氢氧化钡催化蓖麻油酯交换制备生物柴油

以蓖麻油为原料,用氢氧化钡作为非均相碱催化剂,酯交换反应制备生物柴油.比较了氢氧化钡与其他典型催化剂催化的产率,研究了反应醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量和反应时间对生物柴油收率的影响.结果表明,蓖麻油在以氢氧化钡为催化剂的酯交换反应中适宜条件为:醇油摩尔比为6∶1,蓖麻油与催化剂摩尔比为10∶1,反应时间20min,在此条件下生物柴油收率达98.35%.     

FeCl3·xH2O催化合成苯甲酸乙酯的研究

研究了带有x个结晶水的三氯化铁(FeCl3·xH2O)作为催化剂,由苯甲酸和乙醇为原料合成苯甲酸乙酯的反应条件,重点讨论了酸醇摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度以及不同的带水剂对酯化率的影响.实验结果表明,FeCl3·xH 2O是催化合成苯甲酸乙酯的良好催化剂,且可以重复使用.当酯化率最大是的最佳反应条件为:酸醇摩尔比为1∶6,催化剂用量与苯甲酸用量的摩尔比为1∶3.3,反应时间为4.0h,反应温度为80℃,带水剂为环己烷.     

FeCl_3·xH_2O催化合成苯甲酸乙酯的研究

研究了带有x个结晶水的三氯化铁(FeCl3.xH2O)作为催化剂,由苯甲酸和乙醇为原料合成苯甲酸乙酯的反应条件,重点讨论了酸醇摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度以及不同的带水剂对酯化率的影响。实验结果表明,FeCl3.xH2O是催化合成苯甲酸乙酯的良好催化剂,且可以重复使用。当酯化率最大是的最佳反应条件为:酸醇摩尔比为1∶6,催化剂用量与苯甲酸用量的摩尔比为1∶3.3,反应时间为4.0h,反应温度为80℃,带水剂为环己烷。     

强酸性阳离子树脂催化合成乙酸乙酯研究

以D072强酸性阳离子树脂为催化剂, 乙酸和乙醇为原料,在常压下合成乙酸乙酯.该文研究了树脂种类、树脂用量、酸醇比、反应温度和反应时间等因素对酯化反应过程的影响.在不分离产物的情况下,合成乙酸乙酯的反应条件为:醇与酸摩尔比为1∶1, 反应时间100 min,催化剂用量6 g, 沸腾状态下反应,乙酸的单程转化率可达65.53%,催化剂可重复使用.     

强酸性阳离子交换树脂催化制备醋酸正丙酯的工艺研究

以正丙醇、冰醋酸为原料,强酸性阳离子交换脂作为催化剂,催化合成醋酸正丙酯,考察了催化剂的使用寿命,再生能力及反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量、酸醇摩尔比对合成醋酸正丙酯的影响.强酸性阳离子交换树脂催化制备醋酸正丙酯适宜的条件为:反应时间为2h,催化剂用量(以醋酸质量计)为15%,沸腾状态反应,酸醇摩尔比为1∶1.在选定的实验条件下,反应的转化率为68.06%.催化剂的使用寿命较长,再生能力较强.     

SO42-/ZrO2-La2O3催化合成十二烷基糖苷的研究

以葡萄糖和月桂醇为原料,采用SO42— /ZrO2-La2O3复合固体超强酸一步法催化合成十二烷基糖苷,考察了原料配比（醇/糖比）、催化剂用量（催/糖比）、葡萄糖加入方式和反应温度等因素对糖苷产率的影响。结果表明,当醇/糖摩尔比为6,催/糖质量比为0.03,葡萄糖采用分批加入,反应温度为100℃时,SO42—/ZrO2-La2O3的催化性能最佳,烷基糖苷的收率高达 158%。     

乙酸苄酯合成新工艺研究

用强酸性阳离子交换树脂负载Fe3 制备的催化剂用于合成乙酸苄酯,研究了在不分离产物的条件下,醇酸比,催化剂用量,反应温度等因素对乙酸转化率的影响.当催化剂用量为15%(以乙酸加入的质量计),酸醇摩尔比为1∶1,反应温度为100℃,反应时间为2.5小时,乙酸转化率为69.30%.经负载Fe3 的树脂在选择的反应条件下催化合成乙酸苄酯,其催化活性比原树脂的催化活性提高了16.66%.催化剂经8次重复使用,其催化性能未见明显降低.     

硫酸钛催化月桂酸乙酯的合成研究

以固体硫酸钛为催化剂、月桂酸和无水乙醇为原料,合成香料月桂酸乙酯.考察了酸醇物质的量之比,催化剂的用量,反应温度,反应时间及带水剂等因素对合成反应的影响.实验表明: 月桂酸和无水乙醇的摩尔比为1∶5,催化剂用量为反应物料总质量分数的4.5%,环己烷为带水剂, 控制反应温度为90～100℃,反应时间3.5小时的优化条件下, 月桂酸乙酯的收率可达90.7%.     

磷酸催化地沟油制备生物柴油的研究

研究了以磷酸为催化剂,地沟油与甲醇发生酯交换反应制取生物柴油的反应条件对产物收率的影响.通过正交实验得出了制备生物柴油的最佳条件:反应温度为70 ℃,醇油摩尔比为30∶1,催化剂用量为原料油质量的8%,反应时间为5 h.在此条件下生物柴油的收率可达85%以上.     

固体酸催化大豆油甲酯化制备生物柴油的研究

以甲醇和大豆油为原料,以固体酸为催化剂,通过酯交换反应制备生物柴油.考察了反应时间、反应温度、催化剂用量和醇油摩尔比各单因素对生物柴油产率的影响,得到最佳工艺条件:反应时间3.5 h,反应温度70℃,催化剂用量为大豆油质量的6.0%,醇油摩尔比为7:1,生物柴油产率可达93.5%.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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