6000 aBP以来洞庭湖沉积记录的环境演变及其同人类活动的关系

通过对东洞庭湖地区ZK01钻孔沉积物的粒度、磁化率、孢粉等古环境指标的分析, 初步揭示了该地区6000 aBP以来湖泊环境及气候演变的历史: 6000~4000 aBP, ZK01钻孔所在区域为水深较大的湖泊环境, 湖泊周围地区分布有亚热带常绿阔叶林植被, 代表较为湿热的气候; 4000~1000 aBP仍为深湖环境, 但后期水深有所减小, 其中4000 aBP的气候有明显变干变凉的趋势, 植被也发生了明显的变化; 1000~600 aBP湖泊演变为浅湖环境, 600 aBP之后进一步演变为浅滩与湖沼交互相环境。 该地区环境演变同史前及历史时期人类活动的相互关系研究表明, 6000~1000 aBP的水文环境及气候变化显著地影响了区域的古代人类文化与历史的进程, 其中4000 aBP的气候变凉及水文环境的变化可能是该地区史前文明迅速衰落的原因; 1000 aBP以来, 人类在长江两岸的筑堤和围垦等活动明显影响了洞庭湖地区的水沙过程及河湖环境的演变历史。     

成都平原4 ka以来地层磁化率特征及气候变化意义

对成都金沙遗址IT6814探坑约4 m厚地层的5 cm间距磁化率分析,建立了成都平原4 ka以来的质量磁化率曲线和频率磁化率曲线.根据质量磁化率和频率磁化率特征结合粒度中值曲线对比,探讨了金沙遗址4 000 a来的气候环境变化,划分出成都平原的三个气候阶段:4 000～3 380 aBP,气候偏湿;3 380～1 700 aBP,气候条件相对湿热;1 700 aBP～20世纪90年代初,气候逐渐偏干冷.     

黄河下游历史时期环境变化的烧失量记录

基于精确14C测年,对黄河下游地区湖泊沉积物岩芯的烧失量进行了分析,结合历史文献资料重建了该区域的气候环境演变历史.研究表明,黄河下游地区沉积物烧失量指示了数次冷暖干湿的大环境变化:2400-1600aBP期间,气候较为温暖,后期转冷;1600-1000aBP期间,气候波动较为复杂,间或有冷暖交替现象;1000aBP至今,气候以暖湿为主,中期有较大波动.     

汉代至元代北京什刹海成湖的地层证据 —— 以小石碑胡同工地西壁南剖面为例

对北京什刹海北岸小石碑胡同工地西壁剖面沉积物粒度、化学成分及孢粉等相关数据进行综合分析, 结果表明, 从汉代至元代, 什刹海有4 个环境演变阶段的沉积物: 1930~1820 aBP 为河流相的分支河道、河漫滩沉积; 1820~1295 aBP 为湖泊沉积, 其中三国时期(1730~1690 aBP)水域较大, 水体较深, 可能与车箱渠的修筑有关, 此后逐渐退为湖滩; 1295~970 aBP 为河流相沉积; 970~580 aBP 为湖滩沉积, 是当时什刹海北岸的边缘地带。孢粉组合反映低湿地植被的环境特点, 符合该地区沉积物的环境背景特征。元代湖岸距当时的斜街约100 m, 距今什刹海北岸约80 m。研究结果揭示了什刹海湖泊演变的历史, 为什刹海环境演变研究乃至北京城区的历史地理研究提供基础性资料。     

太白山高山带距今5520年以来气候-环境变化——佛爷池沉积物的多指标记录及其结果的解译

佛爷池为秦岭主峰太白山南坡高山带的冰蚀湖。在其干涸的底床挖掘一条深70 cm的探坑,自坑壁取得沉积物样品。对这一剖面的3个样品做加速器质谱(AMS)14C测年,56个样品做总有机碳含量(TOC)和碳/氮比值(C/N)分析、低频磁化率(?lf)和非滞后性剩磁(ARM)测试、粒度分析和孢粉分析,并计算ARM/?lf。利用这些测年结果建立这一剖面的年代框架,并对TOC和C/N,?lf,ARM和ARM/?lf,平均粒径及栎属孢粉(Qucercus)含量在剖面中的变化进行解译,由此初步推测佛爷池周边距今5520年以来的气候及环境变化。在5520~3800 a BP,气候为冷干,在其中的5100~4300 a BP冷干程度可能最强。在3800~2300 a BP,气候渐转暖湿。在2300~1300 a BP,气候更为湿润。在1300~700 a BP,气候更为温暖,可能是过去5500多年中最温暖的时期。在700~500 a BP,气候再度变冷、变干。由于共同受到东亚季风的影响,太白山高山带中、晚全新世这一气候-环境变化与中国东亚季风区一些地点的变化趋势颇为相似。     

河南孟津地区中全新世环境变化及其对人类活动的影响

在河南孟津地区发现全新世古土壤－黄土沉积剖面和湖沼相沉积剖面。作者对这2个剖面之间进行了野外调查,绘制了其间的地层图,并在古土壤-黄土沉积剖面采样,对样品做了粒度、磁化率以及CaCO₃含量分析。通过古土壤－黄土沉积剖面与湖沼相沉积剖面的对比,研究了中全新世孟津地区环境变化及其对人类活动的影响。结果表明孟津地区在7020～5660aBP和4610～3755aBP是古湖泊形成和古土壤发育的时期,气候温暖湿润;在5660～4610aBP孟津地区经历了一次气候波动,湖泊缩小为零星湖沼, 古土壤发育中断;3755～3055aBP湖泊萎缩干涸,黄土开始沉积,气候转向冷干。河南龙山文化时代晚期,湖面水位较高,人类在古土壤上活动;二里头文化时期湖泊萎缩,人类活动向低处转移,湖泊完全干涸时人类开始在干涸的湖相沉积层上活动。     

甘肃天水全新世黄土粒度、磁化率特征及其古气候意义

结合光释光测年和文化遗迹的断代技术,在系统测试甘肃天水师家崖黄土-古土壤剖面的磁化率和粒度基础上,分析天水黄土-古土壤的沉积学特征和成壤演化特征,揭示天水地区全新世以来的气候变化规律.结果表明:师家崖剖面是典型的风成堆积的黄土剖面,全新世剖面中粒度组成主要以粗粉砂(16～63μm)和细粉砂(2～16μm)为主,平均质量分数分别为54.9%、20.3%,其次为黏粒和砂粒;粒度参数显示,粒度组成较均一,分选性较好,峰态呈中等,偏度属正偏型.黏粒、细粉砂、黏粒/粗粉砂和磁化率在古土壤层出现高值,在黄土层为低值;而粗粉砂变化趋势相反.天水地区全新世时期气候变化可以分为3个阶段:全新世早期(11 500～8 500 aBP)气候温凉;全新世中期(8 500～3 100 aBP),气候总体上温暖湿润,但并不持续稳定,其中7 000～6 000 aBP出现气候波动;全新世晚期(3 100 aBP以来),气候又进入一个相对温凉少雨的时期.     

南京江北地区全新世环境演变的沉积学研究

通过区域地貌调查及对南京浦镇林峰桥剖面沉积物进行粒度、地球化学和稳定碳同位素等环境替代指标的分析研究 ,结果表明 :本区在 140 0 0aBP左右先后经历了沼泽扩张期 ,此后气候变干 ,沼泽开始退缩 ,直至消失 ,在经过了长时间的沉积间断后又经历一次洪水泛滥期 .经过新仙女木期(10 2 0 0～ 10 80 0aBP)的寒冷期后进入了全新世的增温期 .后又经历多次冷暖波动 ,在 756 2± 90aBP～ 380 0aBP全新世最适宜期增温事件后 ,受 14～ 19世纪小冰期气候的影响 ,气候又开始向冷干转变 .同时在研究中还发现 ,古洪水多发生在气候转型期 ,因此笔者提出古洪水的发生可能与全球气候变迁历史中的突变事件有某种必然的联系 .     

制备四氧化三铁纳米颗粒的新方法

以草酸亚铁(FeC_2O_4·2H_2O)在高纯氩气(氩气含量≥99.999%)中的热重-差热(TG-DTA)分析为理论依据,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、热场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和高分辨透射电子显微镜(TEM),分别对FeC_2O_4·2H_2O在氩气中热分解最终产物进行物相和形貌表征。研究结果表明:FeC_2O_4·2H_20在高纯氩气中热分解过程分为两个阶段:第一个阶段是在室温到255℃之间,FeC_2O_4·2H_2O失去结晶水变为FeC_2O_4;第二阶段是255℃到520℃之间,FeC_2O_4受热分解为Fe_3O_4。在高纯氩气中,以6℃/min升温速率从室温升520℃并在520℃,保温20 min,热分解草酸亚铁时,获得了粒径为约40~60 nm的球形Fe_3O_4颗粒。     

浙江沿海中全新世古气候、古环境初步分析

首次通过对浙江象山爵溪镇下沙、大岙和岱山大长涂岛小沙河3个中全新世海滩岩剖面进行以动物群分析为基础,应用δ¹⁸O和¹⁴C等手段相结合的综合研究,初步分析了浙江沿海中全新世的古气候、古环境。认为海滩岩中热带贝类的出现是中全新世时气候变暖的结果。当时热带向北扩展到了浙江中北部地区,可分为3个暖期：6 040 aBP前、5 860～3 218 aBP和2 875～2 770 aBP,其中5 860～3 210 aBP较暖,它又可分为：5 860～5 490 aBP,5 490～4 110 aBP和3 765～3 210 aBP3个阶段,以5 490～4 110 aBP为最暖期,由δ¹⁸O计算的古气温约比现今当地高5～6℃。还由微量元素等特征推测了当时的古环境。     

白龙江流域全新世泥石流与环境演变的初步研究

根据黄土－古土壤沉积序列研究和野外考察资料并结合放射性＾１４Ｃ测年,初步确定嘉陵江上游白龙江流域全新世泥石流共分三期,时代分别为７０００－６０００ａＢＰ、４０００ａＢＰ和２０００ａＢＰ。研究表明,泥石流频繁爆发于古气候由寒冷向温暖转换的波动时期。     

Paleoenvironmental information recorded by pollen in B-3GC gravity core in Okinawa Trough

Based on pollen records in B-3GC gravity core, environmental change since 9500 aBP of Okinawa Trough and its adjacent islands was derived. The result showed that the most time during this period was in a warm temperate climate except in middle Holocene (6800-4400 aBP) that was under subtropical climate control. During 9500–8300 aBP and 3100–2000 aBP periods, it appeared colder and drier than the rest time. The original area of pollen sources surrounding Okinawa Trough was covered by evergreen and deciduous broadleaf forest alternatively with mixed broad-leaf-conifer forest distributed in high mountainous areas. Usually, these three kinds of forests existed at the same time with difference in altitude. Pollen from subtropical and tropical plants increased obviously in about 5000–6000 aBP, reflecting a great lifting of vegetation zone and expansion of evergreen broad-leaf forest in the study area. However, there was a slight descending of plant zone and shrinking of evergreen broadleaf forest during 9500-8300 aBP and 3000-2000 aBP. During the remaining periods vegetation zone was higher than the present but in a limited range.     

Temporal and spatial variation of enviromental evolution in Western China during the last 10000 years

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A 16000-year pollen record of Qinghai Lake and its paleo-climate and paleoenvironment

The paleoclimate and paleoenvironment of Qinghai Lake indicated by a 16000-year pollen record are as follows. It was very cold and dry before 15200 years. During the Late Glacial, the climate varied from colder and semiarid to cool and semi-humid and fluctuated frequently but with little amplitude. Three cold events in the periods of 13400–13000, 11600–12000, and 11000–10400 aBP respectively correspond to the Oldest Dryas, Older Dryas and Younger Dryas events, whereas the two warm periods between them, 12000–13000 and 11600–11000 aBP, respectively correspond to Bölling and Alleröd periods. The temperature increased abruptly after the Younger Dryas event, and then the climate gradually turned to be warm and wet from warm and semiarid. In the Holocene, the largest amplitude of cold event that occurred at ca. 8200 aBP is quite prominent. The Holocene climatic optimum culminated at 6700 aBP. After 2100 aBP, the climate tended to be cold and dry, keeping on up to now. Palaeoclimatic evolution and events of Qinghai Lake based on pollen assemblage and concentrations can be well parallel with the global climatic events.     

On the Holocene sea-level highstand along the Yangtze Delta and Ningshao Plain,East China

The temporal-spatial distribution of Neolithic sites shows a long period of absence of human settlements during the early Holocene on the Yangtze Delta, and the area has not been colonized until 7000 aBP, corresponding to the onset of the Majiabang culture. Besides the regions east to the sandbar of Maqiao Site in Shanghai, foraminifera are not found in Neolithic cultural layers since 7000 aBP, indicating a widespread transgression between 10000 and 7000 aBP Evidence of radiocarbon-dated cultural relics, foraminifera and pollen records from the Hemudu Site suggests that the Hemudu culture emerged and developed during the mid-Holocene Climatic Optimum. Therefore, the hypothesis of a mid-Holocene sea-level highstand along the Yangtze Delta and Ningshao Plain from 7000 to 5000 aBP is an open debate. New evidence from archaeological excavations and bio-stratigraphy suggests that, prior to 7000 aBP, a high sea level occurred along the Ningshao Plain. Subsequently, the sea level was lowered between 7000 and 5000 aBP, and the area suffered from freauent floods from 5000 to 3900 aBP.     

近2000年来太白山高山带不同海拔植被对气候变化的响应

根据西佛爷池(海拔3410 m)剖面的有机地球化学指标, 重建太白山高山带过去2000年的气候变化。对采自该剖面的样品进行孢粉分析, 并结合太白山跑马梁(海拔3556 m)、三清池(海拔3080 m)和芳香寺(海拔3000 m)剖面的孢粉数据, 进行聚类分析, 探讨高山带不同海拔植被对气候变化响应规律。结果表明, 不同海拔植被对相对冷干气候的响应有更好的一致性, 且林线过渡带内这种一致性更明显。随着现代升温期的到来, 植被对气候的响应主要受高程影响。研究结果可为认识晚全新世以来高山环境系统的气候?植被耦合关系提供一定的参考。     

High—resolution records of Holocene from the Shuangchi Maar Lake in Hainan Island

The results of sedimentary characteristics,grain-size,clay mineral,C/N and pollen analysis reveal the evolution history of the Shuangchi Maar Lake of Hainan Island as well as the short-term climate variations in tropical areas.It is testified that the Maar sediment system was sensitive in recording the rapid climate changes in the Holocene.These multidisciplinary results demonstrate that the thermal maximum in the Holocene climate lasted from 7200 to 2700 aBP,with serveral abrupt ephemeral vibrations occurring between 7250-6120aBP and at around 4460,3850 and 2700 aBP.In the late Holocent,particularly at -2700 aBP,a distinct environmental change indicating an important climate transition in the tropical eastern Asia was recorded,probably responding to the enhancement of ENSO phenomena in the Pacific Ocean.In addition,the high-resolution algae record clearly indicates periodical climate fluctuations at 500 a cyclicity during the last 2500 years.     

Temperature variability since A.D. 1837 inferred from tree-ring maximum density of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Abies fabri</Emphasis> on Gongga Mountain,China

Two tree-ring MXD (maximum latewood density) chronologies of Abies fabri were developed from the eastern slopes of Gongga Mountain, and a regional chronology (RC) was established based on the two MXD chronologies. There were significant positive correlations between the three MXD chronologies and August–September temperature, and the RC had the highest correlation (r=0.733, n=48, P<0.001) with mean August–September temperature. Based on growth-climate analyses, we reconstructed mean August–September temperature during the past 171 years for the study area. The reconstruction explained 53.5% of the instrumental temperature variance during the period 1960–2007 (F=52.8, R²_adj =52.4%). In the past 171 years, there were 22 very warm years and 23 very cold years, four cold periods (1837–1842, 1884–1891, 1899–1905 and 1984–1989) and three warm periods (1966–1973, 1916–1924 and 1876–1881). Our reconstruction was validated by other tree ring-based temperature reconstructions from the surrounding area and documented climate disaster events.     

茅坪种子植物区系研究

茅坪亚热带地区有种子植物120科446属831种;大科及较大科中主产温带的科占较大比例;大属中主要以温带类型为主;茅坪地区与太白山、化龙山作比较,其热带成分比例高于太白山（18．4％）低于化龙山（29．9％）,而温带成分比例低于太白山（67．5％）高于化龙山（57．9％）,这与它所处的地理位置相符合,也反映出该地处于亚热带北缘和暖温带南缘的过渡地带。茅坪植物种类丰富多样,区系成分复杂;种子植物区系具有明显的古老性,单种属所占比例大;区系以温带成分为主,同时表现出明显的过渡特点;地理成分复杂是多种区系成分的汇聚地。