具有良好可再生性的新型二氧化硅磁性氧化石墨烯纳米复合材料

Graphene oxide (GO) wrapped Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by coating the Fe₃O₄ NPs with a SiO₂ layer, and then modifying by amino groups, which interact with the GO nanosheets to form covalent bonding. The SiO₂ coating layer plays a key role in integrating the magnetic nanoparticles with the GO nanosheets. The effect of the amount of SiO₂ on the morphology, structure, adsorption, and regenerability of the composites was studied in detail. An appropriate SiO₂ layer can effectively induce the GO nanosheets to completely wrap the Fe₃O₄ NPs, forming a core-shell Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@GO composite where Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ NPs are firmly encapsulated by GO nanosheets. The optimized Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@GO sample exhibits a high saturated adsorption capacity of 253 mg·g?1 Pb(II) cations from wastewater, and the adsorption process is well fitted by Langmuir adsorption model. Notably, the composite displays excellent regeneration, maintaining a ~90% adsorption capacity for five cycles, while other samples decrease their adsorption capacity rapidly. This work provides a theoretical guidance to improve the regeneration of the GO-based adsorbents.     

微波预处理对复杂铜矿磨矿及浮选动力学的影响

The effect of CaCO₃, Na₂CO₃, and CaF₂ on the reduction roasting and magnetic separation of high-phosphorus iron ore containing phosphorus in the form of Fe₃PO₇ and apatite was investigated. The results revealed that Na₂CO₃ had the most significant effect on iron recovery and dephosphorization, followed by CaCO₃, the effect of CaF₂ was negligible. The mechanisms of CaCO₃, Na₂CO₃, and CaF₂ were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM–EDS). Without additives, Fe₃PO₇ was reduced to elemental phosphorus and formed an iron–phosphorus alloy with metallic iron. The addition of CaCO₃ reacted with Fe₃PO₇ to generate an enormous amount of Ca₃(PO₄)₂ and promoted the reduction of iron oxides. However, the growth of iron particles was inhibited. With the addition of Na₂CO₃, the phosphorus in Fe₃PO₇ migrated to nepheline and Na₂CO₃ improved the reduction of iron oxides and growth of iron particles. Therefore, the recovery of iron and the separation of iron and phosphorus were the best. In contrast, CaF₂ reacted with Fe₃PO₇ to form fine Ca₃(PO₄)₂ particles scattered around the iron particles, making the separation of iron and phosphorus difficult.     

不同硅饱和系数水榴石的碳酸化分解动力学

Carbonated decomposition of hydrogarnet is one of the vital reactions of the calcification–carbonation method, which is designed to dispose of low-grade bauxite and Bayer red mud and is a novel eco-friendly method. In this study, the effect of the silica saturation coefficient (x) on the carbonation of hydrogarnet was investigated from the kinetic perspective. The results indicated that the carbonation of hydrogarnets with different x values (x = 0.27, 0.36, 0.70, and 0.73) underwent two stages with significantly different rates, and the kinetic mechanisms of the two stages can be described by the kinetic functions R3 and D3. The apparent activation energies at Stages 1 and 2 were 41.96–81.64 and 14.80–34.84 kJ/mol, respectively. Moreover, the corresponding limiting steps of the two stages were interfacial chemical reaction and diffusion.     

一种超重力燃烧合成制备高性能高熵合金的新方法

A new method of high-gravity combustion synthesis (HGCS) followed by post-treatment (PT) is reported for preparing high-performance high-entropy alloys (HEAs), Cr_0.9FeNi_2.5V_0.2Al_0.5 alloy, whereby cheap thermite powder is used as the raw material. In this process, the HEA melt and the ceramic melt are rapidly formed by a strong exothermic combustion synthesis reaction and completely separated under a high-gravity field. Then, the master alloy is obtained after cooling. Subsequently, the master alloy is sequentially subjected to conventional vacuum arc melting (VAM), homogenization treatment, cold rolling, and annealing treatment to realize a tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation of 1250 MPa, 1075 MPa, and 2.9%, respectively. The present method is increasingly attractive due to its low cost of raw materials and the intermediate product obtained without high-temperature heating. Based on the calculation of phase separation kinetics in the high-temperature melt, it is expected that the final alloys with high performance can be prepared directly across master alloys with higher high-gravity coefficients.     

窄板坯结晶器内连铸工艺参数对钢液流场的影响

Computational simulations and high-temperature measurements of velocities near the surface of a mold were carried out by using the rod deflection method to study the effects of various operating parameters on the flow field in slab continuous casting (CC) molds with narrow widths for the production of automobile exposed panels. Reasonable agreement between the calculated results and measured subsurface velocities of liquid steel was obtained under different operating parameters of the CC process. The simulation results reveal that the flow field in the horizontal plane located 50 mm from the meniscus can be used as the characteristic flow field to optimize the flow field of molten steel in the mold. Increases in casting speed can increase the subsurface velocity of molten steel and shift the position of the vortex core downward in the downward circulation zone. The flow field of liquid steel in a 1040 mm-wide slab CC mold can be improved by an Ar gas flow rate of 7 L·min?1 and casting speed of 1.7 m·min?1. Under the present experimental conditions, the double-roll flow pattern is generally stable at a submerged entry nozzle immersion depth of 170 mm.     

电渣重熔脱硫技术研究进展

Electroslag remelting (ESR) gives a combination of liquid metal refining and solidification structure control. One of the typical aspects of liquid metal refining during ESR for the advanced steel and alloy production is desulfurization. It involves two patterns, i.e., slag–metal reaction and gas–slag reaction (gasifying desulfurization). In this paper, the advances in desulfurization practices of ESR are reviewed. The effects of processing parameters, including the initial sulfur level of consumable electrode, remelting atmosphere, deoxidation schemes of ESR, slag composition, melting rate, and electrical parameters on the desulfurization in ESR are assessed. The interrelation between desulfurization and sulfide inclusion evolution during ESR is discussed, and advancements in the production of sulfur-bearing steel at a high-sulfur level during ESR are described. The remaining challenges for future work are also proposed.     

利用皮秒激光烧蚀制备非球形铝纳米颗粒

We report the picosecond laser ablation of aluminum targets immersed in a polar organic liquid (chloroform, CHCl₃) with ~2 ps laser pulses at an input energy of ~350 μJ. The synthesized aluminum nanoparticles exhibited a surface plasmon resonance peak at ~340 nm. Scanning electron microscopy images of Al nanoparticles demonstrated the spherical morphology with an average size of (27 ± 3.6) nm. The formation of smaller spherical Al nanoparticles and the diminished growth could be from the formation of electric double layers on the Al nanoparticles. In addition to spherical aluminum nanoparticles, triangular/pentagonal/hexagonal nanoparticles were also observed in the colloidal solution. Field emission scanning electron microscopy images of ablated Al targets demonstrated laser induced periodic surface structures (LIPSSs), which were the high spatial frequency LIPSSs (HSF-LIPSSs) since their grating period was ~280 nm. Additionally, coarse structures with a period of ~700 nm were observed.     

Mineral transition and formation mechanism of calcium aluminate compounds in CaO?Al2O3?Na2O system during high-temperature sintering

The mineral transition and formation mechanism of calcium aluminate compounds in CaO?Al₂O₃?Na₂O system during the high-temperature sintering process were systematically investigated using DSC?TG, XRD, SEM?EDS, FTIR, and Raman spectra, and the crystal structure of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ was also simulated by Material Studio software. The results indicated that the minerals formed during the sintering process included Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀, CaO·Al₂O₃, and 12CaO·7Al₂O₃, and the content of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ could reach 92wt% when sintered at 1200°C for 30 min. The main formation stage of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ occurred at temperatures from 970 to 1100°C, and the content could reach 82wt% when the reaction temperature increased to 1100°C. The crystal system of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ was tetragonal, and the cells preferred to grow along crystal planes (110) and (210). The formation of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ was an exothermic reaction that followed a secondary reaction model, and its activation energy was 223.97 kJ/mol.     

含细夹层的分矿充填层中流动特性的可视化

Ore particles, especially fine interlayers, commonly segregate in heap stacking, leading to undesirable flow paths and changeable flow velocity fields of packed beds. Computed tomography (CT), COMSOL Multiphysics, and MATLAB were utilized to quantify pore structures and visualize flow behavior inside packed beds with segregated fine interlayers. The formation of fine interlayers was accompanied with the segregation of particles in packed beds. Fine particles reached the upper position of the packed beds during stacking. CT revealed that the average porosity of fine interlayers (24.21%) was significantly lower than that of the heap packed by coarse ores (37.42%), which directly affected the formation of flow paths. Specifically, the potential flow paths in the internal regions of fine interlayers were undeveloped. Fluid flowed and bypassed the fine interlayers and along the sides of the packed beds. Flow velocity also indicated that the flow paths easily gathered in the pore throat where flow velocity (1.8 × 10?5 m/s) suddenly increased. Fluid stagnant regions with a flow velocity lower than 0.2 × 10?5 m/s appeared in flow paths with a large diameter.     

贵州钩藤不同产地钧、茎微量元素比较分析

为了解贵州不同产地钩藤不同部位主要微量元素的含量,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS),对采自贵州剑河、都匀钩藤样品进行钩、茎微量元素(Na、Mg、K、Ca、Mn、Fe、Co、Zn、Cu、Mo)含量测定分析。结果表明:剑河钩藤钩、茎中Na、Mg、K、Ca、Fe、Zn、Cu、Mo含量均高于都匀钩藤钩、茎中含量。Zn/Cu比大小顺序均为茎钩和茎钩,都匀钩藤钩、茎、钩和茎中Zn/Cu比均高于剑河钩藤对应部位的Zn/Cu比。不同产区钩藤间Mn和Mg,Mn和Ca、Fe和K、Zn和Mg、Zn和Ca、Cu和Na、Cu和Na、Mo和Fe(p0.05)显著正相关,K和Na、Ca和Mg、Cu和K、Cu和Fe(p0.01)极显著正相关。     

2017年中国农业科学热点回眸

 2017年,中国农业科学领域取得进一步发展,在作物分子育种、种质资源、植物保护与病虫害防治、动物遗传育种、畜禽疾病防治、园艺科学、分子生物技术、耕作栽培与农业机械化、农产品加工及储藏、农业环境与可持续发展等领域,涌现了一大批新成果和新技术,科技创新能力显著提高,农业科技成果转化逐步加快。本文对2017年中国在水稻分子设计育种、国家级小麦太谷核不育基因克隆、牛羊等畜禽育种、口蹄疫和禽流感等疾病防治、番茄风味解析、遗传转化和DNA测序技术、机械化种植管理和加工、马铃薯加工技术等领域取得的重要成果做一简要盘点。     

SD大鼠、Wistar大鼠、ICR小鼠及长爪沙鼠的部分凝血因子凝集时间的测定

目的测定并比较SD大鼠、Wistar大鼠、ICR小鼠和长爪沙鼠的部分凝血因子的凝血时间。方法采用四通道血凝仪检测4种动物的血浆凝血酶原时间(PT)、部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、凝血酶时间(TT)。结果SD大鼠、Wistar大鼠、ICR小鼠和长爪沙鼠的TT分别为31.72 s、47.35 s、106.34 s和35.96 s;APTT分别为17.66 s、20.49 s、20.74 s和16.27 s;FIB分别为20.45 s、18.20 s、22.81 s和21.35 s;PT分别为21.00 s、21.76 s、16.74 s和25.16 s;ICR小鼠的TT值与其他3种动物间、SD大鼠与Wistar大鼠间有显著差异(P<0.05);ICR小鼠和长爪沙鼠的PT有显著差异(P<0.05);ICR小鼠与Wistar大鼠和SD大鼠间、Wistar大鼠与SD大鼠和长爪沙鼠间的APTT差异显著(P<0.05);ICR小鼠与SD大鼠和长爪沙鼠间、SD大鼠与Wistar大鼠间、Wistar大鼠与长爪沙鼠间的FIB差异显著(P<0.05)。结论SD大鼠、Wistar大鼠、ICR小鼠和长爪沙鼠的部分凝血因子的凝血时间有较大差异。     

2018年农业科学热点回眸

 盘点了2018年农业科学研发取得的一些重要成果。小麦、水稻、玉米及大豆、荞麦、马铃薯等主要粮食作物在基因组测序、分子育种、遗传机理解析、氮高效利用、起源演化、基因编辑等方面获得快速发展,发布了世界首个六倍体小麦基因组图谱,完成了3000份水稻基因组计划和中黄13的基因组测序,克隆了一系列产量、品质及抗病虫害基因,解析了一些重要的生长发育调控机制。油菜、棉花、茶叶、烟草等主要经济作物在基因组学、风味调控机理、光合效率等方面有所突破,中国油菜基础研究与应用已达到国际领先水平。此外,水稻、小麦、番茄、苹果等作物的病虫害防治,畜禽的繁殖、品种改良和疾病防治,蜜蜂的基因组和转录组解析,蚕病害防治和驯化历史,化肥和水稻品种对气候变化的影响、气候变化对作物产量的影响,茎叶类蔬菜和食用豆收获设备、油菜播种机等农机农艺领域均有突破性进展。     

抗震救灾中的10大科学技术

5·12汶川大地震发生后,在恢复灾区通讯、勘察和评估震区灾情、打通运输通道、搜救遇难者生命、拆除灾区危房、医治灾民心理创伤、监控灾情发展和余震、运送救灾物质和伤员等工作中,许多科学技术成果及其相应的高科技产品发挥了重要的作用。介绍了在汶川大地震中发挥重要作用的海事卫星电话、卫星遥感与卫星导航设备、生命探测仪、野战医院、搜救犬、遥感技术和航空遥感飞机、直升机、搜救工具、爆破技术、心理危机干预等10项科学技术及其相应的产品,并简要评估了其在抗震救灾中所发挥的作用。     

p53+ /－ 基因敲除小鼠的脏器质量及血液学参数测定

摘要: 目的测定自主建立的p53+ /－ 基因敲除小鼠的脏器及血液生理生化指标,并比较周龄、性别对各项指标的影响。方法选取4 周龄和8 周龄的p53+ /－ 基因敲除小鼠各20 只,雌雄各半,测定其主要脏器质量及血液生理指标。结果不同周龄和性别的p53+ /－ 基因敲除小鼠部分脏器质量和血生理生化有差异性。4 周龄和8 周龄小鼠在体质量等这21 项指标上都有差异显著性( P ＜ 0. 01) ,且在左肾上腺等8 项指标上差异存在统计学意义( P ＜ 0. 05) 。4 周龄的雌、雄小鼠在ＲDW、总胆固醇( CHO) 这2 项指标上差异存在显著性( P ＜ 0. 01) ,仅肺这1 项指标上差异有统计学意义( P ＜ 0. 05) ,其余指标之间无明显差异; 而8 周龄雌雄小鼠在体质量等16 项指标上雌雄间都有显著性差异( P ＜ 0. 01) ,在HCT 等9 项指标上存在差异( P ＜ 0. 05) 。结论本文测定并比较了不同周龄及性别的p53+ /－ 基因敲除小鼠的脏器及血液生理生化指标,为该模型的合理利用及商业化供应提供了背景数据。     

R26-hSCARB2 小鼠生理生化指标的测定与分析

摘要:目的 测定 R26-hSCARB2 小鼠的血液生理生化指标,分析性别和周龄对上述指标的影响。 方法 分别取 20只 4 周龄和 8 周龄的 R26-hSCARB2 小鼠,雌雄各半。 取静脉血后,测定 22 项血液生理指标和 12 项血液生化指标,使用统计学方法分析各指标在性别和周龄间的差异。 结果 检测的 22 项生理指标和 12 项生化指标中,4 周龄的R26-hSCARB2 小鼠雌雄之间在淋巴细胞绝对值( LYM) 、 中性粒细胞百分率 ( NEUT% )及尿素( BUN)指标上具有显著差异( P<0. 05) ,白细胞计数( WBC) 、总胆固醇( CHO) 及甘油三酯( TG) 指标上具有极显著差异( P< 0. 01) 。 8 周龄的 R26-hSCARB2 小鼠雌雄之间在 WBC、LYM、单核细胞百分率( MON% ) 、嗜碱性粒细胞百分率(BAS% ) 、总蛋白( TP) 、磷( P)及 CHO 指标上具有极显著差异( P< 0. 01) ;在血小板计数( PLT) 、血小板分布宽度( PDW) 、中性粒细胞绝对值( NEUT) 、嗜酸性粒细胞百分率( EOS% ) 、白蛋白( ALB) 、碱性磷酸酶( ALP) 、葡萄糖( GLU) 及 TG 指标上,具有显著差异( P<0. 05) 。 不同周龄的 R26-hSCARB2 小鼠在 WBC、红细胞分布宽度( RDW) 、PLT、LYM、单核细胞绝对值( MON) 、淋巴细胞百分率( LYM% ) 、MON% 、丙氨酸氨基转移酶( ALT) 、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶( AST) 、TP、ALB、ALP、BUN、肌酐( CREA) 、葡萄糖( GLU) 、钙( Ca) 、P、CHO 及 TG 指标上具有极显著差异( P< 0. 01) ,在血小板压积( PCT) 、平均血小板体积( MPV) 、NEUT 及 NEUT% 指标上具有显著差异( P< 0. 05) 。 结论 性别和周龄都会影响R26-hSCARB2 小鼠的 血 液 生 理 生 化 指 标, 但 周 龄 对 该 小 鼠 的 血 液 生 理 生 化 指 标 的 影 响 更 显 著。 本 实 验 为R26-hSCARB2 小鼠的研究应用提供了基础的数据。     

都市女性居民休闲活动偏好、类型及阻碍因素关联研究——以成都市为例

为探讨都市女性居民的休闲活动偏好、类型及休闲阻碍与其社会背景因素间的关系,揭示女性生命周期中,社会经济背景因素对其休闲活动偏好的影响及不同休闲类型的女性她们所承受的休闲阻碍差异,在大量文献阅读及多轮专家咨询基础上,构建出都市女性居民休闲活动偏好及阻碍因素调查卷,以成都市年满20岁以上的女性为对象,运用探索性因子分析及K-Mean快速样本聚类法对问卷调查所获得资料进行统计处理.研究发现:①休闲活动偏好集中体现在户外性、知识性、生活性、娱乐性、社交性、艺术性、休息性、竞赛性、亲子性、室内性及运动性等10个方面,以此为依据而获得女性休闲5类型,即自我学习型、—般型、家庭型、社交型消费型;②休闲活动类型与其生命周期及社会成就(敎育程度、职业、每日工作时间)高度相关,其中女性年龄、最小孩子年龄及家庭类型对其休闲选择的影响具有很好一致性;③休闲阻碍主要集中在6个方面,即时间、场地设施、同伴、内在、交通及经济,其中缺乏时间、缺乏设施及缺乏同伴是都市女性的主要休闲障碍,而休闲活动偏好类型与女性内在阻碍、场地设施及同伴阻碍高度相关.研究认为,都市女性休闲活动偏好及类型受其生命周期及社会成就的影响与制约,相关部门应加大场地设施建设布局,提供降低家庭阻碍的相应政策与措施,以促进女性有效从事休闲运动.     

空间技术在灾害与环境中的应用

经过20多年的发展,中国已可以利用遥感、地理信息系统、全球定位系统等空间技术对洪涝、干旱、森林/草原火灾、地下煤火、雪灾、赤潮、台风、滑坡/泥石流、沙尘暴等自然灾害进行监测、评估与预警研究,也可以对空气质量、水环境及生态环境进行监测与评价。为了能够实现大范围、全天候、快速、动态的环境和灾害监测,进一步提高环境监测和综合减灾能力,中国将分阶段发射由4颗光学小卫星和4颗合成孔径雷达小卫星组成的环境与灾害监测预报小卫星星座,通过卫星系统、地面系统、应用系统的建设,最终实现天地一体化的灾害及环境监测、应急、决策支     

不同食用型甘薯品种(系)品比分析

对食用型甘薯广薯87、泉薯10号、苏薯16号、赣渝3号等8个品种(系),在江西红壤区进行品种比较试验。试验结果表明广薯87、泉薯10号和浙薯21号产量较高,产量均超过30 000 kg·hm~(-2);苏薯16和泉薯10号,熟食味评分较高,8个品种(系)烘干率均在20%～27%;对甘薯农艺学性状、产量以及食味指标进行相关分析得到甘薯叶长与叶宽,大薯率与中薯率,纤维感同甜度和香度呈显著正相关;甜度、香度和粘度之间,纤维感与粘度呈极显著正相关;小薯率与大、中薯率呈极显著负相关。综合薯块农艺性状、鲜薯产量、熟食味等指标分析得到,适宜江西地区种植的甘薯品种有泉薯10号、广薯87、浙薯21号和紫薯品种宁紫1号。