中心有脉冲星的γ暴970228火球模型

重点讨论了中心有脉冲量生的γ射线暴火球模型，假定在火球的中心有一强磁场的毫秒级脉冲星，改革以往文献中的能量转化方程，计算出GRB970228的辐射流，与观测结果符合的很好，自然解释了GRB970228余辉的光变曲线特征。     

中心有脉冲星的︽暴970228火球模型

重点讨论了中心有脉冲星的γ射线暴火球模型,假定在火球的中心有一强磁场的毫秒级脉冲星,改变以往文献中的能量转化方程,计算出GRB970228的辐射流,与观测结果符合的很好.自然解释了GRB970228余辉的光变曲线特征.     

The sub-energetic gamma-ray burst GRB 031203 as a cosmic analogue to the nearby GRB 980425

Over the six years since the discovery of the gamma-ray burst GRB 980425, which was associated with the nearby (distance approximately 40 Mpc) supernova 1998bw, astronomers have debated fiercely the nature of this event. Relative to bursts located at cosmological distance (redshift z approximately 1), GRB 980425 was under-luminous in gamma-rays by three orders of magnitude. Radio calorimetry showed that the explosion was sub-energetic by a factor of 10. Here we report observations of the radio and X-ray afterglow of the recent GRB 031203 (refs 5-7), which has a redshift of z = 0.105. We demonstrate that it too is sub-energetic which, when taken together with the low gamma-ray luminosity, suggests that GRB 031203 is the first cosmic analogue to GRB 980425. We find no evidence that this event was a highly collimated explosion viewed off-axis. Like GRB 980425, GRB 031203 appears to be an intrinsically sub-energetic gamma-ray burst. Such sub-energetic events have faint afterglows. We expect intensive follow-up of faint bursts with smooth gamma-ray light curves (common to both GRB 031203 and 980425) to reveal a large population of such events.     

An optical supernova associated with the X-ray flash XRF 060218

Long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are associated with type Ic supernovae that are more luminous than average and that eject material at very high velocities. Less-luminous supernovae were not hitherto known to be associated with GRBs, and therefore GRB-supernovae were thought to be rare events. Whether X-ray flashes--analogues of GRBs, but with lower luminosities and fewer gamma-rays--can also be associated with supernovae, and whether they are intrinsically 'weak' events or typical GRBs viewed off the axis of the burst, is unclear. Here we report the optical discovery and follow-up observations of the type Ic supernova SN 2006aj associated with X-ray flash XRF 060218. Supernova 2006aj is intrinsically less luminous than the GRB-supernovae, but more luminous than many supernovae not accompanied by a GRB. The ejecta velocities derived from our spectra are intermediate between these two groups, which is consistent with the weakness of both the GRB output and the supernova radio flux. Our data, combined with radio and X-ray observations, suggest that XRF 060218 is an intrinsically weak and soft event, rather than a classical GRB observed off-axis. This extends the GRB-supernova connection to X-ray flashes and fainter supernovae, implying a common origin. Events such as XRF 060218 are probably more numerous than GRB-supernovae.     

An asymmetric distribution of positrons in the Galactic disk revealed by gamma-rays

Gamma-ray line radiation at 511 keV is the signature of electron-positron annihilation. Such radiation has been known for 30 years to come from the general direction of the Galactic Centre, but the origin of the positrons has remained a mystery. Stellar nucleosynthesis, accreting compact objects, and even the annihilation of exotic dark-matter particles have all been suggested. Here we report a distinct asymmetry in the 511-keV line emission coming from the inner Galactic disk ( approximately 10-50 degrees from the Galactic Centre). This asymmetry resembles an asymmetry in the distribution of low mass X-ray binaries with strong emission at photon energies >20 keV ('hard' LMXBs), indicating that they may be the dominant origin of the positrons. Although it had long been suspected that electron-positron pair plasmas may exist in X-ray binaries, it was not evident that many of the positrons could escape to lose energy and ultimately annihilate with electrons in the interstellar medium and thus lead to the emission of a narrow 511-keV line. For these models, our result implies that up to a few times 10(41) positrons escape per second from a typical hard LMXB. Positron production at this level from hard LMXBs in the Galactic bulge would reduce (and possibly eliminate) the need for more exotic explanations, such as those involving dark matter.     

The association of GRB 060218 with a supernova and the evolution of the shock wave

Although the link between long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and supernovae has been established, hitherto there have been no observations of the beginning of a supernova explosion and its intimate link to a GRB. In particular, we do not know how the jet that defines a gamma-ray burst emerges from the star's surface, nor how a GRB progenitor explodes. Here we report observations of the relatively nearby GRB 060218 (ref. 5) and its connection to supernova SN 2006aj (ref. 6). In addition to the classical non-thermal emission, GRB 060218 shows a thermal component in its X-ray spectrum, which cools and shifts into the optical/ultraviolet band as time passes. We interpret these features as arising from the break-out of a shock wave driven by a mildly relativistic shell into the dense wind surrounding the progenitor. We have caught a supernova in the act of exploding, directly observing the shock break-out, which indicates that the GRB progenitor was a Wolf-Rayet star.     

FRED脉冲型GRB光变曲线FWHM与光子流量关系的研究

探讨了FRED脉冲型GRB光变曲线FWHM与光子流量以及光子峰值流量之间的关系.用目前公认的半经验公式——KRL模型对159个FRED型光变曲线数据样本进行拟合,选取86个χ2<2的有效拟合样本计算FWHM,然后对FWHM与光子流量、光子峰值流量进行相关分析.结果为:FRED型GRB光变曲线FWHM与光子峰值流量的对数值之间显一定相关性,相关系数R~-0.3;而FWHM与光子流量对数值之间则不显相关性,其相关系数R<0.1,表明所选的86个数据样本可能不属于δ函数脉冲发射的GRB光变曲线.     

Discovery of the short gamma-ray burst GRB 050709

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) fall into two classes: short-hard and long-soft bursts. The latter are now known to have X-ray and optical afterglows, to occur at cosmological distances in star-forming galaxies, and to be associated with the explosion of massive stars. In contrast, the distance scale, the energy scale and the progenitors of the short bursts have remained a mystery. Here we report the discovery of a short-hard burst whose accurate localization has led to follow-up observations that have identified the X-ray afterglow and (for the first time) the optical afterglow of a short-hard burst; this in turn led to the identification of the host galaxy of the burst as a late-type galaxy at z = 0.16 (ref. 10). These results show that at least some short-hard bursts occur at cosmological distances in the outskirts of galaxies, and are likely to be caused by the merging of compact binaries.     

Detection of infrared photons with a superconductor

A superconductor single photon detector based on NbN nanowire was fabricated using electron beam lithography （EBL） and reactive ion etching （RIE） for infrared photon detection. When biased well below its critical current at 4.2 K, NbN nanowire is very sensitive to the incident photons. Typical telecommunication photons with a wavelength of 1550 nm were detected by this detector. Data analysis indicates the repeating rate of the device with 200 nm NbN nanowire may be up to 100 MHz, and the quantum efficiency is about 0,01% when biased at 0.95/c.     

同步自吸收对Gamma射线暴余辉的影响

考虑同步自吸收效应后,讨论了Gamma射线暴余辉的谱并展示了Gamma射线暴GRB970508余辉在光学波段的光变曲线,尽管光学余辉很复杂,所得到的结果仍然与观测结果符合的很好,因此不管是在火球＋激波模型还是在喷流模型中,都应该全面地研究同步自吸收效应和内部能源机制,以使理论计算更好的拟合观测到的光变曲线。     

考虑同步自吸收的γ暴能谱

重点讨论有自吸收的γ射线暴余辉的能谱，考虑了在火球模型中同步加速辐射中的自吸收效应，用含有吸收系数的同步加速辐射谱公式计算了GRB970508余辉的辐射谱．解释了GRB970508射电和光学波段余辉的光变曲线的特征．     

Discovery of very-high-energy gamma-rays from the Galactic Centre ridge

The source of Galactic cosmic rays (with energies up to 10(15) eV) remains unclear, although it is widely believed that they originate in the shock waves of expanding supernova remnants. At present the best way to investigate their acceleration and propagation is by observing the gamma-rays produced when cosmic rays interact with interstellar gas. Here we report observations of an extended region of very-high-energy (> 10(11) eV) gamma-ray emission correlated spatially with a complex of giant molecular clouds in the central 200 parsecs of the Milky Way. The hardness of the gamma-ray spectrum and the conditions in those molecular clouds indicate that the cosmic rays giving rise to the gamma-rays are likely to be protons and nuclei rather than electrons. The energy associated with the cosmic rays could have come from a single supernova explosion around 10(4) years ago.     

Flash MX结合PB的界面制作方法

给出了用Flash MX结合PB进行医院院务保障管理系统界面的制作方法.用Flash制作带控制按钮的动画,发布成swf格式的文件,用PB开发的应用程序中利用专门的OLE控件控制它的播放,将功能强大的动画制作软件Flash MX与普遍使用的可视化编程工具PB巧妙结合,从而使应用程序的交互界面大为改观,视觉效果更加生动.     

Broadband observations of the naked-eye gamma-ray burst GRB 080319B

Long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) release copious amounts of energy across the entire electromagnetic spectrum, and so provide a window into the process of black hole formation from the collapse of massive stars. Previous early optical observations of even the most exceptional GRBs (990123 and 030329) lacked both the temporal resolution to probe the optical flash in detail and the accuracy needed to trace the transition from the prompt emission within the outflow to external shocks caused by interaction with the progenitor environment. Here we report observations of the extraordinarily bright prompt optical and gamma-ray emission of GRB 080319B that provide diagnostics within seconds of its formation, followed by broadband observations of the afterglow decay that continued for weeks. We show that the prompt emission stems from a single physical region, implying an extremely relativistic outflow that propagates within the narrow inner core of a two-component jet.     

从谱演化方面的信息探讨 GRB 061007 的暴周环境

GRB 061007是一个明亮的、长时标的伽玛射线暴（简称伽玛暴）,其红移为1．261．一方面,Swift／XRT观测到的数据显示,此暴X射线波段的光变曲线呈现出单一幂率形态,且幂率指数αXRt=1．68±0．01．另一方面,经由Faulkes Telescope South（简写为FTS）提供的BVRi’多波段光学余辉数据,作者分析发现其各波段光变曲线的幂率指数αOptical均在1．6左右．拟合得到的2个波段幂率指数如此相近,也就意味着此暴的X射线波段和光学波段具有同一起源．作者通过分析X射线波段和光学波段的谱演化情况,探究GRB061007的暴周环境．分析的结果显示,X射线波段的谱指数JB没有演化,而光学波段的谱有向蓝端演化的趋势．根据其光学波段谱的演化趋势,推测此暴的暴周环境不是均匀介质,而应是星风环境．     

磁逆Compton散射谱与γ射线暴辐射机制

强弱场中相对论电子的逆Ｃｏｍｐｔｏｎ散射,即磁逆Ｃｏｍｐｔｏｎ散射,昊体高能辐射的一种重要辐射机制,本文利用磁逆Ｃｏｍｐｔｏｎ散射的半径典量子理论的回旋共振散射微分截面公式,采用相对论变换方法,计算了磁中子星表面附近的磁逆Ｃｏｍｐｔｏｎ散射的能谱,并作了相应的能谱图,与γ射线暴的观测能谱符合得很好。     

The optical afterglow of the short gamma-ray burst GRB 050709

It has long been known that there are two classes of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), mainly distinguished by their durations. The breakthrough in our understanding of long-duration GRBs (those lasting more than approximately 2 s), which ultimately linked them with energetic type Ic supernovae, came from the discovery of their long-lived X-ray and optical 'afterglows', when precise and rapid localizations of the sources could finally be obtained. X-ray localizations have recently become available for short (duration <2 s) GRBs, which have evaded optical detection for more than 30 years. Here we report the first discovery of transient optical emission (R-band magnitude approximately 23) associated with a short burst: GRB 050709. The optical afterglow was localized with subarcsecond accuracy, and lies in the outskirts of a blue dwarf galaxy. The optical and X-ray afterglow properties 34 h after the GRB are reminiscent of the afterglows of long GRBs, which are attributable to synchrotron emission from ultrarelativistic ejecta. We did not, however, detect a supernova, as found in most nearby long GRB afterglows, which suggests a different origin for the short GRBs.     

Numerical simulation of flash reduction in a drop tube reactor with variable temperatures

A computational fluid dynamics(CFD) model was developed to accurately predict the flash reduction process, which is considered an efficient alternative ironmaking process. Laboratory-scale experiments were conducted in drop tube reactors to verify the accuracy of the CFD model. The reduction degree of ore particles was selected as a critical indicator of model prediction, and the simulated and experimental results were in good agreement. The influencing factors, including the particle size(20–11...     

An infrared ring around the magnetar SGR 1900+14

Magnetars are a special class of slowly rotating (period approximately 5-12 s) neutron stars with extremely strong magnetic fields (>10(14 )G)--at least an order of magnitude larger than those of the 'normal' radio pulsars. The potential evolutionary links and differences between these two types of object are still unknown; recent studies, however, have provided circumstantial evidence connecting magnetars with very massive progenitor stars. Here we report the discovery of an infrared elliptical ring or shell surrounding the magnetar SGR 1900+14. The appearance and energetics of the ring are difficult to interpret within the framework of the progenitor's stellar mass loss or the subsequent evolution of the supernova remnant. We suggest instead that a dust-free cavity was produced in the magnetar environment by the giant flare emitted by the source in August 1998. Considering the total energy released in the flare, the theoretical dust-destruction radius matches well with the observed dimensions of the ring. We conclude that SGR 1900+14 is unambiguously associated with a cluster of massive stars, thereby solidifying the link between magnetars and massive stars.