利用岩电参数计算聚合物驱相对渗透率

常用的聚合物驱相渗曲线测试方法稳态法以及非稳态法都须精确确定聚合物黏度,而聚合物溶液具有明显的非牛顿流体特征,表现为其黏度随剪切速率变化而变化。针对现有的聚合物黏度修正模型计算结果差异较大、缺乏普适性的问题,提出一种从电阻率数据中计算聚合物驱相对渗透率的新方法,并通过相对渗透率-电阻率联测试验对该方法进行验证,与传统方法以及黏度修正法进行对比分析。结果表明,通过新方法计算得到的聚合物相相对渗透率数据较为准确、合理,可以解决传统方法计算得到的聚合物相相对渗透率值偏大的问题。     

聚合物驱相对渗透率曲线的特征研究①

本文在研究聚合物溶液流经多孔介质时的流变性基础上,确定了聚合物溶液在多孔介质的有效粘度与分流量和相饱和度之间的关系式。从而解决了聚合物吸附/滞留及非牛顿流效应的影响,建立了稳定法测定聚合物驱相对渗透率曲线的实验技术和方法。成功地测得了油/聚合物溶液体系的相渗曲线和注聚合物段塞后的油/水体系的相渗曲线,并确定了适当的相渗曲线经验方程。讨论了聚合物驱相渗曲线的特征,分析了水相中的自由聚合物分子和岩石中吸附/滞留的聚合物对相渗曲线的影响,真实地反映了聚合物驱过程中的多相渗流规律。     

疏水缔合聚合物驱油数学模型

为了研究疏水缔合聚合物驱油规律和动态,建立了疏水缔合聚合物驱油数学模型。根据室内对疏水缔合聚合物溶液结构的研究成果,采用聚合物线形体和聚合物聚集体共同描述疏水缔合聚合物溶液在多孔介质中的性质变化和渗流特性,同时考虑了疏水缔合聚合物溶液在不同孔渗条件下水相相对渗透率降低能力、不可入孔隙体积系数的变化、吸附滞留与建立流动阻力的关系等物化问题。利用模型对岩芯驱油实验结果进行了拟合,数值模拟结果与实际岩芯驱油结果基本一致。表明该模型能够有效描述疏水缔合聚合物溶液的驱油动态,为疏水缔合聚合物驱的理论研究和现场分析提供了研究方法。     

剪切变稀作用对聚驱试井分析影响的数值研究

考虑聚合物驱中剪切、吸附、不可及孔隙体积等物化现象影响,建立了耦合井储与地层渗流的两相四组分的聚合物驱模型。基于PEBI网格、采用有限体积法进行离散并用全隐式方法进行求解,形成了聚合物驱数值试井模型;研究了剪切变稀作用对聚驱井底瞬态压力响应的影响,发现由于聚合物溶液剪切变稀特性和关井后井周围水相速度的急剧降低,压力导数曲线在井储段结束后会出现明显的抖动。地层渗透率的变化会导致导数曲线抖动的位置发生明显变化但对抖动的幅度影响很小。基于以上结论给出了考虑剪切变稀作用的聚驱数值试井拟合方法。通过对油田现场压力测试数据的拟合验证了上述规律的正确性并表明该规律对合理解释现场压力测试资料,正确反演地层参数有很大指导意义。     

扩散作用对低渗透油藏CO_2驱相渗特征的影响

目前,对于CO_2驱多相渗流理论的研究大多没有考虑CO_2的扩散作用,使得其在预测见气时间等方面存在问题。应用压力降落法测定了气体在原油中的扩散系数,采用非稳态相渗实验方法进行了油气相对渗透率测定实验,分别研究了N_2和CO_2气体相渗曲线的差异以及不同压力下扩散作用对CO_2驱相渗的影响。研究结果表明,低渗透油藏CO_2驱过程中的扩散作用对油气相渗存在较大影响,CO_2的扩散作用对油相相对渗透率影响较大,对气相相对渗透率影响甚微,CO_2扩散作用的影响有利于增强油相渗流,进而降低残余油饱和度,提高原油采收率。     

水驱后三元复合驱全过程的相渗曲线变化趋势研究

选用大庆油田有代表性某储层天然岩心的平行样,水测渗透率分别在1 000、600、200×10-3μm2左右。采用恒速非稳态法分别测定了水驱、三元复合驱(注入0.8 PV)及后续水驱全过程的相对渗透率曲线。研究结果表明:注入三元复合体系溶液后相渗曲线形态发生明显变化:驱替相的相对渗透率先降后升,油相的相对渗透率先升后降;且相渗曲线的等渗点增加(本实验增加为3个);岩心渗透率越高,第一等渗点与第三等渗点的跨度越大,残余油饱和度越低。     

基于集合卡尔曼滤波的非稳态油水相对渗透率曲线计算方法

提出一种基于半迭代集合卡尔曼滤波(EnKF)的自动历史拟合方法用于非稳态油水相对渗透率曲线的计算。进行高温、低界面张力体系作用下油水相对渗透率试验,利用半迭代EnKF历史拟合方法和JBN解析法进行数据处理,研究温度、界面张力对油水相对渗透率的影响。结果表明:利用半迭代EnKF历史拟合方法和JBN解析法所得结果区别较大,但从历史拟合的角度来看,半迭代EnKF方法结果更为合理;随着温度的升高,束缚水饱和度增大,残余油饱和度降低,油相相对渗透率升高,水相相对渗透率降低,相对渗透率曲线右移;随着界面张力的降低,束缚水饱和度和残余油饱和度都降低,油水两相共渗的范围变宽;新方法将驱油机制考虑到数学模型中,得到的相对渗透率曲线更适于在油藏数值模拟、生产优化等方面应用。     

基于三参数非线性渗流的低渗透砂岩油藏CO_2非混相驱相渗计算模型

基于三参数非线性渗流模型,考虑CO_2非混相驱油过程中气相滑脱、CO_2在原油中的溶解以及溶解后流体黏度的变化等因素的影响,建立低渗透砂岩油藏CO_2非混相驱相渗计算模型。利用建立的模型对陕北地区某致密砂岩油藏天然岩心CO_2驱油非稳态相渗实验数据进行处理,得到了其CO_2非混相驱典型相渗曲线,并与传统的JBN计算方法相比,结果表现出了明显的差异。同时,计算和对比分析了渗流模式、CO_2溶解降黏作用及气体滑脱效应等单因素影响的相渗曲线。结果表明,非线性渗流及CO_2的溶解降黏均使油相相对渗透率上升,气相相对渗透率下降,影响较大。考虑气相滑脱时,气相渗透率有小幅度下降,油相渗透率基本无变化。该模型的建立为更加真实准确地表征低渗透砂岩油藏CO_2非混相驱相渗特征提供了有效的技术方法和手段,对提高其油藏工程分析及数值模拟预测的可靠性具有重要意义。     

一种基于水淹影响的相渗曲线重构方法

针对储层水淹对地层流体渗流规律影响刻画较难的问题,基于渤海典型疏松砂岩稀油油藏LD油田和稠油油藏Q油田密闭取芯井岩芯样品,开展水淹程度对油水相渗曲线影响实验研究。基于水淹对相渗影响认识,提取不同水淹程度下相渗曲线特征参数并重新组合,建立两种类型油藏考虑水淹影响的"全寿命"油水相对渗透率曲线。实验结果表明,与采用未水淹、弱水淹层段岩石样品完成的油水相对渗透率曲线相比,中水淹、强水淹层段相渗曲线束缚水饱和度更高,残余油饱和度更低,等渗点更偏右,驱油效率更高。与不考虑水淹情况相比,考虑水淹影响的重构相对渗透率曲线,其残余油饱和度和束缚水饱和度更低,含水饱和度相同时,两相相对渗透率均呈现整体降低趋势,最终驱油效率增大。与不考虑水淹影响的方案相比,考虑水淹影响的重构相渗在Q油田矿场数值模拟中应用,在含水98%时的采出程度提高近1%。     

聚合物驱相对渗透率曲线及影响因素微观模拟

结合逾渗理论,在油水两相三维网络孔隙模型的基础上,考虑了聚合物的流变特性、吸附特性及衰竭层效应,建立了油/聚合物溶液两相流的三维准静态孔隙网络模型。通过模型计算结果与室内实验结果的对比验证了模型的有效性。在此基础上,研究了不同孔喉比、吸附量、流变特性及衰竭层厚度对聚合物相对渗透率曲线的影响。结果表明：随着孔喉比增大,残余油饱和度增大,油相相对渗透率变小,水相相对渗透率增大。随着幂率指数的增大,油相的相对渗透率基本不变,而水相的渗透率随着幂率指数的增大而变小。衰竭层厚度的大小对油相渗透率的影响较小,但随着衰竭层厚度的增加水相渗透率不断上升。随着吸附量的减小,残余油饱和度减小,两相区变大,水相渗透率增大。与其他理想模型相比,本文中的模型可以更真实地研究油/聚合物两相流动特征。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the