生态水利工程设计若干问题的探讨

通过分析水利工程与生态水利工程的差异,提出生态水利工程的开发应有明确的生态服务目标与功能以及工程选址、布局、施工过程的环境友好性与经济性。同时提出生态水利工程设计主要面临4个方面的问题：①缺乏基于不同区域的生态水利工程设计方法与评价标准;②水利工程设计人员与生态科技工作者往往缺少合作的机会与机制;③生态水利工程与原有水利工程设施难以协调运行;④生态水利工程设计缺少生态水文测验资料。研究结果认为生态水利工程设计应基于以下技术路线：①以生态水文学与工程水文学作为工程设计的基础,进行水文过程的分析与计算;②识别工程可能影响的关键生态敏感目标;③生态水利工程的设计要与环境工程设计进行有机结合。     

The performance of the octopus circulatory system: A triumph of engineering over design

Summary Despite the very considerable difficulties presented by the basic molluscan anatomy and the possession of a blood pigment with an oxygen carrying capacity that never exceeds 4.5 vols%, the cephalopod circulatory system contrives to deliver oxygen at a rate fully comparable with that of an active fish. This is achieved by adding accessory pumps to push blood through the gills, by a multiplicity of pulsatile veins and by raising the systemic blood pressure considerably above the levels found in other molluscs. Detailed control of blood distribution is a necessity in a system where the peripheral resistences may be expected to change dramatically when the animal starts to move and large parts of the central nervous system are apparently dedicated to this task. In this account we have reviewed blood pressure and flow at rest and in exercise. We have further examined the evidence which indicates how the animals modulate the cardiac output, drawing attention to the very different response found in cephalopods and the higher vertebrates.     

The Loss of Coherence in Quantum Cosmology

I analyse two different methods for the retrieval of a classical notion of spacetime from the theory of quantum cosmology in terms of the different means they employ to bring about the necessary loss of coherence. One method employs a direct coarse graining of the appropriate phase space, whereas the other method is based on decohering the system by the interaction with an environment. Although these methods are equivalent on a phenomenological level, I argue that conceptually the decoherence approach is superior. The coarse graining approach construes the necessary loss of coherence in epistemic terms, whereas the method based on decohering the system by interaction with an environment provides a dynamical explanation for the emergence of classical notions of spacetime. On the latter account the emergence of classical behaviour is an objective property of the physical system under consideration, in contradistinction with the subjective coarse graining account of the retrieval of a classical spacetime in terms of measurements made by an observer.     

Hammerhead ribozyme design and application

The emerging knowledge about RNA-based enzymes has already had great impact on our concept of evolutionary history, making the ‘RNA world’ more likely. It may well have an equally important impact on the diagnostic and therapeutic practices of human and veterinary medicine in the next decade. We are not quite there yet. This review addresses the design and application of hammerhead ribozymes, two aspects of a conserved and most commonly studied and used enzymatically active entity among the RNA enzymes. The emerging picture is one of great diversity. There is at this stage no general cell model nor a clearly preferable ribozyme structure. Each and every cell line (and tissue) may be unique in that they vary with respect to structural requirements for optimal uptake, activity and stability of ribozymes. We may have seen only the tip of the iceberg when it comes to RNA-based enzymes and their roles in biology and medicine. Received 3 June 1998; received after revision 28 July 1998; accepted 28 July 1998     

Molecular and engineering approaches to regenerate and repair teeth in mammals

Continuous replacement of teeth throughout the lifespan of an individual is possibly basal for most of the vertebrates including fish and reptiles; however, mammals generally have a limited capacity of tooth renewal. The ability to induce cellular differentiation in adults to replace lost or damaged cells in mammals, or to tissue-engineer organs in vitro, has hence become one of the major goals of regenerative medicine. In this article, we will revisit some of the important signals and tissue interactions that regulate mammalian tooth development, and will offer a synopsis of the latest progress in tooth regeneration and repair via molecular and engineering approaches. It is hoped that this article will not only offer an overview of recent technologies in tooth regeneration and repair but will also stimulate more interdisciplinary research in this field to turn the pursuit of tooth regeneration and repair into practical reality.     

基于证据推理的工程项目投标风险决策方法

针对工程项目投标决策中涉及处理大量不确定性和未知信息问题，从业主情况、自身情况、项目情况、竞争对手情况以及项目所在地的社会环境状况5个角度分析了工程投标风险决策应考虑的主要因素，建立工程项目投标风险综合评价体系。在此基础上，提出了基于D—S证据推理的工程项目投标风险方法，介绍了具体的决策过程及风险评价算法的步骤。算例验证了该方法在工程项目投标风险评价领域的可行性、有效性和实用性。     

农业知识工程建设中复杂系统理论与混合计算方法研究

农业生产是一个复杂的生命系统,也是一个知识密集型的产业.本文针对传统农业生产控制和智能农业控制在农业生产这一复杂系统中存在的农业知识工程的"获取"、"表示"、"应用"和"管理"的系统性、效能性、精确性、时效性所表现出的局限性、脆弱性、孤立性、单调性,以及不能有效地解决农业信息系统所面临的关键性问题(及时掌控态势、有效控制风险、提高管理效率)进行分析,提出了以复杂系统科学理论为指导,以混合智能计算为基础,注重开展互动性的语言动力学人机交互与信息抽取、系统性的复杂知识结构设计与模型构造、机理性的领域知识关键因素识别与分析、开放型的农业(大)生产模型扩展与改造4个理论技术和病虫预报、肥水运筹、模式栽培、风险提示、价格分析、销售匹配6个科学实践研究.     

新一代无线电平台数字射频核心技术研究与工程实践

无线电平台数字射频是提高现代无线电系统复杂电磁环境适应能力、机动能力、传输能力和综合集成能力等基础性能的关键.本文分析了射频技术的发展需求和国内外数字射频领域的研究进展,以及模拟射频核心单元——模拟射频功放主要指标相互矛盾的机理,并将数字射频概念扩展到综合数字射频,重点论述了数字射频核心技术——数字射频功放和全数字发信机的基本原理、优势和关键技术,提出了基于系统与工艺相结合的数字射频设计方法、数字射频功放的物理模型和一种全数字发信机体系结构以及我国自主可控发展数字射频的技术路线建议.本文认为在当今时代背景下,数字射频对于新一代无线电平台具有革命性和可行性;如果不能自主可控发展该项核心技术,我国又将出现一个新的受制于人的脆弱点.