具有良好可再生性的新型二氧化硅磁性氧化石墨烯纳米复合材料

Graphene oxide (GO) wrapped Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by coating the Fe₃O₄ NPs with a SiO₂ layer, and then modifying by amino groups, which interact with the GO nanosheets to form covalent bonding. The SiO₂ coating layer plays a key role in integrating the magnetic nanoparticles with the GO nanosheets. The effect of the amount of SiO₂ on the morphology, structure, adsorption, and regenerability of the composites was studied in detail. An appropriate SiO₂ layer can effectively induce the GO nanosheets to completely wrap the Fe₃O₄ NPs, forming a core-shell Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@GO composite where Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ NPs are firmly encapsulated by GO nanosheets. The optimized Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@GO sample exhibits a high saturated adsorption capacity of 253 mg·g?1 Pb(II) cations from wastewater, and the adsorption process is well fitted by Langmuir adsorption model. Notably, the composite displays excellent regeneration, maintaining a ~90% adsorption capacity for five cycles, while other samples decrease their adsorption capacity rapidly. This work provides a theoretical guidance to improve the regeneration of the GO-based adsorbents.     

微波预处理对复杂铜矿磨矿及浮选动力学的影响

The effect of CaCO₃, Na₂CO₃, and CaF₂ on the reduction roasting and magnetic separation of high-phosphorus iron ore containing phosphorus in the form of Fe₃PO₇ and apatite was investigated. The results revealed that Na₂CO₃ had the most significant effect on iron recovery and dephosphorization, followed by CaCO₃, the effect of CaF₂ was negligible. The mechanisms of CaCO₃, Na₂CO₃, and CaF₂ were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM–EDS). Without additives, Fe₃PO₇ was reduced to elemental phosphorus and formed an iron–phosphorus alloy with metallic iron. The addition of CaCO₃ reacted with Fe₃PO₇ to generate an enormous amount of Ca₃(PO₄)₂ and promoted the reduction of iron oxides. However, the growth of iron particles was inhibited. With the addition of Na₂CO₃, the phosphorus in Fe₃PO₇ migrated to nepheline and Na₂CO₃ improved the reduction of iron oxides and growth of iron particles. Therefore, the recovery of iron and the separation of iron and phosphorus were the best. In contrast, CaF₂ reacted with Fe₃PO₇ to form fine Ca₃(PO₄)₂ particles scattered around the iron particles, making the separation of iron and phosphorus difficult.     

不同硅饱和系数水榴石的碳酸化分解动力学

Carbonated decomposition of hydrogarnet is one of the vital reactions of the calcification–carbonation method, which is designed to dispose of low-grade bauxite and Bayer red mud and is a novel eco-friendly method. In this study, the effect of the silica saturation coefficient (x) on the carbonation of hydrogarnet was investigated from the kinetic perspective. The results indicated that the carbonation of hydrogarnets with different x values (x = 0.27, 0.36, 0.70, and 0.73) underwent two stages with significantly different rates, and the kinetic mechanisms of the two stages can be described by the kinetic functions R3 and D3. The apparent activation energies at Stages 1 and 2 were 41.96–81.64 and 14.80–34.84 kJ/mol, respectively. Moreover, the corresponding limiting steps of the two stages were interfacial chemical reaction and diffusion.     

一种超重力燃烧合成制备高性能高熵合金的新方法

A new method of high-gravity combustion synthesis (HGCS) followed by post-treatment (PT) is reported for preparing high-performance high-entropy alloys (HEAs), Cr_0.9FeNi_2.5V_0.2Al_0.5 alloy, whereby cheap thermite powder is used as the raw material. In this process, the HEA melt and the ceramic melt are rapidly formed by a strong exothermic combustion synthesis reaction and completely separated under a high-gravity field. Then, the master alloy is obtained after cooling. Subsequently, the master alloy is sequentially subjected to conventional vacuum arc melting (VAM), homogenization treatment, cold rolling, and annealing treatment to realize a tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation of 1250 MPa, 1075 MPa, and 2.9%, respectively. The present method is increasingly attractive due to its low cost of raw materials and the intermediate product obtained without high-temperature heating. Based on the calculation of phase separation kinetics in the high-temperature melt, it is expected that the final alloys with high performance can be prepared directly across master alloys with higher high-gravity coefficients.     

窄板坯结晶器内连铸工艺参数对钢液流场的影响

Computational simulations and high-temperature measurements of velocities near the surface of a mold were carried out by using the rod deflection method to study the effects of various operating parameters on the flow field in slab continuous casting (CC) molds with narrow widths for the production of automobile exposed panels. Reasonable agreement between the calculated results and measured subsurface velocities of liquid steel was obtained under different operating parameters of the CC process. The simulation results reveal that the flow field in the horizontal plane located 50 mm from the meniscus can be used as the characteristic flow field to optimize the flow field of molten steel in the mold. Increases in casting speed can increase the subsurface velocity of molten steel and shift the position of the vortex core downward in the downward circulation zone. The flow field of liquid steel in a 1040 mm-wide slab CC mold can be improved by an Ar gas flow rate of 7 L·min?1 and casting speed of 1.7 m·min?1. Under the present experimental conditions, the double-roll flow pattern is generally stable at a submerged entry nozzle immersion depth of 170 mm.     

电渣重熔脱硫技术研究进展

Electroslag remelting (ESR) gives a combination of liquid metal refining and solidification structure control. One of the typical aspects of liquid metal refining during ESR for the advanced steel and alloy production is desulfurization. It involves two patterns, i.e., slag–metal reaction and gas–slag reaction (gasifying desulfurization). In this paper, the advances in desulfurization practices of ESR are reviewed. The effects of processing parameters, including the initial sulfur level of consumable electrode, remelting atmosphere, deoxidation schemes of ESR, slag composition, melting rate, and electrical parameters on the desulfurization in ESR are assessed. The interrelation between desulfurization and sulfide inclusion evolution during ESR is discussed, and advancements in the production of sulfur-bearing steel at a high-sulfur level during ESR are described. The remaining challenges for future work are also proposed.     

利用皮秒激光烧蚀制备非球形铝纳米颗粒

We report the picosecond laser ablation of aluminum targets immersed in a polar organic liquid (chloroform, CHCl₃) with ~2 ps laser pulses at an input energy of ~350 μJ. The synthesized aluminum nanoparticles exhibited a surface plasmon resonance peak at ~340 nm. Scanning electron microscopy images of Al nanoparticles demonstrated the spherical morphology with an average size of (27 ± 3.6) nm. The formation of smaller spherical Al nanoparticles and the diminished growth could be from the formation of electric double layers on the Al nanoparticles. In addition to spherical aluminum nanoparticles, triangular/pentagonal/hexagonal nanoparticles were also observed in the colloidal solution. Field emission scanning electron microscopy images of ablated Al targets demonstrated laser induced periodic surface structures (LIPSSs), which were the high spatial frequency LIPSSs (HSF-LIPSSs) since their grating period was ~280 nm. Additionally, coarse structures with a period of ~700 nm were observed.     

Mineral transition and formation mechanism of calcium aluminate compounds in CaO?Al2O3?Na2O system during high-temperature sintering

The mineral transition and formation mechanism of calcium aluminate compounds in CaO?Al₂O₃?Na₂O system during the high-temperature sintering process were systematically investigated using DSC?TG, XRD, SEM?EDS, FTIR, and Raman spectra, and the crystal structure of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ was also simulated by Material Studio software. The results indicated that the minerals formed during the sintering process included Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀, CaO·Al₂O₃, and 12CaO·7Al₂O₃, and the content of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ could reach 92wt% when sintered at 1200°C for 30 min. The main formation stage of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ occurred at temperatures from 970 to 1100°C, and the content could reach 82wt% when the reaction temperature increased to 1100°C. The crystal system of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ was tetragonal, and the cells preferred to grow along crystal planes (110) and (210). The formation of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ was an exothermic reaction that followed a secondary reaction model, and its activation energy was 223.97 kJ/mol.     

含细夹层的分矿充填层中流动特性的可视化

Ore particles, especially fine interlayers, commonly segregate in heap stacking, leading to undesirable flow paths and changeable flow velocity fields of packed beds. Computed tomography (CT), COMSOL Multiphysics, and MATLAB were utilized to quantify pore structures and visualize flow behavior inside packed beds with segregated fine interlayers. The formation of fine interlayers was accompanied with the segregation of particles in packed beds. Fine particles reached the upper position of the packed beds during stacking. CT revealed that the average porosity of fine interlayers (24.21%) was significantly lower than that of the heap packed by coarse ores (37.42%), which directly affected the formation of flow paths. Specifically, the potential flow paths in the internal regions of fine interlayers were undeveloped. Fluid flowed and bypassed the fine interlayers and along the sides of the packed beds. Flow velocity also indicated that the flow paths easily gathered in the pore throat where flow velocity (1.8 × 10?5 m/s) suddenly increased. Fluid stagnant regions with a flow velocity lower than 0.2 × 10?5 m/s appeared in flow paths with a large diameter.     

中国铁路与世界主要国家铁路能源消耗对比分析

 铁路能源消耗在世界各国的能源消耗中占有较大比例,而因各国的铁路发展水平不同、国情各异等,每个国家的铁路能源消耗特征也呈现不同态势。通过对世界主要国家铁路能源消耗多年统计数据的分析,并结合对比中国铁路能耗的具体实际情况可以得出:能源消耗总量和客货运输生产量直接关系到铁路的能源消耗强度,利用有限的能源去运输更多的乘客和货物是铁路运输生产的重要课题。提高铁路的技术装备水平和电力机车的牵引比重,改善运输组织水平,改革运输组织形式是降低铁路能源消耗的必然选择。     

铁路局货物运营收入与运营指标关系的研究

在分析研究铁路局运营业收入与运营指标关系的基础上,利用因素影响分析理论,得出了铁路局运营指标对路局货运收入影响的分析计算方法,并给出了计算实例.该方法已应用于经营型铁路局(分局)日班计划编制辅助决策系统之铁路局信息处理子系统的经济指标分析中,其计算结果有利于分析运输组织工作中的成绩与不足,改善铁路局运输组织与管理,提高铁路局的经济效益.     

通道绿化对铁路可持续发展的作用

阐述了铁路线路绿化的重要性,分析了太原铁路局通道绿化的主要特点,从铁路通道绿化建设的意义、铁路通道绿化的原则、铁路通道绿化植物的选择等方面,详细介绍了太原铁路局铁路线路通道的绿化。     

关于铁路运输生产计划改革的研究

以适应市场经济发展的需要为目标，研究了铁路月度货物运输计划和铁路运输工作技术计划的改革方案，并据以提出铁路运输工作计划与托运人关系方式、铁路运输生产计划工作程序和铁路运输生产计划计算机系统应确保的基本功能。这一研究对实现我国铁路月度运输计划改革有重要参考价值。     

京沪高速铁路列车运行图编制基本理论的研究

以京沪高速铁路初期高中速列车运营组织模式为前提,分析、比较了高速铁路和既有线列车运行图的共性和不同,阐述了基于网状线路京沪高速铁路列车运行图编制的主要思想、运行图结构以及高中速列车运行图编制和优化理论.     

基于季节差别的拉日铁路旅客列车开行方案

季节差别最主要的问题在于运量的波动,特别是客运量的波动。高原铁路客运量的波动异常明显,运量的骤增与骤减呈现出了鲜明的季节性。随着高原铁路的运营,高原铁路客运量波动带来的运能紧张和虚糜问题也日渐突出。拉日铁路作为纯藏区运营的高原铁路,应该制定弹性旅客列车开行方案来适应高原铁路客运量季节性的波动。     

中国铁路发展战略研究

 近年中国铁路快速发展,路网规模及质量、技术装备现代化水平、客货运量等均达到世界先进甚至先领先水平,中国已经成为名副其实的铁路大国。但中国铁路在科技持续创新能力、企业运输服务与经营、与其他运输方式衔接、国际社会影响力等方面还存在不足。从问题导向、目标导向出发,在明确中国铁路存在的主要问题、铁路未来发展需求及主要发展目标的基础上,提出中国铁路亟需进一步提高发展质量,优化路网结构,增强创新能力,提高运输效益,提升安全水平,提高服务质量,推进绿色智能化,增强国际影响力,为建设交通强国当好先行,为中华民族伟大复兴作出更大贡献。     

基于系统云灰色SCGM(1,1)c模型的铁路货运量预测

从铁路货运量的预测问题出发,试图找到稳定有效的方法对铁路货运量进行预测。通过对历年铁路货运量的定性分析,合理地选择预测数据数列,以充分体现铁路货运量的变化趋势。尝试采用单因子系统云灰色SCGM(1,1)c模型对铁路货运量进行了动态预测。结果表明:单因子系统云灰色SCGM(1,1)c模型在对铁路货运量的拟合和预测均有较好的效果。拟合精度和预测精度分别达到了98.83%和98.04%,可以有效地进行铁路货运量的短期预测。     

浅谈铁路运输成本经济核算

概述了运输产品成本的概念、铁路运输成本的范围和费用的划分,阐述了铁路运榆支出的构成及铁路运输成本计算的特点,指出影响铁路运输成本的因素和降低铁路运输成本的途径.     

铁路货运总收入与运营指标关系的研究

在分析研究铁路运营指标与全路货运收入的关系的基础上 ,利用因素影响分析理论 ,得出了铁路运营指标对全路货运收入影响的分析计算方法 ,并给出了计算实例 .该方法的计算结果可用于分析运输组织工作中的成绩与不足 ,从而有利于改善运输组织与管理 ,以提高铁路运输业的经济效益