记及其在畜禽遗传育种中的应用

微卫星是近十多年来发展起来的一种新型的分子遗传标记。它具有在基因组中数量大、分布广、多态性丰富、易于检测、呈孟德尔共显性遗传等优点,因此被广泛应用于基因定位、构建基因组图谱、个体及亲缘关系鉴定、群体遗传结构与遗传关系的分析、监测育种和遗传操作效应、标记辅助选择及杂种优势预测等方面。综述了微卫星DNA标记及其在畜禽遗传育种中的应用。     

纸张上汗潜指纹粉末显现后粉的量和种类对DNA提取的影响

目的研究金粉、银粉、磁粉显现纸张汗潜指纹后对DNA提取的影响,以及纸张汗潜指纹磁粉显现后粉量对DNA提取的影响,探索对纸张汗潜指纹DNA提取影响最小的粉的种类和粉的量,应用于法庭个体识别和亲权鉴定。方法采用5％ehelex-100提纯纸张上汗潜指纹DNA,Gene Ampsystem9700（ABI公司）进行STR分型复合扩增,3130Genetic Analyzer（ABI公司）进行荧光电泳检验。结果粉末的种类和粉量的多少会影响纸张汗潜指纹STR分型的峰高。结论纸张上汗潜指纹粉末显现后粉的量和种类对DNA提取有影响,对纸张上汗潜指纹STR分型的影响大小不同。     

安哥拉山羊及其杂种羊父权认定的DNA指纹图分析

应用ＤＮＡ指纹技术对安哥拉山羊作亲子鉴定,结果发现子代个体的ＤＮＡ指纹图中,谱带均分别来自父亲和母亲,没有新带出现。父权概率为０．９８８９,表明（ＣＡ／ＧＡＴＡ／ＴＣＣ）５探针能有效地应用于安哥拉山羊及其杂种后代的遗传分析。     

DNA指纹技术在动物遗传育种研究中的应用

本文对 DNA 指纹技术在动物个体识别、品系分析、亲缘关系分析和育种等方面的应用进行了综述.     

短串联重复序列的研究

基因组中由寡核苷酸串联、重复排列的DNA序列,构成数量可变的串联重复序列,其中,微卫星DNA又称为短串联重复序列.是一种可遗传的不稳定的且具有高度多态性的短核苷酸重复序列,具有种类多,分布广,高度多态性等特点,这种多态性标志已广泛用于遗传病及亲子鉴定等.     

Positive identification of an immigration test-case using human DNA fingerprints

The human genome contains a set of minisatellites, each of which consists of tandem repeats of a DNA segment containing the 'core' sequence, a putative recombination signal in human DNA. Multiallelic variation in the number of tandem repeats occurs at many of these minisatellite loci. Hybridization probes consisting of tandem repeats of the core sequence detect many hypervariable minisatellites simultaneously in human DNA, to produce a DNA fingerprint that is completely individual-specific and shows somatic and germline stability. These DNA fingerprints are derived from a large number of highly informative dispersed autosomal loci and are suitable for linkage analysis in man, and for individual identification in, for example, forensic science and paternity testing. They can also be used to resolve immigration disputes arising from lack of proof of family relationships. To illustrate the potential for positive or inclusive identification, we now describe the DNA fingerprint analysis of an immigration case, the resolution of which would have been very difficult and laborious using currently available single-locus genetic markers.     

A fast and effective method to perform paternity testing for Wolong giant pandas

Captive populations provide a precious genetic resource for endangered animals and a source of individuals for reintroduction to depleted habitats. Therefore, accuracy in determining paternity is of vital importance for managing captive populations and in selecting representative individuals of known genetic characteristics for release. In this study, we established a fast and effective method to conduct paternity testing for captive giant pandas in the Wolong population. This technique uses two highly poly...     

No evidence for illegitimate young in monogamous and polygynous warblers

In animals with internal fertilization, paternity is uncertain. In birds, the occurrence of copulations outside the pair-bond has been documented in a number of species, but the extent to which these result in illegitimate young is largely unknown, and constitutes a major deficiency in our understanding of avian mating systems. The analysis of tandemly repeated sequences (minisatellites), has enhanced our ability to make individual identifications and paternity determinations. Here we describe the use of a bird minisatellite DNA probe in assigning paternity in natural populations of the monogamous willow warbler Phylloscopus trochilus and of the polygynous wood warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix. In both species this probe detects a multiple locus pattern and a single locus that exhibits a variable number of tandem repeats. Although we observed intrusions by non-resident males into the territories of paired males and extra-pair copulations, no illegitimate offspring were detected among 176 young from 32 families of both species, implying that extra-pair copulations have little or no genetic impact.     

分子标记技术在真菌上的应用(综述)

对分子标记在真菌分离菌株的分子鉴定、基因定位克隆、遗传图谱构建、遗传多样性分析、遗传亲子分析及线粒体DNA遗传研究等方面的应用进行了综述。     

Post-mating sexual selection increases lifetime fitness of polyandrous females in the wild

Females often mate with several males before producing offspring. Field studies of vertebrates suggest, and laboratory experiments on invertebrates confirm, that even when males provide no material benefits, polyandry can enhance offspring survival. This enhancement is widely attributed to genetic benefits that arise whenever paternity is biased towards males that sire more viable offspring. Field studies suggest that post-mating sexual selection biases fertilization towards genetically more compatible males and one controlled experiment has shown that, when females mate with close kin, polyandry reduces the relative number of inbred offspring. Another potential genetic benefit of polyandry is that it increases offspring survival because males with more competitive ejaculates sire more viable offspring. Surprisingly, however, there is no unequivocal evidence for this process. Here, by experimentally assigning mates to females, we show that polyandry greatly increases offspring survival in the Australian marsupial Antechinus stuartii. DNA profiling shows that males that gain high paternity under sperm competition sire offspring that are more viable. This beneficial effect occurs in both the laboratory and the wild. Crucially, there are no confounding non-genetic maternal effects that could arise if polyandry increases female investment in a particular reproductive event because A. stuartii is effectively semelparous. Our results therefore show that polyandry improves female lifetime fitness in nature. The threefold increase in offspring survival is not negated by a decline in maternal lifespan and is too large to be offset by an equivalent decline in the reproductive performance of surviving offspring.     

基于XML schema的XML文档在关系数据库中的存储

分析了P_schema存储方法存在的问题,提出了改进的P_schema存储方法;通过引入DOM树,使嵌套结构等价于DOM树节点的父子关系,用filiation表存储节点的父子关系;由于多次引用元素结构信息相同,所以存储在同一关系中,用其外键表示引用关系,解决了P_schema存储方法中的一些难题,如嵌套和多次引用元素存储问题.     

Extra-pair copulation and sperm competition in the zebra finch

Most birds are monogamous, but recent studies have shown that extra-pair copulations (EPCs) occur frequently despite a range of paternity guards, including mate-guarding and frequent copulation. Although EPCs are known to result in extra-pair paternity, there are no previous quantitative estimates of the success of EPCs in fertilizing eggs. We present here estimates of the likelihood of success of extra-pair copulations in a monogamous passerine, the zebra finch Poephila guttata. We show that (1) EPCs occurring under semi-natural conditions in captivity result in extra-pair paternity, (2) sperm from the last male to mate has precedence over previous matings: a single EPC occurring last is disproportionately successful in fertilizing eggs, but EPCs followed by further pair copulations have a low probability of success. These results have important implications for sexual selection theory.