球形非金属夹杂物与焊缝金属的断裂

对四种不同强度级别的焊缝金属的廷性断口和脆性断口上的夹杂物进行了系统的观察与分析,探讨了球形非金属夹杂物对焊缝金属断裂性能的影响。焊缝金属的延性断裂性能与所含夹杂物的数量存在直接的关系,而焊缝金属的解理断裂中有相当大的一部分由尺寸相对较大的,与基体结合强度较高的Ti型夹杂物所引发。     

稀土Ce在大热输入焊缝金属中的作用

研究了稀土Ce对大热输入焊缝金属中夹杂物尺寸大小和分布,焊缝金属的显微组织和力学性能的影响,探讨了稀土Ce的氧硫化物诱导针状铁素体的形核机理。结果表明,稀土Ce能细化焊缝金属的夹杂物,使焊缝金属中直径小于2.0μm的非金属夹杂物达90%以上。稀土Ce在大热输入焊缝金属中以Ce2O2S、Ce3S4和CeS的形式存在,形成中心为Al2O3、TiO、MnO和SiO2,表面为Ce2O2S、Ce2S3或CeS的非金属夹杂物,位于夹杂物表面的Ce2O2S、Ce3S4和CeS诱导针状铁素体形核,增加焊缝金属中针状铁素体的含量,抑制先共析铁素体的生成,细化焊缝金属晶粒,提高焊缝金属的韧性。稀土Ce的氧硫化物诱导针状铁素体形核的机理是Ce2O2S、Ce3S4和CeS与针状铁素体的错配度小。     

利用超声波在线检测液态金属洁净度的模拟研究

通过水模型实验研究了利用超声波在线检测液态金属中夹杂物的可能性。首先考察和比较了不同性质的夹杂物对超声波传播规律的影响,发现当溶液中存在夹杂物时超声波声压减小,超声波的波形也发生明显变化,而且不同性质的夹杂物对超声波的影响也存在较大差异。进一步考察夹杂物浓度和粒径对超声波传播的影响,发现随着夹杂物浓度的增加和粒径的增大,超声波声压逐渐减小,而且声压对上述因素的微小变化反应灵敏。研究表明,利用超声波在线检测液态金属洁净度是可能的。     

球形非金属夹杂物的应力分析

本文给出了金属中球形非金属夹杂物在外加应力作用下以及基体产生塑性变形后的应力分析结果,讨论了影响夹杂物应力特性的主要影响因素及其对断裂模式的影响,提出夹杂物作为基体解理引发源的必要条件之一是夹杂物与基体界面有足够的结合强度。     

FeO-rich silicates and Ca, Al-rich inclusions in Qingzhen and Yamato 691 (EH3) meteorites: Evidence for migration of mass in the solar nebula

The Qingzhen and Yamato 691 (EH3) enstatite chondrites, which formed under extremely reducing conditions, are studied using the scanning electron microscope and electron probe microanalyzer. Both meteorites contain FeO-rich silicates and minor Ca, Al-rich inclusions. Most FeO-rich silicates are Ca-poor pyroxenes and occur as fragments in matrix. A few grains of FeO-rich silicates were found in chondrules, and FeO-rich olivine is rare. In Qingzhen, FeO-rich silicates commonly contain abundant dust-like Ni-poor metals, which probably formed through reduction of FeO. In contrast, only a few fragments of FeO-rich silicates in Yamato 691 enclose dust-like metals. This difference is consistent with a more reducing condition of Qingzhen than Yamato 691. Ca, Al-rich inclusions have similar modal compositions and mineral chemistry as their counterparts in carbonaceous chondrites. We suggest that (1) the FeO-rich silicates probably formed in oxidized regions of the solar nebula, and then moved into the enstatite chondrite locations; and (2) Ca, Al-rich inclusions in both enstatite chondrites and carbonaceous chondrites may have similar origins and reservoirs.     

由埋藏史确定成矿深度兼论成矿时代——以晴隆锑矿为例

埋藏史模拟技术已经在油气地质研究领域中被广泛应用,但是在金属矿床中却鲜有探索者.随着对金属需求的日益增加,迫切需要把类似埋藏史模拟技术等在石油行业已经运用成熟的技术引入到金属矿产的相应研究中.恢复了晴隆地区埋藏史,结合流体包裹体均一温度,确定晴隆锑矿成矿深度范围为2 587～4982 m,成矿时间可能为早三叠世到晚三叠...     

GCr15轴承钢中MnS-Al_2O_3复合夹杂物析出行为

对于钢液铝脱氧精炼过程产生的Al_2O_3夹杂物严重影响钢的性能,而在钢液凝固过程中MnS夹杂物容易包裹着Al_2O_3夹杂物形成复合夹杂物,这种复合夹杂物改善钢材的性能有重要意义。通过场发射扫描电镜和能谱对国内某钢厂连铸坯中夹杂物形貌以及组成进行观察与分析,发现大量MnS包裹Al_2O_3复合夹杂物。同时通过理论热力学阐述MnS包裹Al_2O_3复合夹杂物的析出机理,计算得出:Al_2O_3夹杂物在钢液中形成,Mn S夹杂物在钢液凝固过程中形成,由于Al_2O_3夹杂物先析出,Mn S夹杂物可以在先析出的Al_2O_3夹杂物进行形核与长大,为钢中MnS包裹Al_2O_3复合夹杂物生成提供了理论依据。     

Research on droplet formation and dripping behavior during the electroslag remelting process

A better understanding of droplet formation and dripping behavior would be useful in the efficient removal of impurity elements and nonmetallic inclusions from liquid metals. In the present work, we developed a transparent experimental apparatus to study the mechanisms of droplet formation and the effects of filling ratio on droplet behavior during the electroslag remelting (ESR) process. A high-speed camera was used to clearly observe, at small time scales, the droplet formation and dripping phenomenon at the slag/metal interface during a stable ESR process. The results illustrate that a two-stage process for droplet formation and dripping occurs during the ESR process and that the droplet diameter exhibits a parabolic distribution with increasing filling ratio because of the different shape and thermal state of the electrode tip. This work also confirms that a relatively large filling ratio reduces electricity consumption and improves ingot quality.     

原位观察MnS对非调质钢拉伸性能各向异性的影响

利用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜原位观察S质量分数为0.065%的非调质钢纵向与横向拉伸过程中MnS的行为,研究MnS形貌与分布对非调质钢各向异性的影响.原位观察表明锻后钢中存在大量长条形MnS,横向与纵向拉伸过程中MnS长度方向与拉力方向取向不同.横向拉伸过程中MnS更易与基体分离产生裂纹,裂纹随MnS长度方向扩展长大,最终导致基体的断裂. MnS在纵向拉伸时不易与基体分离,因此对纵向拉伸性能影响较小.钢中群聚分布的MnS有利于裂纹的聚合长大,会促进基体的断裂.     

16MnR钢夹杂物的行为

系统地调查研究了１６ＭｎＲ钢在整个生产过程中钢中夹杂物的演变规律和清洁度水平,重点考察了钢锭中大型氧化物夹杂的类型,数量,分布,来源的形成,结果表明：钢锭中夹杂物主要是块状Ａｌ２Ｏ３,钢锭中大颗粒夹杂物主要来源于复合渣卷渣。     

IF钢生产过程非金属夹杂物行为研究

对首钢京唐生产IF钢的同一浇次前2炉的RH精炼、镇静和中间包浇铸过程进行了系统取样,并利用Aspex自动扫描电子显微镜分析统计了钢中夹杂物的成分、尺寸等信息.研究发现,Al2O3-TixO复合夹杂物在Ti合金化和二次氧化的情况下都会生成,并随着精炼的进行逐渐转变为Al2O3,这与热力学计算的结果一致;而Al2O3可以作为Al2O3-TixO的形核核心,形成Al2O3-TixO包裹Al2O3的夹杂物,并且在Al2O3-TixO转变为Al2O3的过程中会导致钢滴进入夹杂物内部,从而形成Al2O3包裹钢滴的夹杂物.     

RH精炼过程钢中非金属夹杂物行为及演变规律

以RH精炼为研究对象,在不同时间节点取样,采用金相显微镜、SEM等手段研究了钢中夹杂物成分、数量、尺寸分布的变化规律,并对RH过程夹杂物的碰撞聚合、长大、去除行为进行了讨论.结果表明:RH精炼过程中夹杂物的去除明显,软吹结束后,几乎没有大于10μm的夹杂物.随精炼时间延长,夹杂物平均粒径变化不大,但单位面积夹杂物数量显著减少,而夹杂物面积比呈先增大后降低的趋势.弹簧钢中硅酸盐夹杂物具有一定的硫容量,可形成边缘为富硫相,内核为硅酸盐的双层夹杂物.由于RH内钢水的强烈混合,固态夹杂物极易被液态铝酸钙夹杂物捕获,形成镶嵌特征的复合夹杂物.     

过共析帘线钢中碳氮化钛夹杂的析出与固溶

应用热力学方法研究了帘线钢凝固析出碳氮化钛(Ti(CxN1-x))夹杂的性质,以及钢坯加热过程碳氮化钛(Ti(CxN1-x))夹杂分解固溶的热力学条件,并通过实验研究了试样高温加热过程中碳氮化钛夹杂的固溶现象。研究表明:1)帘线钢C含量越高,凝固析出的碳氮化钛夹杂中的x值越高;2)帘线钢C含量越高,凝固过程碳氮化钛夹杂析出就越早,析出碳氮化钛夹杂时的凝固前沿温度越低;3)82A铸坯加热到1 087℃以上时,碳氮化钛夹杂具备分解和固溶的热力学条件;4)实验验证将钢样在1 150℃和1 250℃高温加热后,5μm以上的碳氮化钛夹杂分别下降了55%和70.3%,而试样在1 250℃高温加热后缓冷到1 000℃时发现2μm以下的小夹杂继续在分解,而5μm以上的大夹杂在增加。     

0Cr18Ni9不锈钢中非金属夹杂物来源

为了研究不锈钢连铸坯中非金属夹杂物的主要类型及其主要来源,用扫描电镜分析了0Cr18Ni9不锈钢连铸坯中的夹杂物成成,并分别在AOD渣、大包渣及中间包渣中加入示踪剂进行了三次示踪实验.实验结果表明,0Cr18Ni9不锈钢连铸坯中的非金属夹杂物主要为CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO系夹杂物,其次为MgO-Al2O3类尖晶石和硫化物;非金属夹杂物的主要来源是AOD还原期的还原产物、脱硫产物和出钢时混入钢水中的AOD渣滴;AOD出钢后,大包顶渣、中间包覆盖剂和结晶器保护渣不会对钢液造成明显污染.     

IF钢凝固过程中Al_2O_3-TiN复合夹杂物的形成机理

以理论分析和实验研究相结合的方式分析了IF钢凝固过程中Al2O3-TiN复合夹杂物的形成机理.结果表明,以凝固分率0.9为界限,钢水凝固过程中Al2O3和TiN先后通过异质形核方式析出并结合形成Al2O3-TiN复合夹杂物;冷却速率越小,复合夹杂物粒径越大;在冷却速率一定时,可作为异质形核核心的夹杂物的粒径越大,凝固过程中析出的复合夹杂物的长大程度越小;复合夹杂物内层Al2O3粒径越小,外层TiN长大程度越明显.     

Characteristics of inclusions in high-Al steel during electroslag remelting process

The characteristics of inclusions in high-Al steel refined by electroslag remelting (ESR) were investigated by image analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The results show that the size of almost all the inclusions observed in ESR ingots is less than 5 μm. Inclusions smaller than 3 μm take nearly 75% of the total inclusions observed in each ingot. Inclusions observed in ESR ingots are pure AlN as dominating precipitates and some fine spherical Al₂O₃ inclusions with a size of 1 μm or less. It is also found that protective gas operation and slag deoxidation treatment during ESR process have significant effects on the number of inclusions smaller than 2 μm but little effects on that of inclusions larger than 2 μm. Thermodynamic calculations show that AlN inclusions are unable to precipitate in the liquid metal pool under the present experimental conditions, while the precipitation of AlN inclusions could take place at the solidifying front due to the microsegregation of Al and N in liquid steel during solidification.     

A coupled model of TiN inclusion growth in GCr15SiMn during solidification in the electroslag remelting process

TiN inclusions observed in an ingot produced by electroslag remelting (ESR) are extremely harmful to GCr15SiMn steel. There-fore, accurate predictions of the growth size of these inclusions during steel solidification are significant for clean ESR ingot production. On the basis of our previous work, a coupled model of solute microsegregation and TiN inclusion growth during solidification has been estab-lished. The results demonstrate that compared to a non-coupled model, the coupled model predictions of the size of TiN inclusions are in good agreement with experimental results using scanning electron microscopy with energy disperse spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Because of high cooling rate, the sizes of TiN inclusions in the edge area of the ingots are relatively small compared to the sizes in the center area. Dur-ing the ESR process, controlling the content of Ti in the steel is a feasible and effective method of decreasing the sizes of TiN inclusions.     

Deformation mechanism and quantitative characterization of Al2O3 inclusions in powder metallurgy superalloys

By means of implanting inclusions artificially, the evolution law of three-dimensional morphology and size of Al₂O₃ inclusions in FGH96 powder metallurgy (PM) superalloy during hot iso-static pressing (HIP), hot extrusion (HEX) and hot isothermal forging (HIF) process was investigated by SEM and quasi in situ Micronano-CT. The size change of inclusions during different stages was studied quantitatively, the three-dimensional (3D) morphology of the inclusions was characterized, and the deformation mechanism was proposed. The results showed that the inclusions in powder stage were long stripe or plate-like shape. During HIP, Al₂O₃ inclusions were mechanically bonded to the alloy matrix, and its chemical composition, morphology and size remained unchanged. During HEX, Al₂O₃ inclusions were broken and elongated into chain shape due to shear stress. The quantitative relationship between inclusion size after extrusion and extrusion ratio as well as original inclusion size was established. During HIF, the relationship between 3D morphology, size, orientation and deformation of a single inclusion during forging compression was quantitatively characterized by quasi in-situ micronano-CT for the first time. The above evolution law provides theoretical basis and technical support for improving the purity level of powder turbine disk.     

IF钢生产过程非金属夹杂物的演变行为

在DS-LD-RH-CC工艺IF钢工业生产过程系统取样和全氧含量、氮含量、非金属夹杂物形貌和化学成分检测的基础上,结合热力学分析,研究了非金属夹杂物含量、形貌与成分的演变过程.结果表明,冶炼过程钢中全氧含量逐渐降低,但需控制钢包渣氧化性以进一步降低铸坯中全氧含量;在浇铸过程中发生明显的增氮现象,应进一步加强保护浇铸,控制浇铸过程钢水增氮;在RH精炼过程中,脱氧后主要生成团簇状单一Al2O3夹杂物,Ti合金化后生成球形Al-Ti-O和内外分层的Al-Ti-Ca-Mg-O复合夹杂物;在钢水凝固过程中,生成了内层为Ti-Al-Mn-O-S、外层为TiN和AlN的复合夹杂物.在铸坯中还存在由结晶器卷渣导致的含有K,Na成分的Ti-Al-Ca-Si-Mn-O大型复合夹杂物.     

Existence and release of fluid inclusions in bornite and its associated quartz and calcite

The existence and release of fluid inclusions in bornite and its associated minerals, namely, quartz and calcite were investigated and confirmed. The structures, forms, and phases of these large quantities of fluid inclusions were also studied. A mass of fluid inclusions with various sizes, distributions, shapes, and phases exist in bornite and its associated minerals. Their sizes vary from a few micrometers to tens of micrometers, and the forms appear as negative crystals, or elongated, elliptical, and irregular. At room temperature, fluid inclusions were mainly characterized as gas-liquid twophase. However, small amounts of fluid inclusions with pure gas phase and pure liquid single-phase were also observed in quartz and calcite. These fluid inclusions initially broke during the ore crushing and grinding process and then released into the flotation pulp in the flotation process. The quantitative analysis of fluid inclusions in the solution and the comparisons of mineral dissolution show that the amount of copper and iron released by fluid inclusions in the bornite sample is higher than the amount dissolved by the mineral; fluid inclusions in the associated gangue minerals, quartz, and calcite also make contribution.