具有良好可再生性的新型二氧化硅磁性氧化石墨烯纳米复合材料

Graphene oxide (GO) wrapped Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by coating the Fe₃O₄ NPs with a SiO₂ layer, and then modifying by amino groups, which interact with the GO nanosheets to form covalent bonding. The SiO₂ coating layer plays a key role in integrating the magnetic nanoparticles with the GO nanosheets. The effect of the amount of SiO₂ on the morphology, structure, adsorption, and regenerability of the composites was studied in detail. An appropriate SiO₂ layer can effectively induce the GO nanosheets to completely wrap the Fe₃O₄ NPs, forming a core-shell Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@GO composite where Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ NPs are firmly encapsulated by GO nanosheets. The optimized Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@GO sample exhibits a high saturated adsorption capacity of 253 mg·g?1 Pb(II) cations from wastewater, and the adsorption process is well fitted by Langmuir adsorption model. Notably, the composite displays excellent regeneration, maintaining a ~90% adsorption capacity for five cycles, while other samples decrease their adsorption capacity rapidly. This work provides a theoretical guidance to improve the regeneration of the GO-based adsorbents.     

微波预处理对复杂铜矿磨矿及浮选动力学的影响

The effect of CaCO₃, Na₂CO₃, and CaF₂ on the reduction roasting and magnetic separation of high-phosphorus iron ore containing phosphorus in the form of Fe₃PO₇ and apatite was investigated. The results revealed that Na₂CO₃ had the most significant effect on iron recovery and dephosphorization, followed by CaCO₃, the effect of CaF₂ was negligible. The mechanisms of CaCO₃, Na₂CO₃, and CaF₂ were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM–EDS). Without additives, Fe₃PO₇ was reduced to elemental phosphorus and formed an iron–phosphorus alloy with metallic iron. The addition of CaCO₃ reacted with Fe₃PO₇ to generate an enormous amount of Ca₃(PO₄)₂ and promoted the reduction of iron oxides. However, the growth of iron particles was inhibited. With the addition of Na₂CO₃, the phosphorus in Fe₃PO₇ migrated to nepheline and Na₂CO₃ improved the reduction of iron oxides and growth of iron particles. Therefore, the recovery of iron and the separation of iron and phosphorus were the best. In contrast, CaF₂ reacted with Fe₃PO₇ to form fine Ca₃(PO₄)₂ particles scattered around the iron particles, making the separation of iron and phosphorus difficult.     

不同硅饱和系数水榴石的碳酸化分解动力学

Carbonated decomposition of hydrogarnet is one of the vital reactions of the calcification–carbonation method, which is designed to dispose of low-grade bauxite and Bayer red mud and is a novel eco-friendly method. In this study, the effect of the silica saturation coefficient (x) on the carbonation of hydrogarnet was investigated from the kinetic perspective. The results indicated that the carbonation of hydrogarnets with different x values (x = 0.27, 0.36, 0.70, and 0.73) underwent two stages with significantly different rates, and the kinetic mechanisms of the two stages can be described by the kinetic functions R3 and D3. The apparent activation energies at Stages 1 and 2 were 41.96–81.64 and 14.80–34.84 kJ/mol, respectively. Moreover, the corresponding limiting steps of the two stages were interfacial chemical reaction and diffusion.     

一种超重力燃烧合成制备高性能高熵合金的新方法

A new method of high-gravity combustion synthesis (HGCS) followed by post-treatment (PT) is reported for preparing high-performance high-entropy alloys (HEAs), Cr_0.9FeNi_2.5V_0.2Al_0.5 alloy, whereby cheap thermite powder is used as the raw material. In this process, the HEA melt and the ceramic melt are rapidly formed by a strong exothermic combustion synthesis reaction and completely separated under a high-gravity field. Then, the master alloy is obtained after cooling. Subsequently, the master alloy is sequentially subjected to conventional vacuum arc melting (VAM), homogenization treatment, cold rolling, and annealing treatment to realize a tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation of 1250 MPa, 1075 MPa, and 2.9%, respectively. The present method is increasingly attractive due to its low cost of raw materials and the intermediate product obtained without high-temperature heating. Based on the calculation of phase separation kinetics in the high-temperature melt, it is expected that the final alloys with high performance can be prepared directly across master alloys with higher high-gravity coefficients.     

利用皮秒激光烧蚀制备非球形铝纳米颗粒

We report the picosecond laser ablation of aluminum targets immersed in a polar organic liquid (chloroform, CHCl₃) with ~2 ps laser pulses at an input energy of ~350 μJ. The synthesized aluminum nanoparticles exhibited a surface plasmon resonance peak at ~340 nm. Scanning electron microscopy images of Al nanoparticles demonstrated the spherical morphology with an average size of (27 ± 3.6) nm. The formation of smaller spherical Al nanoparticles and the diminished growth could be from the formation of electric double layers on the Al nanoparticles. In addition to spherical aluminum nanoparticles, triangular/pentagonal/hexagonal nanoparticles were also observed in the colloidal solution. Field emission scanning electron microscopy images of ablated Al targets demonstrated laser induced periodic surface structures (LIPSSs), which were the high spatial frequency LIPSSs (HSF-LIPSSs) since their grating period was ~280 nm. Additionally, coarse structures with a period of ~700 nm were observed.     

窄板坯结晶器内连铸工艺参数对钢液流场的影响

Computational simulations and high-temperature measurements of velocities near the surface of a mold were carried out by using the rod deflection method to study the effects of various operating parameters on the flow field in slab continuous casting (CC) molds with narrow widths for the production of automobile exposed panels. Reasonable agreement between the calculated results and measured subsurface velocities of liquid steel was obtained under different operating parameters of the CC process. The simulation results reveal that the flow field in the horizontal plane located 50 mm from the meniscus can be used as the characteristic flow field to optimize the flow field of molten steel in the mold. Increases in casting speed can increase the subsurface velocity of molten steel and shift the position of the vortex core downward in the downward circulation zone. The flow field of liquid steel in a 1040 mm-wide slab CC mold can be improved by an Ar gas flow rate of 7 L·min?1 and casting speed of 1.7 m·min?1. Under the present experimental conditions, the double-roll flow pattern is generally stable at a submerged entry nozzle immersion depth of 170 mm.     

电渣重熔脱硫技术研究进展

Electroslag remelting (ESR) gives a combination of liquid metal refining and solidification structure control. One of the typical aspects of liquid metal refining during ESR for the advanced steel and alloy production is desulfurization. It involves two patterns, i.e., slag–metal reaction and gas–slag reaction (gasifying desulfurization). In this paper, the advances in desulfurization practices of ESR are reviewed. The effects of processing parameters, including the initial sulfur level of consumable electrode, remelting atmosphere, deoxidation schemes of ESR, slag composition, melting rate, and electrical parameters on the desulfurization in ESR are assessed. The interrelation between desulfurization and sulfide inclusion evolution during ESR is discussed, and advancements in the production of sulfur-bearing steel at a high-sulfur level during ESR are described. The remaining challenges for future work are also proposed.     

Mineral transition and formation mechanism of calcium aluminate compounds in CaO?Al2O3?Na2O system during high-temperature sintering

The mineral transition and formation mechanism of calcium aluminate compounds in CaO?Al₂O₃?Na₂O system during the high-temperature sintering process were systematically investigated using DSC?TG, XRD, SEM?EDS, FTIR, and Raman spectra, and the crystal structure of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ was also simulated by Material Studio software. The results indicated that the minerals formed during the sintering process included Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀, CaO·Al₂O₃, and 12CaO·7Al₂O₃, and the content of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ could reach 92wt% when sintered at 1200°C for 30 min. The main formation stage of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ occurred at temperatures from 970 to 1100°C, and the content could reach 82wt% when the reaction temperature increased to 1100°C. The crystal system of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ was tetragonal, and the cells preferred to grow along crystal planes (110) and (210). The formation of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ was an exothermic reaction that followed a secondary reaction model, and its activation energy was 223.97 kJ/mol.     

含细夹层的分矿充填层中流动特性的可视化

Ore particles, especially fine interlayers, commonly segregate in heap stacking, leading to undesirable flow paths and changeable flow velocity fields of packed beds. Computed tomography (CT), COMSOL Multiphysics, and MATLAB were utilized to quantify pore structures and visualize flow behavior inside packed beds with segregated fine interlayers. The formation of fine interlayers was accompanied with the segregation of particles in packed beds. Fine particles reached the upper position of the packed beds during stacking. CT revealed that the average porosity of fine interlayers (24.21%) was significantly lower than that of the heap packed by coarse ores (37.42%), which directly affected the formation of flow paths. Specifically, the potential flow paths in the internal regions of fine interlayers were undeveloped. Fluid flowed and bypassed the fine interlayers and along the sides of the packed beds. Flow velocity also indicated that the flow paths easily gathered in the pore throat where flow velocity (1.8 × 10?5 m/s) suddenly increased. Fluid stagnant regions with a flow velocity lower than 0.2 × 10?5 m/s appeared in flow paths with a large diameter.     

福州双杭传统商业街区特色与保护研究

在史料研究和实地调查的基础上,从街道与单体建筑两个方面具体阐述福州双杭商业街区特色.街道特色包括地理位置优越、文化底蕴深厚和街道形态独特三方面.对单体建筑,从平面布局、立面风格和细部处理等方面论述其中西合璧的风格特征.提出应从历史的延续性上提高对传统街区保护的认识,以及整体性、特色性、协调性和可持续性等保护原则.     

几何机器人的研究与发展

 阐述了几何机器人的基本概念、数学构型、力学机制、工程应用、艺术设计及哲学思考。以几何机器人的科学研究为基础,提出以几何机器人为载体的MSEAP 研究与教育理念,即将数学、科学、工程、艺术和哲学融合于几何机器人的学习、研究以及应用,旨在修养形成数学家的逻辑思维、科学家的创新精神、工程师的实践能力、艺术家的美学视野、哲学家的普世情怀。     

走向信息时代的信息工作

讨论了以Internet为代表的信息革命对信息工作的影响,探讨了信息机构进行业务机构、技术结构、人才结构、组织结构调整的必要性和迫切性,并就相关问题提出了一些见解,指出在走向信息时代的今天,信息机构应作战略调整,将网络化、数字化作为信息基础设施建设的方向,加强信息资源的建设,增强信息开发能力并使之产品化、市场化,形成知识为基础的信息咨询服务业。信息工作者必须加强学习,不断提高业务素质和技术技能,迎接信息时代的挑战。     

基于文献计量分析的流域山水林田湖草生命共同体研究进展与展望

生态文明建设的深入实施,推动山水林田湖草生命共同体研究进入一个崭新的发展阶段.采用VOSviewer、CiteSpace 5.1 R8软件分析及文献归纳方法,识别了山水林田湖草、生态清洁小流域的研究热点,梳理了山水林田湖草生命共同体研究,主要内容包括系统治理、生态保护修复、土地整治以及流域生命共同体研究的发展特征.在此基础上,从理论层面、研究内容、研究尺度、数据支撑4个方面指出未来流域山水林田湖草生命共同体的研究热点.     

面向多源数据集成的高速公路数字化方法研究

高速公路具有线路长、地形复杂,工程设计施工难度大,且涉及多专业交叉等特点,为了在Web端更加便捷、清晰、直观地展示并管理道路、桥梁等数据,通过结合当前被广泛运用于实际工程项目的 BIM技术、Web GL、倾斜摄影技术等,提出基于开源三维地图引擎Cesium的高速公路数字化方法,在数字地球上集成BIM及GIS领域的多源异构数据,为基础设施提供真实的地理环境,地理环境也将拥有更多立体的基础设施,并使地形、道路信息模型等能够跨平台、跨终端地进行三维展示及交互,实现对工程项目从宏观至微观的把控以及设计成果的可视化数字交付。将该方法成功应用于北京延庆某山区高速公路项目中,为行业建设提供应用参考,为公路的全生命周期管理奠定基础。     

基于ArcEngine的县域地质灾害数据采集与分析系统

 以野外调查及灾害特征分析为基础,综合GIS技术、数据库技术与多源数据整合技术应用于县域地质灾害数据采集与分析,基本解决区域地质灾害调查信息化的瓶颈问题。将基础地理数据、灾害点特征数据、相关多媒体数据等异构数据源进行标准化处理,规定空间数据和灾害特征数据连接的各种关系,建立了基于SQL Server的ArcSDE Geodatabase地质灾害专题数据库。以VS.NET(C#)和ArcEngine作为可视化开发工具与GIS开发平台,实现了县域地质灾害数据采集与分析系统相关功能模块及软件的设计与编制。此系统包括灾害信息的录入编辑、查询统计、分析评价、制图输出等功能,为野外灾害数据快速采集与科学管理提供了基础计算机平台。     

马尾松连栽对根际与非根际土壤微量元素及微生物的影响

采用配对样地法,以不同栽植代数(1、2代)、不同发育阶段(8、15、18、20 a)的马尾松人工林为对象,研究了马尾松连栽对其根际与非根际土壤有效微量元素、土壤微生物及生化作用的影响.结果表明:连栽后,根际与非根际土壤有效微量元素含量均呈上升趋势,且交换性Mg2+、有效Fe含量在1、2代之间的差异达显著水平.根际与非根际土壤中细菌、放线菌、真菌及微生物总数2代均高于1代,且根际、非根际土壤放线菌、真菌数量在1、2代之间的差异达显著或极显著水平;在1、2代根际与非根际土壤微生物区系组成中,细菌数量占微生物总数百分比最高,其次是放线菌,真菌最少.对根际、非根际土壤生化作用的影响,连栽后,无论是根际还是非根际土壤,硝化作用强度趋于上升,而氨化作用强度趋于下降,且根际土壤硝化、氨化作用强度与非根际土壤氨化作用强度在1、2代之间的差异达显著水平.     

马尾松容器苗生长和养分性状对磷添加和接种菌根菌的响应及关联

【目的】 开展马尾松容器苗添加不同水平磷(P)及接种菌根菌互作试验,明确添加不同水平P与接种菌根菌的互作效应。【方法】 采用裂区试验设计,主区为菌根菌处理,分为接种与不接种2个处理,接种处理为播种时在播种穴下方置入由蛭石与松乳菇菌丝体悬浮液制作成的固体菌剂0.3 g;副区为添加P处理,设置以P为主的水溶肥添加梯度共7个水平,样地P添加量介于50~600 g/m³。于7—10月分15次等时间间隔将不同梯度水溶肥溶于水后均匀喷洒在苗木上,分析苗木生长性状和氮(N)、P吸收利用与添加P量及菌根菌的关系。【结果】 接种菌根菌后,1年生马尾松容器苗平均苗高、地径、总生物量和根系直径等生长指标比不接种分别增加了9.87%、3.35%、41.50%和12.41%,N、P吸收量和利用指数等养分指标分别增加了5.05%、25.03%、100.36%和70.53%;高径比、总根长、N和P含量分别降低了5.98%、22.47%、24.97%和11.26%,除苗高和N吸收量外各生长和养分性状指标接种前后存在显著差异。随P添加量增加,接种前后马尾松容器苗地径、整株P吸收量均呈增加趋势,高径比呈下降趋势,整株N和P含量呈先增加后降低趋势。不同添加P水平马尾松容器苗地径、总生物量、根系直径、整株P吸收量、N和P利用指数均为接种大于不接种;而高径比、总根长和整株P含量均为不接种大于接种。接种菌根菌和添加P对马尾松容器苗生长和养分性状无显著的互作效应。接种后马尾松容器苗生长性状对整株N含量的变化更敏感,对N、P吸收量和利用指数的响应进一步增强。【结论】 接种菌根菌(松乳菇菌)可与马尾松容器苗建立较好的协同共生关系,不仅促进了马尾松容器苗的生长,而且提高了N、P养分利用效率。接种后苗木的高径比降低,N、P利用指数增加,能以较低的养分浓度进行正常的生长和代谢,有助于培育优质马尾松苗木和节约育苗成本。     

新冠肺炎疫情下儿童青少年心理健康干预进展

 新型冠状病毒肺炎（新冠肺炎）大流行是全球性事件,严重影响到人们的日常生活。儿童青少年作为此次突发重大公共卫生应激事件的弱势群体,身心受到剧烈冲击。综述了国内外现有研究进展,分别从国家社会、学校社区、家庭及个人层面探讨了新冠肺炎疫情下儿童青少年心理压力的应激源;总结了疫情期间儿童青少年心理问题的类型,包括情绪问题和行为问题;归纳了普通儿童、疫情严重地区儿童和家人患病或抗疫人员子女、隔离儿童、其他患病儿童及感染儿童这5类不同风险的儿童青少年面对疫情的心理特征及干预建议。     

颠覆性技术资助:从国外经验到中国方案

 颠覆性技术是实现国家科技创新能力突破性发展的重要力量。美、日等国早已布局发展颠覆性技术,中国尚处于起步探索阶段。通过梳理全球主要国家颠覆性技术资助的经验,结合中国科技管理实情,发现现行科技计划管理体制、传统的评审标准与方式以及科研项目管理的“急功近利”等阻碍了颠覆性技术在中国的发展。基于此,提出成立专项资助办公室、创新科技项目形成机制与资助方式以及完善科技项目管理机制等建议。