Aberrant microRNA expression in the development of breast carcinoma

microRNAs, a class of small non-coding regulatory RNAs, are involved in oncogenesis and cancer development. Studies have shown that aberrant miRNA expression occurs in breast cancer and is associated with specific clinicopathological features. Some miRNAs might act as suppressor genes or oncogenes, which can be considered as novel markers for breast cancer diagnosis and as prognostic factors. Here we present a review of recent discoveries on miRNAs involved in breast cancer tumorigenesis, invasion, and metastasis.     

基于功能网络信息传播预测疾病-miRNAs的关联

为了快速发现与疾病关联的miRNA, 基于功能网络信息传播,提出PMBP算法用于改进随机游走法,使用留一交叉验证评估了算法性能,最后进行案例分析.实验结果表明:对于尚未发现关联miRNA的疾病,随机游走法是失效的,而PMBP以疾病相似性作为先验信息,能够有效预测;对于已经关联miRNA的疾病,PMBP提高了预测性能,AUC值为0.866.对乳腺癌进行案例分析,预测的前50个miRNAs都被证实与乳腺癌相关,体现了PMBP算法的有效性.     

A microRNA regulon that mediates endothelial recruitment and metastasis by cancer cells

Metastatic progression of cancer is a complex and clinically daunting process. We previously identified a set of human microRNAs (miRNAs) that robustly suppress breast cancer metastasis to lung and bone and which display expression levels that predict human metastasis. Although these findings revealed miRNAs as suppressors of cell-autonomous metastatic phenotypes, the roles of non-coding RNAs in non-cell-autonomous cancer progression processes remain unknown. Here we reveal that endogenous miR-126, an miRNA silenced in a variety of common human cancers, non-cell-autonomously regulates endothelial cell recruitment to metastatic breast cancer cells, in vitro and in vivo. It suppresses metastatic endothelial recruitment, metastatic angiogenesis and metastatic colonization through coordinate targeting of IGFBP2, PITPNC1 and MERTK--novel pro-angiogenic genes and biomarkers of human metastasis. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) secreted by metastatic cells recruits endothelia by modulating IGF1-mediated activation of the IGF type-I receptor on endothelial cells; whereas c-Mer tyrosine kinase (MERTK) receptor cleaved from metastatic cells promotes endothelial recruitment by competitively antagonizing the binding of its ligand GAS6 to endothelial MERTK receptors. Co-injection of endothelial cells with breast cancer cells non-cell-autonomously rescues their miR-126-induced metastatic defect, revealing a novel and important role for endothelial interactions in metastatic initiation. Through loss-of-function and epistasis experiments, we delineate an miRNA regulatory network's individual components as novel and cell-extrinsic regulators of endothelial recruitment, angiogenesis and metastatic colonization. We also identify the IGFBP2/IGF1/IGF1R and GAS6/MERTK signalling pathways as regulators of cancer-mediated endothelial recruitment. Our work further reveals endothelial recruitment and endothelial interactions in the tumour microenvironment to be critical features of metastatic breast cancer.     

乳腺癌中Fas抗原与C-erbB-2表达及其意义

目的检测乳腺癌中Fas抗原与C-erbB-2表达,探讨两者的相关性及与临床病理参数的关系.方法应用免疫组化SP法检测51例乳腺癌组织中Fas抗原与C-erbB-2表达,结果进行统计学分析.结果Fas抗原阳性率为56.9%,C-erbB-2阳性率为60.8%.结论Fas抗原与乳腺癌组织学分级、淋巴结转移呈负相关;C-erbB-2与组织学分级、淋巴结转移呈正相关;Fas抗原、C-erbB-2检测对判断乳腺癌预后、淋巴结转移有重要意义.     

Comparative FTIR spectroscopic analysis of human breast benign and malignant tissues

Some remarkable FTlR spectral differences are observed and the differences at the molecular level are extracted between benign and malignant breast tissue samples. For the malignant tissue, the relative content of nucleic acids is increased whereas the collagen is decreased. The proteins are phosphorylated and become more flexible and disordered. And these significant differences have important implications not only for probing the process of the breast lesion at the molecular level, but also for evaluating the histological types and grades of breast diseases.     

影响口腔癌发生潜在MicroRNAs的生物信息学分析

为获得口腔癌组织和正常组织之间差异表达的miRNAs,从分子水平研究相关的miRNAs在肿瘤发生发展中的作用,从GEO数据库筛选并下载口腔癌及正常组织的基因芯片,运用GEO2R工具分析筛选口腔癌与正常组织间的差异表达miRNAs. 采用FunRich软件对将所得差异miRNAs进行GO功能注释、KEGG信号通路分析. 通过对GSE124566和GSE113956两个芯片数据进行分析,分别筛选得到109、1 079个差异表达miRNAs,分别包括41、673个上调基因和68、406个下调基因,筛选得到共同差异表达miRNAs有30个,其中上调16个,参与的生物过程主要有细胞间通讯等,细胞成分主要有细胞核等,分子功能主要有转录因子活性等;下调14个,参与的生物过程主要有信号转导等,细胞成分主要有细胞质等,分子功能主要有转录因子活性等. 通过对口腔癌芯片数据的生物信息学分析,发现30个差异表达miRNAs是口腔癌发生、发展的重要miRNAs,囊泡介导的转运,核苷酸的代谢等过程. 最后预测出了13 796个靶基因,并通过PPI互作分析筛选出了联系最紧密的10个靶基因.     

非小细胞肺癌外周血有核细胞miRNA表达特点研究

miRNA在非小细胞肺癌的发生发展中发挥重要作用,为了解非小细胞肺癌患者外周血有核细胞的miRNA表达特征及其作用,采用第二代高通量测序技术对7例非小细胞肺癌患者和7例对照的外周血有核细胞miRNA表达水平进行检测,比较非小细胞肺癌患者与对照的外周血有核细胞miRNA表达特征,分析两者miRNA表达水平差异情况,共鉴定出非小细胞肺癌患者与对照的外周血有核细胞中有显著表达差异的miRNA 209种,其中肺癌样本miRNA表达上调的有138种,表达下调的有71种.研究结果显示非小细胞肺癌患者与对照样本的外周血有核细胞中miRNA表达具有显著差异,其中部分已被证实参与肿瘤发生、发展等过程.     

血清miR-25、miR-223和miR-373作为食管鳞癌生物标志物的评价

为了探讨血清miRNA作为诊断标志物的可行性,利用茎环引物进行qRT-PCR,检测了miR-25、miR-223和miR-373在正常人血清、食管鳞癌患者术前和术后第7 d血清、癌组织和癌旁组织的相对表达量.实验结果表明:术前食管鳞癌病人的3种血清miRNA相对表达量高于正常人和手术后第7 d病人,AUC分别为0.794、0.839和0.873,癌组织的这3种miRNA相对表达量高于癌旁组织.这3种miRNA在食管癌患者癌组织的高表达导致血清的这3种miRNA含量增高,因此这3种血清miRNA可以作为候选诊断标志物.     

Gene expression profiling predicts clinical outcome of breast cancer

Breast cancer patients with the same stage of disease can have markedly different treatment responses and overall outcome. The strongest predictors for metastases (for example, lymph node status and histological grade) fail to classify accurately breast tumours according to their clinical behaviour. Chemotherapy or hormonal therapy reduces the risk of distant metastases by approximately one-third; however, 70-80% of patients receiving this treatment would have survived without it. None of the signatures of breast cancer gene expression reported to date allow for patient-tailored therapy strategies. Here we used DNA microarray analysis on primary breast tumours of 117 young patients, and applied supervised classification to identify a gene expression signature strongly predictive of a short interval to distant metastases ('poor prognosis' signature) in patients without tumour cells in local lymph nodes at diagnosis (lymph node negative). In addition, we established a signature that identifies tumours of BRCA1 carriers. The poor prognosis signature consists of genes regulating cell cycle, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis. This gene expression profile will outperform all currently used clinical parameters in predicting disease outcome. Our findings provide a strategy to select patients who would benefit from adjuvant therapy.     

乳腺癌组织中C-erbB-2、p53、ER、PR的表达与预后因素的关系

目的：探讨乳腺癌组织中雌激素受体（ER）、孕激素受体（PR）、c-erbB-2、p53癌基因表达及其与淋巴结转移、临床分期的关系．方法：采用免疫组织化学技术S-P法检测80例乳腺癌组织中c-erbB-2、p53、ER、PR的表达．结果：c-erbB-2、p53、ER、PR的阳性率分别为：48．75％（39／80）、56．25％（45／80）、52．5％（42／80）、58．75％（47／80）;c-erbB-2、p53在ER、PR均阳性组的表达低于二者均阴性组的表达（P〈0．05）;c-erbB-2、p53在淋巴结转移组中表达高于淋巴结未转移组的表达（P〈0．05）;ER与PR的表达呈显著相关性,与临床分期及组织学类型无关．结论：c-erbB-2、p53、ER、PR与乳腺癌的发生发展有关,是指导内分泌治疗的重要指标,有利于客观评估乳腺癌的生物学行为,判定预后．     

Dynamic analysis of DNA damage induced miRNAs in colon cancer cells

It is known that microRNAs （miRNAs） expression profile shows substantial changes in cells under DNA damage. Here, we did miRNA microarray and quantitative real-time PCR to comprehensively identify the differentially expressed miRNAs in colon cancer cell lines HCT116 p53＋/＋ and HCT116 p53-/-. Cluster analysis revealed a panel of differentially expressed miRNAs which are regulated by p53 and/or UV-C induced DNA damage. These altered miRNAs tend to be located in chromosomes 13, X and 17. Moreover, pathways enrichment analysis estimated that MAPK pathway, focal adheren pathway, p53 pathway and Wnt pathway were mediated by these miRNAs to exert their functions in DNA damage response. Additionally, we found that miR- 320a, one of the UV-C induced miRNAs, play a role in protecting cells from DNA damage. Taken together, our results show that miRNAs are dynamic regulated in p53- dependent or -independent manners in different cell contexts and different situations following DNA damage.     

The microcosmos of cancer

The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) almost two decades ago established a new paradigm of gene regulation. During the past ten years these tiny non-coding RNAs have been linked to virtually all known physiological and pathological processes, including cancer. In the same way as certain key protein-coding genes, miRNAs can be deregulated in cancer, in which they can function as a group to mark differentiation states or individually as bona fide oncogenes or tumour suppressors. Importantly, miRNA biology can be harnessed experimentally to investigate cancer phenotypes or used therapeutically as a target for drugs or as the drug itself.     

MicroRNA expression profiles classify human cancers

Recent work has revealed the existence of a class of small non-coding RNA species, known as microRNAs (miRNAs), which have critical functions across various biological processes. Here we use a new, bead-based flow cytometric miRNA expression profiling method to present a systematic expression analysis of 217 mammalian miRNAs from 334 samples, including multiple human cancers. The miRNA profiles are surprisingly informative, reflecting the developmental lineage and differentiation state of the tumours. We observe a general downregulation of miRNAs in tumours compared with normal tissues. Furthermore, we were able to successfully classify poorly differentiated tumours using miRNA expression profiles, whereas messenger RNA profiles were highly inaccurate when applied to the same samples. These findings highlight the potential of miRNA profiling in cancer diagnosis.     

维医异常黑胆质证与肿瘤患者血浆脂肪酸含量变化的相关性

 从脂肪酸代谢水平阐释“异病同证”、“同证同理”等维医基础理论的科学性以及探讨不同肿瘤异常黑胆质证患者体内脂肪酸代谢变化。肿瘤病异常黑胆质证患者122 例,其中包括食管癌患者25例、肠癌患者20 例、肺癌患者33 例、乳腺癌患者20 例和胃癌患者24 例;另选35例健康志愿者为对照组;采用气相色谱法（gas chromatography,GC）对患者血浆进行10 种脂肪酸的定量检测;对患者与健康对照组之间的不同脂肪酸含量的差异性采用SPSS 16.0 软件进行独立样本的t 检验。结果显示,肉豆蔻酸在食管癌、肠癌、肺癌、乳腺癌和胃癌异常黑胆质证患者体内的含量均明显升高,这是本研究中所有肿瘤患者共同的特点;食管癌异常黒胆质证患者体内棕油酸、油酸、花生酸和DHA 含量明显升高,而亚油酸、花生四烯酸含量明显降低;肠癌异常黑胆质证患者体内棕榈酸和油酸含量明显升高;肺癌异常黑胆质证患者体内棕油酸、棕榈酸、油酸和花生酸含量明显升高,而亚油酸含量明显降低;乳腺癌异常黑胆质证患者体内棕油酸、棕榈酸、油酸、花生酸和EPA 含量明显升高,而硬脂酸和花生四烯酸含量明显降低;胃癌异常黑胆质证患者体内的棕油酸和DHA 含量明显升高,而亚油酸、EPA 和花生四烯酸含量明显降低。由此得出,不同病种肿瘤异常黑胆质证患者血浆脂肪酸代谢特点有共性,也有明显的差异性。     

错配修复基因hMSH2在肺癌组织中的表达及意义

目的研究人类错配修复基因hMSH2在肺癌组织中的表达及意义.方法运用免疫组织化学SP法对56例肺癌组织中hMSH2的表达进行检测;统计学处理采用2检验或Fisher's精确概率法.结果56例肺癌组织中有16例hMSH2表达阳性(28.6%),分化程度越低阳性率越低(P<0.01);有淋巴结转移者hMSH2阳性率低于无淋巴结转移者(P<0.05);不同病理组织学类型之间hMSH2表达无显著差异(P>0.05).结论hMSH2基因的缺陷可能参与了肺癌的发生发展过程并与分化程度及有否淋巴结转移有关.     

Serum microRNA-155 as a potential biomarker for breast cancer screening

MicroRNAs(miRs) have been shown to be differentially expressed in the serum of cancer patients and controls,and can thus be used as biomarkers for cancer screening.We detected the expression level of miR-155 in the serum of female breast cancer patients and healthy controls to investigate whether serum miR-155 could discriminate patients with early-stage breast cancer.Serum samples were collected from 20 female patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer and 10 healthy controls.Real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect the expression level of miR-155.The expression level of miR-155 was significantly increased in the serum of breast cancer patients compared with in the serum of normal controls.MiR-155 may be useful as a blood-based biomarker for breast cancer screening.     

人类乳腺癌的分子遗传学研究进展

乳腺癌发病机制非常复杂，其中涉及多种基因异常，包括易感基因、癌基因、抑癌基因等，对乳腺癌发生发展中这些基因异常的认识，是乳腺癌防治的关键。我们对近年来乳腺癌发病过程中分子遗传学的研究进展及乳腺癌相关基因的研究现状进行综述。     

基于随机矩阵理论分析乳腺癌基因网络

利用随机矩阵理论分析乳腺癌基因微阵列数据,得到乳腺癌基因共表达网络,找出乳腺癌基因共表达网络中重要的增殖模块和免疫模块,并预测基因PMSCL1与乳腺癌细胞的增殖、侵袭及迁移有关,基因CCAN2与乳腺癌细胞的有丝分裂有关,基因SCYA5与乳腺癌细胞的免疫应答有关,基因PRC1、RAB31、INHBA可作为乳腺癌的靶向基因.     

Clinical and pathological features of miR-10b and RHOC gene expression in hepatocellular carcinoma

Aberrant expression of microRNAs （miRNAs） was reported frequently in different human cancers. The major role of miRNA is targeting 31-UTR of coding gene and causing translational repression or mRNA degradation. miR-10b overexpression was reported to promote breast cancer metastasis by up-regulating RHOC expression. But its expression in hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） remains unclear. Our study indicated that the expression of miR-10b was different in HCC and adjacent tissue samples, and reduced expression of miR-10b in HCC was related tovein invasion. High-level expression of RHOC was also related to vein invasion in HCC. But no correlation was found between miR-10b and RHOC expression. These results suggest that miR-10b and RHOC are independent predictors of HCC invasion and metastasis.