与植物有关的河口营养迁移过程及其研究进展

沿海生态系统自养生物群落复杂,初级生产力高,虽然这一区域只占海洋表面积的不足2%,但是其初级生产量约占整个海洋初级生产量的20%.近年来沿海生态系统受人类活动干扰较大,营养盐供应变化较大,对植物群落结构和数量变化产生了重要的影响,而植物群落结构和数量的变化又直接或间接对营养盐的迁移过程产生影响.目前,植物对营养物质迁移的影响的研究相对较少.本文讨论了与植物有关的河口营养迁移的机制,并比较了具有不同优势种的植物群落对营养盐迁移的影响及其程度.     

胶州湾浮游植物研究——Ⅱ环境因子对浮游植物群落结构变化的影响

该文依据1995年3月-1996年1月间浮游植物的调查资料。并结合同期水温和营养盐的资料变化。分析不同环境因素对浮游植物群落结构的影响。结果表明：水温的变化对浮游植物的种类组成和数量变化都有一定影响，秋季和冬季优势种交替明显；营养盐对浮游植物群落结构的变化影响明显。根据胶州湾营养盐结构的改变状况，并结合历史资料对比发现，胶州湾网采浮游植物的物种数和细胞数量呈下降趋势，优势种类趋单一化；但初级生产力并未下降，可能与微型浮游植物所占份额增大相关。     

气候变化对中国北方季风区生态系统总初级生产量的影响评价

利用中国北方季风区121个地表气象观测站2000-2013年逐日气温和降水资料及MODIS遥感8天平均总初级生产量数据(MOD17A2), 分别建立了14年内8天累积平均、最低、最高气温和降雨量与累积总初级生产量的线性气候相关模型。基于模型所得区间的阈值和参数, 计算区域模式RSM本底时期10年(1996-2005年)及未来 10年(2041-2050年)两种排放情景RCP4.5和RCP8.5下, 森林、草地和农田生态系统总初级生产量累积开始日期、累积时期、累积结束日期及累积速率变化, 分析平均、最高、最低气温和降水量变化对总初级生产量累积的影响, 并综合评价气候变化对生态系统总初级生产量累积的影响。结果表明: 平均气温和最低气温对总初级生产量的模拟精度高于最高气温和降雨量; 总初级生产量累积开始和结束日期对4 类气候因子的变化均较敏感, 而累积时期和累积速率仅对平均气温和最高气温的变化较敏感; 未来气候变化将延长累积时期, 增加累积速率, 并提高总初级生产量。     

安西极旱荒漠自然保护区植物群落的季节变化和年际变化以及气候对变化的影响

在安西极旱荒漠自然保护区的典型植物群落中选取6个平行样方,连续3年调查植物数量、盖度和物种数量的季节变化和年际变化以及气候对植物群落季节变化和年际变化的影响。结果显示：植物群落物种数量和植株数量的季节变化主要是由一年生草本植物的季节变化引起的,而多年生灌木盖度的季节变化是植物群落盖度变化的主要原因。植物群落物种数量、植株数量和盖度的年际变化主要源于一年生草本植物物种数量、植株数量和盖度的变化。植物群落物种数量、植株数量和盖度的季节变化与降雨量和气温的变化正相关,而年际变化与降雨量和气温的变化关系不大。因此,降雨和气温仅影响荒漠植物群落结构的季节变化,而对年际变化影响不大。在气候条件变化较小的范围内,荒漠植物群落结构保持相对稳定的结构。     

胶东沿海砂生植被基本特征及主要建群种空间分布格局的研究

沿海砂生植被是由一些砂生植物和耐水和抗干旱的植物组成，主要特点是种类组成简单、群落类型较少，植物的生活型为地下芽植物和一年生植物占优势，主要群落可划分10个群落。构成生态系统初级生产者的植物群落的关键种的分布格局，反应了群落的时空分布格局与群落对砂生栖息地的适应，并在一定程度揭示了生物群落在时间尺度上的演替过程。砂生植物群落是构成沿海特殊景观的主要组成部分，对沙和海岸的可持续发展发挥着独特的作用，合理利用和保护对于该类植被和植物资源具有重要的意义。     

黄河三角洲植物多样性与生态系统多功能性间的关系

以生境多变的黄河三角洲自然保护区为研究地,对黄河三角洲植物群落进行野外调查,探究自然生态系统中植物多样性与生态系统多功能性之间的关系。研究发现,植物物种丰富度、植物多样性Shannon指数和Simpson指数都与生态系统多功能性呈显著的正相关关系,而植物物种丰富度对生态系统多功能性变化的解释量最大,表明生态系统同时维持和提供多种服务功能需要更多的植物物种数量来支撑。土壤盐分是影响黄河三角洲植物多样性和生态系统多功能性的主要环境因素,土壤盐分的升高直接引起植物多样性的降低,从而间接导致生态系统多功能性下降。     

长江营养盐浓度的增加对邻近海区海–气CO_2通量的影响

近50年来,长江溶解无机氮和溶解无机磷营养盐浓度不断增加,对长江口邻近海区生态系统产生影响的同时,也对海–气CO_2通量带来扰动.基于三维的东中国海生态动力–无机碳循环耦合模型,设计敏感性实验,在不考虑营养盐结构变化的前提下,假设长江营养盐浓度各增加50%,,模拟长江营养盐输入增加情景,探究其对长江口邻近海区海–气CO_2通量的影响.结果表明:与参考实验相比,长江营养盐浓度的增加使得夏季长江浅滩大气CO_2向海通量增加,海表可多吸收约68%,的大气CO_2,而冬季长江浅滩和苏北浅滩大气CO_2向海通量减小,即冬季碳汇作用减弱,全年尺度上长江浅滩吸收CO_2的能力增强约6%,.长江营养盐浓度增加所致的生物效应主控长江口邻近海区溶解无机碳的变化,进而对海–气CO_2通量产生影响.     

内蒙古三种草地植物群落地上净初级生产力与水热条件的关系

草地生产力是畜牧业发展的前提和基础,草地植物群落净初级生产力是草原生态系统中草、土、畜三个子系统及其环境综合作用的结果.对内蒙古赖草草甸、大针茅草原和红砂荒漠上15年的草地植物群落生产力及气象数据进行拟合回归分析,结果显示,红砂荒漠植物群落净初级生产力的变异系数最高,对气候变化的响应最敏感.降水量和温度在内蒙古这三种类型的草地上,都是影响植物群落初级生产力的关键因子.生长季的降水对草地植物群落初级生产力的形成起至关重要的作用,随降水量的增加,地上净初级生产力逐渐增大.在这三种不同类型的天然草地上,草地植物群落净初级生产力在夏季气温达到最大值的时候最大,以后随着气温的降低逐渐下降.     

气候变暖与管理方式对草地群落影响研究综述

草地是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分之一,具有极其重要的经济价值和生态价值.通过文献调研,发现检索到的122项研究平台上,90%的研究平台未考虑气候变暖幅度的季节差异性对动植物群落结构的影响,且仅有15篇文献涉及围封之外的管理模式.根据最新的研究进展显示：(1)气候变暖幅度的季节差异对草地动植物群落结构的影响;(2)不同草地管理模式下动植物群落结构对气候变暖响应的差异;(3)环境变化时动植物群落间的相互调控.这3个问题在未来草地群落研究中应重点关注.通过文献综述阐述并分析草地动植物群落对气候变化及人类活动的响应机制,为全球变化背景下草地生态系统管理提供理论支持.     

降水量和气温对小针茅(Stipa klemenzii Roshev.)草原植物群落初级生产力的影响

分析了内蒙古高原小针茅草原植物群落地上净生产量、生长季节地上平均生产量的生期变化与降水量和气温的相互关系，结果表明：小针茅草原地区最近10年气温明显升高，降水量的波动呈随机性。小针茅草原植物群落初级生产力与4－8月降水量有显著的直线回归关系，而与年平均气温、≥5℃的年积温没有明显相关关系。     

Agricultural runoff fuels large phytoplankton blooms in vulnerable areas of the ocean

Biological productivity in most of the world's oceans is controlled by the supply of nutrients to surface waters. The relative balance between supply and removal of nutrients--including nitrogen, iron and phosphorus--determines which nutrient limits phytoplankton growth. Although nitrogen limits productivity in much of the ocean, large portions of the tropics and subtropics are defined by extreme nitrogen depletion. In these regions, microbial denitrification removes biologically available forms of nitrogen from the water column, producing substantial deficits relative to other nutrients. Here we demonstrate that nitrogen-deficient areas of the tropical and subtropical oceans are acutely vulnerable to nitrogen pollution. Despite naturally high nutrient concentrations and productivity, nitrogen-rich agricultural runoff fuels large (54-577 km2) phytoplankton blooms in the Gulf of California. Runoff exerts a strong and consistent influence on biological processes, in 80% of cases stimulating blooms within days of fertilization and irrigation of agricultural fields. We project that by the year 2050, 27-59% of all nitrogen fertilizer will be applied in developing regions located upstream of nitrogen-deficient marine ecosystems. Our findings highlight the present and future vulnerability of these ecosystems to agricultural runoff.     

Parasitic plants indirectly regulate below-ground properties in grassland ecosystems

Parasitic plants are one of the most ubiquitous groups of generalist parasites in both natural and managed ecosystems, with over 3,000 known species worldwide. Although much is known about how parasitic plants influence host performance, their role as drivers of community- and ecosystem-level properties remains largely unexplored. Parasitic plants have the potential to influence directly the productivity and structure of plant communities because they cause harm to particular host plants, indirectly increasing the competitive status of non-host species. Such parasite-driven above-ground effects might also have important indirect consequences through altering the quantity and quality of resources that enter soil, thereby affecting the activity of decomposer organisms. Here we show in model grassland communities that the parasitic plant Rhinanthus minor, which occurs widely throughout Europe and North America, has strong direct effects on above-ground community properties, increasing plant diversity and reducing productivity. We also show that these direct effects of R. minor on the plant community have marked indirect effects on below-ground properties, ultimately increasing rates of nitrogen cycling. Our study provides evidence that parasitic plants act as a major driver of both above-ground and below-ground properties of grassland ecosystems.     

Plant litter decomposition in a semi-arid ecosystem controlled by photodegradation

The carbon balance in terrestrial ecosystems is determined by the difference between inputs from primary production and the return of carbon to the atmosphere through decomposition of organic matter. Our understanding of the factors that control carbon turnover in water-limited ecosystems is limited, however, as studies of litter decomposition have shown contradictory results and only a modest correlation with precipitation. Here we evaluate the influence of solar radiation, soil biotic activity and soil resource availability on litter decomposition in the semi-arid Patagonian steppe using the results of manipulative experiments carried out under ambient conditions of rainfall and temperature. We show that intercepted solar radiation was the only factor that had a significant effect on the decomposition of organic matter, with attenuation of ultraviolet-B and total radiation causing a 33 and 60 per cent reduction in decomposition, respectively. We conclude that photodegradation is a dominant control on above-ground litter decomposition in this semi-arid ecosystem. Losses through photochemical mineralization may represent a short-circuit in the carbon cycle, with a substantial fraction of carbon fixed in plant biomass being lost directly to the atmosphere without cycling through soil organic matter pools. Furthermore, future changes in radiation interception due to decreased cloudiness, increased stratospheric ozone depletion, or reduced vegetative cover may have a more significant effect on the carbon balance in these water-limited ecosystems than changes in temperature or precipitation.     

秦皇岛海域洪季水动力及污染物扩散数值模拟

基于实测资料验证的秦皇岛近岸海域二维水动力和污染物扩散模型,研究了秦皇岛近岸海域洪季大潮水文条件下的水动力和污染物扩散分布特征,并在此基础上分析了风对秦皇岛近岸海域水动力和污染物扩散的影响.研究发现,秦皇岛近岸海域落潮流为东北(NE)向,涨潮流为西南(SW)向.在渤海夏季风作用下,秦皇岛近岸海域整体水位略有降低;落憩时刻,石河口以北海域流速降低,石河口以南海域流速增加;涨憩时刻,石河口以北海域流速略有增加,戴河口至滦河口间海域流速降低.化学需氧量(COD)扩散方向与涨落潮方向一致,涨落憩时刻,COD浓度均在滦河口以南海域降低,洋河口以北海域增加.     

Upwelling-driven nearshore hypoxia signals ecosystem and oceanographic changes in the northeast Pacific

Seasonal development of dissolved-oxygen deficits (hypoxia) represents an acute system-level perturbation to ecological dynamics and fishery sustainability in coastal ecosystems around the globe. Whereas anthropogenic nutrient loading has increased the frequency and severity of hypoxia in estuaries and semi-enclosed seas, the occurrence of hypoxia in open-coast upwelling systems reflects ocean conditions that control the delivery of oxygen-poor and nutrient-rich deep water onto continental shelves. Upwelling systems support a large proportion of the world's fisheries, therefore understanding the links between changes in ocean climate, upwelling-driven hypoxia and ecological perturbations is critical. Here we report on the unprecedented development of severe inner-shelf (<70 m) hypoxia and resultant mass die-offs of fish and invertebrates within the California Current System. In 2002, cross-shelf transects revealed the development of abnormally low dissolved-oxygen levels as a response to anomalously strong flow of subarctic water into the California Current System. Our findings highlight the sensitivity of inner-shelf ecosystems to variation in ocean conditions, and the potential impacts of climate change on marine communities.     

伊犁河上游典型草地生态系统氮磷含量及化学计量特征

【目的】了解伊犁河上游典型草地养分限制状况,为不同草地类型群落营养循环及植物-土壤养分管理提供理论依据,也为该区域生态环境的改善提供科学依据。【方法】通过野外调查采样和室内分析测定,采用相关性分析方法,分析了不同类型草地群落植物-土壤氮、磷、钾含量及化学计量学特征。【结果】研究区不同草地类型植物群落植物地上部分和地下部分根系的氮、磷、钾含量变异较大,山地草甸草原和高寒草甸植物地上部分氮含量荒漠草原、半荒漠草原和高寒草甸的氮含量;荒漠草原和半荒漠草原植物地下部分根系的氮含量山地草甸草原、山地草甸和高寒草甸的氮含量;不同草地群落类型植物地上部分的P含量与植物N/P比值呈显著负相关,土壤N与土壤P含量、土壤P含量与土壤N/P比值分别呈显著正相关,土壤N和土壤N/P比值极显著相关,其相关系数为0.983。【结论】研究区土壤氮素缺乏,可以考虑在草地生长过程中适当添加氮肥。     

林火对森林生态系统碳氮磷生态化学计量特征影响研究进展

林火可以改变森林生态系统元素的生态化学计量特征,反映火后森林生态系统环境中生物地球化学循环变化模式,阐明林火干扰下森林生态系统碳(C)氮(N)磷(P)生态化学计量特征,对于理解森林生态系统对林火干扰的响应机理至关重要.笔者通过查阅大量相关文献,总结与分析了林火干扰对森林生态系统C-N-P生态化学计量特征影响模式,以及林...     

Contributions of microbial biofilms to ecosystem processes in stream mesocosms

In many aquatic ecosystems, most microbes live in matrix-enclosed biofilms and contribute substantially to energy flow and nutrient cycling. Little is known, however, about the coupling of structure and dynamics of these biofilms to ecosystem function. Here we show that microbial biofilms changed the physical and chemical microhabitat and contributed to ecosystem processes in 30-m-long stream mesocosms. Biofilm growth increased hydrodynamic transient storage-streamwater detained in quiescent zones, which is a major physical template for ecological processes in streams-by 300% and the retention of suspended particles by 120%. In addition, by enhancing the relative uptake of organic molecules of lower bioavailability, the interplay of biofilm microarchitecture and mass transfer changed their downstream linkage. As living zones of transient storage, biofilms bring hydrodynamic retention and biochemical processing into close spatial proximity and influence biogeochemical processes and patterns in streams. Thus, biofilms are highly efficient and successful ecological communities that may also contribute to the influence that headwater streams have on rivers, estuaries and even oceans through longitudinal linkages of local biogeochemical and hydrodynamic processes.     

Altered performance of forest pests under atmospheres enriched by CO2 and O3

Human activity causes increasing background concentrations of the greenhouse gases CO2 and O3. Increased levels of CO2 can be found in all terrestrial ecosystems. Damaging O3 concentrations currently occur over 29% of the world's temperate and subpolar forests but are predicted to affect fully 60% by 2100 (ref. 3). Although individual effects of CO2 and O3 on vegetation have been widely investigated, very little is known about their interaction, and long-term studies on mature trees and higher trophic levels are extremely rare. Here we present evidence from the most widely distributed North American tree species, Populus tremuloides, showing that CO2 and O3, singly and in combination, affected productivity, physical and chemical leaf defences and, because of changes in plant quality, insect and disease populations. Our data show that feedbacks to plant growth from changes induced by CO2 and O3 in plant quality and pest performance are likely. Assessments of global change effects on forest ecosystems must therefore consider the interacting effects of CO2 and O3 on plant performance, as well as the implications of increased pest activity.     

皖南红壤茶区茶树根际微生物区系分析及其对茶园土壤肥力的影响

从皖南宣郎广大片红壤茶区定点采样,进行茶树根际土壤微生物区系的组成和数量,以及土壤养分状况的分析,结果表明:各个类群的微生物都有分布,一些对增进土壤肥力有显著效益的种群,其数量都很丰富。茶园土壤养分状况与茶树根际微生物区系的组成和数量有着明显的相关性。而茶园不同的管理措施,对茶树根际土壤微生物的分布及土壤养分状况都有一定的影响。为使茶园达到高产、稳产,必需把培肥土壤作为关键措施。