Leukocytenemigrationsförderung durch Antigen-Antikörper-Reaktionin vitro

Summary Pronounced stimulation of leucocytic migration can be produced by addition of low concentrations of different anti-chicken anti-sera to chicken leucocytes migrating in corresponding plasma. The effective substance is present in the precipitate produced by precipitating anti-serum.     

Hemmung der durch Proteuslipopolysaccharide gesteigerten Leukozytenemigration in vitro durch antiinflammatorische Corticosteroide

Summary The migration of leucocytes from the buffy coat of chicken blood is slightly but irregulatly inhibited by cortison. If migration of leucocytes is increased by proteus lipopolysaccharide, cortison in concentrations of 10^–4–10^–6, and other anti-inflammatory steroids, produce a pronounced and constant inhibition of leucocytic migration.     

Platelet aggregation and stimulation of leucocyte procoagulant activity by rickettsial lipopolysaccharides in rabbits and in man

Summary The effects in vitro of 4 purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparations from Rickettsiae on platelets and leucocytes were studied in rabbits and in man. All LPS induced aggregation in rabbit platelet-rich plasma but to differing degrees. This activity was abolished by inactivation of complement. None of the preparations induced aggregation of human platelets. Both rabbit and human leucocytes, when incubated with each of the rickettsial LPS preparations, generated a potent procoagulant activity (tissue factor). These findings add further support to the concept that rickettsial LPS behave as typical LPS from gram-negative bacteria and may be relevant to the understanding of the mechanism(s) responsible for triggering intravascular coagulation in rickettsial diseases.     

Leukozytenemigrationsfördernde Wirkung von Crotonöl

Summary Various croton oil fractions were studied with regard to theirin vitro effect on leucocytes and their irritative action. It was discovered that there exist fractions exerting a stimulating effect on leucytic migration and an irritative action and other fractions having a leucocytic stimulating effect without pronounced irritative action. The co-carcinogenic fractions ofDanneel have no promotory effect on the migration of leucocytes.     

Die Beeinflussung der Leukozytenphagozytose mit Phlorrhizin

Summary In the rat the intraperitoneally administered phlorrhizin significantly reduces the phagocytosis of bacteria by leucocytes, as determined by thePlatonow-Ludány-Vajda method, with the mean decrease being — 33.5%. The effect is reversible. The phenomenon appears to be due to an alteration of carbohydrate metabolism in the leucocytes. The experiments supply new evidence supporting the view that alongside biophysical factors (surface effects) also cellular metabolic processes may play important roles in the phagocytotic activity of leucocytes.     

Über einen körpereigenen Leukozytose bewirkenden Faktor

Summary In 1943 the author isolated from urine a thermostabile factor which causes a high leucocytosis both in man and animals. The factor is not destroyed by trypsin. The increase concerns only the granulocytes and lasts from 4 to 7 days. There is a shift to the left. In a dosis of 10 /kg body weight the purified preparations cause in the human organism, which is more susceptible than the animal, after a short initial leucopenia, a leucocytic increase up to 30,000–40,000 leucocytes.     

Die Wirkung der Lipoid- und Polysaccharid-Komponente endotoxischer Lipopolysaccharide gram-negativer Bakterien auf die Leukozytenkultur

Summary Highly purified lipopolysaccharides derived from gramnegative bacteria (endotoxins) stimulate the migration of leucocytes from cultures of chick leucocytes. This effect, as well as many endotoxic manifestations of the preparationsin vivo (pyrogenicity, toxicity, etc.), is induced by their lipid fraction (lipid A), while the respective species-specific polysaccharide functions as lyophilizing carrier which, fundamentally, can be substituted by other inert carriers (e.g. protein).     

Lipopolysaccharide-binding molecules: transporters, blockers and sensors

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, can be beneficial to the host by activating the innate immune system, or harmful, by inducing inflammation, disseminated intravascular coagulation, multiple organ failure, shock and often death. On the bacteria, and in host biological fluids and cells, LPS is never free but constantly attached to cognate-binding proteins. Understanding how LPS is transported and further recognized by sensors able to deliver a signal, or by inactivating molecules able to neutralize its biological effects, is an important goal. This review describes the large panel of peptides and proteins reported to associate with LPS, and provides information on their origin, their structure and the location of amino acid residues involved in their interaction with LPS. A better understanding of the mode of recognition of LPS by cognate proteins prompted many laboratories to design on a rational basis synthetic molecules which can be used to detect low amounts of endotoxin, or to act as efficient blockers of in vitro and in vivo responses to LPS.Received 15 January 2004; received after revision 20 February 2004; accepted 25 February 2004     

Suppressed collagenolytic activity in polymorphonuclear leucocytes from diabetic humans

Summary Extracts of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) from diabetic human exhibited less collagenolytic activity than extracts from normoglycemic control subjects. Partially purified control extracts produced ^A and ^B collagen breakdown products of the type generated by mammalian collagenase; the diabetic preparation produced decreased amounts of the same products. The diabetic PMNLs may synthesize abnormally low levels of collagenase or contain inactive forms of this enzyme.Supported by a grant (No. DE-03987) from the National Institute of Dental Research (N.I.H.), USA. This study forms part of the Ph.D. thesis of G.A. Nicoll.Acknowledgments. The authors wish to thank Ms Salema Karim and Mr F.R. Singh for excellent technical assistance.     

Die Wirkung des Hydrocortisons auf die infektionsbedingte lokale Leukozytenansammlung

Summary The aggregation of leucocytes provoked in the peritoneal cavity of the white mouse by intraperitoneal injection of livingE. coli is inhibited by large doses of hydrocortisone. At the same time, the animal's susceptibility to infection is enhanced. The aggregation of leucocytes induced by injection of a bacterial extract containing lipopolysaccharides is inhibited in a similar manner. The effect of hydrocortisone sets in rapidly and subsides within 24 h. The inhibitory effect of hydrocortisone on the lipopolysaccharid effect on leucocytes seems to be an important factor in the influence of hydrocortisone on the infectious process.     

Experimenteller Beitrag zur Frage der Mitochondrienfunktion

Summary In the phase microscope it can be seen that cloudy swelling is the consequence of an enlargement of the mitochondria, whereby the membrane of the mitochondria is detached from the body of the mitochondrion. An increased water intake seems to be the reason of this phenomenon.The intraperitoneal injection of hen egg albumen is followed after several hours by an accumulation of hyaline droplets in the protoplasma of the renal tubule cells. The PM reveals that this foreign protein is stored within the mitochondria, which are converted into brilliant granules. The same is true for the accumulation of vital dyes in kidney tubule cells, but in this case there is a combination of the dye with protein deriving from a slight lesion of the cells.     

Antagonistische Wirkung von Mucoprotein Gottschalk gegenüber Shearschem Polysaccharid an isolierten Zellen

Summary Shear's Polysaccharide and Gottschalk's Virusreceptor-Mucoprotein are biological antagonists. The latter inhibits the stimulation of leucocytic migration produced by the former. Inhibition of virushaemagglutination by Gottschalk's Mucoprotein is reversed by Shear's Polysaccharide.     

Extraneuronal serotonin accumulation in peripheral arteries of the rat

Accumulations of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) were compared in control and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) pretreated rat aorta, mesenteric and tail arteries. The distribution of these amines was corrected by subtracting tissue uptake of tritiated sorbitol in the extracellular space. 5-HT greatly accumulated both in control and 6-OHDA pretreated arteries. In contrast, NE accumulation in mesenteric and tail arteries was substantially decreased after 6-OHDA treatment. In the aorta 6-OHDA pretreatment did not affect the accumulation of both amines. These findings suggest that 5-HT accumulation in these arteries is mainly extraneuronal, and NE mainly neuronal. Since the accumulation of 5-HT in the aorta was not influenced by pretreatment with 10 microM NE, the extraneuronal uptake mechanisms for 5-HT and NE appear to be different.     

Spezifische Wirkung einiger tierischer und bakterieller Polysaccharide auf Leucocytenin vitro

Summary Different purified polysaccharides, mucopolysaccharides, phosphatides and carbohydrat-sulfonic acids have been investigated for their effect on stimulation of leucocytic migrationin vitro. The bacterial polysaccharides of proteus,S. marcescens, shiga and shiga fullantigen, have been found to be of high specific activity. All other compounds have much less or no activity. Therefore it might be concluded that the type of bacterial polysaccharides which promote leucocytic migration belong to a highly specific group.     

Leukozytenemigrationsfördernde Wirkung durch Leukozytenschädigung

Summary Leukocytic cells after slight damage produce stimulation of migration of other normal leucocytes; normal leukocytes inhibit to some extent migration of other normal leukocytes, killed leukocytes have no effect. The significance of this result is, that secondary accumulation of leukocytes with not primary chemotactic substances may be explained by the interaction of damaged leukocytes.     

Actions d'un inhibiteur sélectif des acétylcholinestérases,le 3318 CT,sur la transmission neuromusculaire du chat

Summary 3318 CT [bis (piperidinomethylcoumaranyl-5) cetone dimethiodide], a specific inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, antagonizes, in small dosages, the neuromuscular block induced by Flaxedil in the cat; in larger dosages, 3318 CT blocks the transmission: this paralysing action is not related to an accumulation of acetylcholine, as acetylcholine itself antagonizes it; decamethonium also restores, partially at least, the indirect contractions. Prostigmine and m-hydroxyphenyltrimethylammonium have no action. The neuromuscular block by 3318 CT thus appears as a competitive curarization in an animal with inhibited acetylcholinesterases. There was no indication that pseudo-cholinesterase can play a part in the neuromuscular transmission; whereas in the case of the vagal transmission such a possibility could not be ruled out.     

Die Wirkung von Demecolceinamiden an Zellenin vitro

Summary A series of demecolceinamids was examinedin vitro on chicken fibroblasts, leucocytes, and different bacteria. It was found that with increasing length of the side chain on ring C the antimitotic activity is decreasing while the antibacterial effect is increasing.     

Adrenocortical metabolism and plasma corticosterone in soman intoxicated rabbits

The organophosphate neurotoxin soman produced impairments in adrenocortical RNA and protein metabolism. Fasciculate and reticular cell RNA and protein contents were suppressed with sublethal to acutely lethal dosages (20, 30 and 40 micrograms/kg, s.c.) during the acute excitatory phase of intoxication and at 6-8 h post injection. All three dosages produced ca 90% inactivation of plasma cholinesterase. A transient elevation of plasma corticosterone occurred with 20 micrograms/kg soman whereas there was a protracted increase with 30 micrograms/kg. Corticosterone was not significantly elevated with 40 micrograms/kg, but death occurred at 13 +/- 4 min. Thus, the magnitude and/or nature of soman-induced metabolic impairments does not appear to prevent adrenal activation.     

Nutzung der Sonnenenergie-Möglichkeiten mit Mikroorganismen

From numerous possibilities of biological energy conversion 3 examples with photoautotrophic microorganisms are discussed:Dunaliella producing glycerol,Botryococcus synthesizing hydrocarbons and photosynthetic bacteria evolving hydrogen in the light. These processes are initiated by environmental stress and lead to a single high energy product with a quantum yield comparable to the solar energy conversion in plants in general. However not enough is known on the regulatory aspects and the, biotechnological problems of such large scale photobiological processes are not yet solved.     

Der Hyaluronsäuregehalt und die «Hyaluronidase»-Aktivität der Leukozyten

Summary The hyaluronic acid content of leucocytes from the peritoneum of rats shows a significant concentration when measured either turbidimetrically or oxydimetrically, the average value calculated for wet weight being 0.7–0.8%. The hyaluronic acid break down capacity of the leucocytes is not a specific enzyme action but can be attributed to their high ascorbic acid content. The phenomenon has no well defined pH or temperature optimum and can be inhibited by oxine and by semicarbazide.