用H2O2—有机酸氧化脱除催化裂化柴油中的硫化物

用30％H2O2－HCOOH对催化裂化柴油中的含硫化合物（主要为苯并噻吩米）进行了氧化,然后用溶剂萃取法脱除柴油中的硫化物的氧化产物,所用萃取包括N－甲基吡咯烷酮,N,N－二甲基甲酰胺,二甲亚砜,乙腈,硝基甲烷,其中,N,N－二甲基甲酰胺和二甲亚砚效果最好,在剂油（体积）比为1：2,溶剂含水量为5％及萃取时间为10min的条件下,柴油总硫含量从0．8％降至0．3％,柴油收率为70％－80％,对未处理柴油,氧化柴油及氧化－萃取柴油进行了GC／FPD分析,发现催化裂化柴油中苯并噻吩的脱除率为60％,GC／MS分析表明,氧化产物主要为以1,1－二氧苯噻吩类为主的砜类,共鉴定出了23种砜类。     

用H_2O_2-有机酸氧化脱除催化裂化柴油中的硫化物

用 30 %H2 O2 HCOOH对催化裂化柴油中的含硫化合物 (主要为苯并噻吩类 )进行了氧化 ,然后用溶剂萃取法脱除柴油中的硫化物的氧化产物。所用萃取剂包括N甲基吡咯烷酮、N ,N二甲基甲酰胺、二甲亚砜、乙腈、硝基甲烷 ,其中 ,N ,N二甲基甲酰胺和二甲亚砜效果最好 ,在剂油 (体积 )比为 1∶2、溶剂含水量为 5 %及萃取时间为 10min的条件下 ,柴油总硫含量从 0 .8%降至 0 .3% ,柴油收率为 70 %～ 80 %。对未处理柴油、氧化柴油及氧化萃取柴油进行了GC/FPD分析 ,发现催化裂化柴油中苯并噻吩的脱除率为 6 0 %。GC/MS分析表明 ,氧化产物主要为以 1,1二氧苯并噻吩类为主的砜类 ,共鉴定出了 2 3种砜类     

催化裂化汽油萃取-光化学反应深度脱硫的研究

从液液萃取-光化学脱硫工艺入手,研究光化学反应降解含硫化合物技术并探讨其动力学规律,同时还对光处理后的汽油烃族组成变化进行了考察。结果表明：光-磷钨酸-双氧水体系是催化汽油最佳的脱硫体系。1#、2#催化汽油含硫量分别降低了70％和80％,同时收率可达98％以上。光-甲酸(双氧水)-催化汽油体系中硫化物转化为水溶性砜和亚砜的反应符合一级反应动力学特征。     

RFCC柴油中硫化物的脱除及其转化形态分析

采用H2O2(30％)-HCOOH氧化RFCC柴油中的含硫化合物，再用DMF萃取脱除其氧化产物，最后用微库仑法、GC-FPD和FT-IR等分析方法分别对氧化萃取的脱硫效果和被氧化后硫化物的存在形式进行了考察。结果表明氧化萃取可基本脱除柴油中的含硫化合物，氧化后RFCC柴油中的硫化物主要以极性较强的砜、亚砜和硫酸根形式存在。     

催化裂化柴油康醇萃取脱硫的研究

以康醇为萃取剂,在正十六烷中加入少量二苯并噻吩构成柴油模拟体系,考察了单级萃取中稀释荆含量、剂油比、温度对脱硫率和分配系数的影响。实验结果表明采用溶剂康醇脱除催化裂化（FCC）柴油中硫化物是可行的,康醇是一种较好的萃取剂。建立了在模拟体系中二苯并噻吩的萃取动力学方程：r表现＝0.19ＣＡ－60.6以及不同温度和不同稀释剂含量下的萃取平衡线。模拟体系萃取脱硫适宜的条件为φ（稀释剂）为0.01～0.05,剂油质量比为1.5～2.5,萃取温度30℃～50℃在该条件下,对催化裂化柴油进行萃取精制,精制柴油的各项指标均得到改善。     

直馏柴油催化氧化脱硫工艺中试研究(II)

采用直馏柴油催化氧化脱硫工艺中试装置,在表观停留时间3～5min、反应温度60℃、氧化催化剂/柴油体积比0.24,反应物料循环量1000L/h和柴油/萃取剂体积比2.5的试验条件下对直馏柴油进行催化氧化脱硫中试研究。精制柴油的产品分析表明：柴油中的主要硫化物二苯并噻吩类被氧化为极性的砜类化合物经萃取脱出,本工艺脱硫效果良好。富集硫化物柴油与催化柴油按1∶10的体积比混合,在模拟兰州石化炼油厂柴油加氢工业装置的操作条件下加氢脱硫,可使混合富硫柴油中的硫含量从2500μg/g降低到800μg/g。富集硫化物柴油可作为催化裂化柴油加氢装置的原料。     

离子液体结构对柴油萃取脱硫效果的影响

采用两步法合成了5种离子液体,然后通过噻吩及柴油中其他典型化合物在不同结构离子液体中溶解度的测定,考察了离子液体的结构对典型硫化物的选择性的影响和离子液体对模型柴油、典型柴油的萃取脱硫效果.结果表明,辛基吡啶四氟硼酸盐对噻吩硫化物的选择性最好,其萃取脱硫效果最优.     

离子液体结构对柴油萃取脱硫效果的影响

采用两步法合成了5种离子液体,然后通过噻吩及柴油中其他典型化合物在不同结构离子液体中溶解度的测定,考察了离子液体的结构对典型硫化物的选择性的影响和离子液体对模型柴油、典型柴油的萃取脱硫效果.结果表明,辛基吡啶四氟硼酸盐对噻吩硫化物的选择性最好,其萃取脱硫效果最优.     

柴油臭氧氧化脱硫研究

用臭氧作为氧化剂 ,以扬子石化炼油厂FCC段粗柴油为研究对象 ,在常温、常压、催化剂存在的条件下对柴油进行了臭氧氧化 ,再利用极性溶剂萃取脱除柴油中的硫化物。主要考察了催化剂、萃取剂以及反应时间对臭氧氧化脱硫效果的影响。研究结果表明 ,对于扬子石化炼油厂FCC段粗柴油 ,在以KH3为催化剂、以 90 %N ,N 二甲基甲酰胺水溶液为极性萃取剂、且萃取剂与油的体积比为 1的条件下 ,粗柴油脱硫效果最好 ,最高脱硫率可达79 2 % ,是未氧化柴油经溶剂萃取脱硫率的 1 .8倍。而且反应时间越长 ,脱硫效果越好。因而臭氧氧化脱硫技术是一种具有极大发展潜力的新型脱硫工艺     

微波辐射磷钼酸镧盐催化柴油氧化脱硫研究

 研究了微波辐射下磷钼酸镧盐催化模型油和直馏柴油的氧化脱硫反应,并比较了不同萃取条件下柴油的脱硫率和回收率.结果表明,在相同的反应条件下,微波辐射加热时DBT,BT的脱除率比普通加热分别提高了7.5倍和3.9倍.二苯并噻吩和苯并噻吩的氧化反应都符合表观一级反应动力学规律.在70℃和400W微波功率下,DBT,BT的脱除率可分别达到94.0%和91.2%.直馏柴油氧化脱硫的最佳反应条件为:剂油质量比为7.1mg/g,H₂O₂初始浓度为0.44mol/L,微波功率为400W,反应温度为70℃和反应时间为120min.当V(DMF)/V(柴油)为1/4和萃取1次时,柴油脱硫率为64.5%,回收率为97.6%,当提高V(DMF)/V(柴油)或萃取次数,柴油的脱硫率提高了,但回收率却明显下降.在氧化脱硫过程中,首先过氧化氢亲核进攻催化剂的活性中心Mo(Ⅵ),然后氧化噻吩类形成亚砜,最后亚砜进一步被氧化生成砜.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that