致密油开发水平井段页岩坍塌周期的确定

鄂尔多斯盆地致密油资源丰富,具有很大的开发潜力,但长庆油田A井区在页岩油长水平段钻进时井壁失稳问题突出。现有的水平井防塌技术重点关注钻井液体系优化问题,无法给出页岩的坍塌周期。本井区页岩的主导坍塌机制是钻井液滤液沿天然微裂缝渗入地层,引起黏土矿物水化,导致岩石强度降低。考虑化学势变化和流体流动与骨架变形的耦合作用以及岩石吸水扩散过程和强度弱化规律,建立致密页岩井壁坍塌周期分析模型。结果表明:活度较低、膜效率较高的钻井液可以有效抑制地层孔隙压力增长;封堵性强的钻井液可以降低地层水含量的增长,减缓地层岩石强度的弱化;A井区使用密度为1.3 g/cm3的细分散聚合物钻井液体系和复合盐钻井液体系钻进水平段时井眼坍塌周期分别为4.5和9 d,而使用油基钻井液体系时相同密度下浸泡10 d井眼扩大率仅为4%,油基钻井液体系效果最好,坍塌周期大于10 d。     

泥页岩井壁坍塌周期分析

应用力学/化学耦合理论对泥页岩井壁延迟坍塌机理进行了分析.以多孔介质渗流力学为基础,建立了近井壁地层孔隙压力的计算模型,计算了不同时期的临界坍塌压力,分析了钻井液物性参数对井壁稳定性的影响,得到了近井壁地层孔隙压力及强度参数在时空域内的分布,以及一定钻井液密度下泥页岩井壁坍塌破坏的时间.算例分析表明,在同一膜效率下,随着钻井液水活度增加,坍塌周期缩短;在同一钻井液水活度下,提高膜效率可以延长坍塌周期;钻井液水活度越小,膜效率的影响越显著.现场选择钻井液时,同时考虑水活度和膜效率并根据井壁坍塌压力改变钻井液密度,效果才会更好.     

泥页岩井壁坍塌周期分析

应用力学／化学耦合理论对泥页岩井壁延迟坍塌机理进行了分析。以多孔介质渗流力学为基础，建立了近井壁地层孔隙压力的计算模型，计算了不同时期的临界坍塌压力，分析了钻井液物性参数对井壁稳定性的影响，得到了近井壁地层孔隙压力及强度参数在时空域内的分布，以及一定钻井液密度下泥页岩井壁坍塌破坏的时间。算例分析表明，在同一膜效率下，随着钻井液水活度增加，坍塌周期缩短；在同一钻井液水活度下，提高膜效率可以延长坍塌周期；钻井液水活度越小，膜效率的影响越显著。现场选择钻井液时，同时考虑水活度和膜效率并根据井壁坍塌压力改变钻井液密度，效果才会更好。     

地层孔隙压力变化对井壁稳定性的影响研究

受长期注采工程作业的影响,地层孔隙压力将发生大幅度波动,从而导致地层的岩石强度、地应力相对开采初期已发生较大变化,且横向分布更为复杂,进而诱发、加剧井壁失稳,井下复杂状况频发。理论与实验相结合研究了孔隙压力变化对砂岩地层岩石强度及地层坍塌压力的影响,结果表明：（1）岩石强度与地层孔隙压力呈负相关,随地层孔隙压力增大,地层岩石强度、弹性模量呈线性递减;（2）地层孔隙压力变化将影响调整井的井壁稳定状态,压裂、注水、注聚等工程作业导致井周地层孔隙压力增大,将加剧井眼失稳;而在一定限度内,油气的压力衰减式开采将降低地层坍塌压力,利于井眼保持稳定。     

层理性页岩水平井井壁稳定性分析

基于孔隙弹性力学和单结构面强度理论,建立层理性页岩水平井井壁稳定力学分析模型,分析层理面产状(走向、倾角)、井眼轨迹(井眼方位)和层理面强度弱化对水平井井壁稳定的影响。研究结果表明:页岩层理面产状和层理面强度弱化是导致水平井井壁坍塌失稳的主要因素;层理面倾角为0°~30°时,沿着任何方位钻水平井的井壁稳定性都比较差,而层理面倾角为30°~90°时,沿特定方位钻水平井的井壁稳定性却比较好的,这便为井眼钻进方位的优化设计提供重要依据;层理面强度弱化的影响可以比层理面产状的影响更大,不同产状下坍塌压力差异可达0.45 g/cm3,而层理面强度弱化导致的井壁坍塌压力可增加约0.54 g/cm3;钻井液在渗透作用下沿层理面侵入地层,导致层理面黏聚力和内摩擦角降低,使井壁岩石更容易沿层理产生滑移,从而加剧井壁坍塌失稳的风险。最后,采用该模型在四川东南部威远构造第一口页岩气水平井W201-H1井进行了验证,井壁坍塌压力分析结果与实际情况吻合良好。     

层理地层基质与弱面坍塌失稳规律分析

渤海深部地层中存在大量的硬脆性泥页岩,易发生井壁失稳问题。将硬脆性泥页岩当作一种横观各向同性介质,建立了横观各向同性地层井周基质及层理弱面应力计算模型,在此基础上,获取了弹性参数各向异性、井眼轨迹及层理产状对井壁坍塌破坏的影响规律。研究表明,各向异性对层理弱面应力分布影响显著,与各向同性模型相比,误差最大约为31%;随弹性模量各向异性程度增大,井壁坍塌风险增高;直井钻进时,井壁坍塌破坏方位不仅受水平地应力方位影响,还与层理弱面的倾斜角和倾向角、井眼轨迹等参数相关。随层理面倾斜角和倾向角增大,井壁坍塌形状依次为岩石只发生沿水平最小地应力方位的基质坍塌、层理面单对角坍塌及层理面双对角坍塌,基质坍塌方位对应最小地应力方位,层理面坍塌方位与弱面的倾向方位保持一致,最优钻井方位应结合层理弱面的倾向;当定向井钻进时,井眼沿井斜30°~75°,最大地应力方位附近,坍塌最为严重。对渤中一口深井进行井壁失稳实例分析,分析结果与实际情况吻合良好,研究成果对层理地层钻井作业有一定的指导意义。     

渤中区块破碎性地层井壁失稳机理及对策

渤中区块东下段及以下地层泥页岩破碎性发育,已钻井井壁坍塌严重。通过综合分析破碎区地层特性,地质力学特征,以及钻井液性能的适应性,明确了渤中区块破碎性地层的井壁失稳机理,并提出了定制化的技术对策。研究结果表明,该区块泥岩地层为硬泥页岩,微裂缝发育,孔缝宽度为2～6μm,具有弱水化性质。东下段及以下泥页岩地层属于中等偏低强度地层,在聚胺PEM钻井液中浸泡7 d后,岩石强度下降40.82%。同时,上覆岩层压力和水平最大地应力之间差值较小,水平最小地应力值较低。井壁失稳机理主要为地层受走滑断层伴生正断层控制,钻井坍塌压力相对较高,地层微裂缝发育,钻井液封堵性不能满足微裂缝封堵要求,同时,破碎区泥页岩存在安全稳定周期。建议使用密度为1.40 g/cm³的聚胺PEM钻井液,在破碎区中钻井安全周期超过10 d,并添加3%的TEX封堵剂增强钻井液封堵性能。研究结果能够有效指导渤中区块开发井的安全钻井。     

层理性泥页岩大斜度井井壁稳定性研究

层理性泥页岩的井壁失稳是制约深部油气钻井成功的关键问题之一。由于强度的各向异性,钻进大斜度井时更容易发生严重的井壁失稳问题。根据多孔介质弹性力学理论,建立了大斜度井井周应力状态,采用双重坐标转换,得到了井周集中应力在层理面上的分布。层理弱面和岩石基体均采用莫尔-库仑破坏准则,建立了层理性泥页岩大斜度井井壁稳定分析方法,综合考虑了层理面产状、井斜方位和地应力等因素的影响。研究结果表明,对特定产状的层理面而言,井斜角和方位角对井壁稳定性有重要影响。当井斜角超过一定角度后,坍塌压力急剧升高,井壁失稳风险增大,维持井壁稳定需要的钻井液密度较高,向水平最大主应力方向钻进大斜度井时坍塌压力最高,井壁失稳风险最大,应尽量避免井眼方位与水平最大主应力方向一致。     

石油钻井中影响井壁稳定性因素分析

井壁失稳问题是石油钻井过程中普遍存在并一直困扰石油工业界的一个重大问题,对影响井壁失稳因素进行了分析,得出如下结论:1)石油钻井过程中若水平应力比值不变,随地应力增大钻井安全泥浆窗口增大;若地应力非均匀性增大,安全钻井泥浆窗口则减小;2)渗透作用的结果降低了井壁的稳定性;3)孔隙压力增大,安全泥浆窗口变小;4)岩性由白云岩—灰岩—砂岩—泥岩,坍塌压力上升破裂压力减小;5)岩石有损伤时井壁易发生井漏,安全泥浆窗口小钻进难度增大.     

利用测井资料进行孔隙压力预测和井壁稳定性分析

本文利用测井资料,采用等效深度法求得了加蓬区块3口井的地层孔隙压力, 利用常规测井资料计算岩石力学特征参数、进行地应力分析,在此基础上计算井壁破裂压力、坍塌压力,进行井眼稳定性评价,得到了该工区地层的钻井液密度安全窗口.从力学角度出发,计算地层孔隙压力、进行井眼稳定性评价,可以为钻井工程设计钻井液密度提供重要参考依据,具有较大的实用价值.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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