基于粗集理论的医学诊断规则提取方法

讨论了医学诊断的知识获取问题，基于粗集理论提出了完整的知识获取方法，包括连续信息系统的离散化，信息系统约简、决策规则提取，决策模型生成等，以十二指肠溃疡为例，讨论了知识处理的过程，为人工智能技术在医学诊断领域的应用提供了新的思路。     

Dealing with Human Relations in Chinese Systems Practice

This paper is about the Wuli, Shili, Renli (WSR) systems methodology. An important concept within this, Renli, has been developed from Confucian philosophy to clarify to Chinese researchers the necessity of dealing with human relations in systems practice. At present, the only formal means of operationalizing Renli that people are exploring in China is to import from the West methods for organizing debate. However, the concept of Renli suggests that more is needed than methods alone. In particular, facilitation skills are required. It is argued that the development of facilitation skills can be enhanced if researchers can gain both theoretical and practical knowledge of group dynamics, and engage in activities of self-reflection to look at, and alter, their own roles in these dynamics and the wider sociopolitical system. There are therefore three aspects to Renli: the use of systems methods for organizing debate, the acquisition of facilitation skills, and self-reflection geared toward the development of facilitation skills and enhanced critical awareness of the politics of intervention.     

An Intelligent Design of Electron Lens System

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Monitoring of Policy Implementation: Convergent Mobile and Fixed Technologies as Emergent Enablers

Based on the viable system model (VSM), a system viability refers to the capability of a system to exist and maintain its sustainability within an environment. In this framework, monitoring function supports the gathering of relevant information directly from the operating units and feeding them into the formal control function. In turn, the control function uses the information to produce reports for the higher level functions of intelligence and policymaking, which later utilise these information for their decision making. Given its role, monitoring function supports the viability of a system, especially in large-scale policy-based system. However, studies on the functions of a system monitoring are generally lacking, leading to the lack of understanding on how to conduct monitoring in a viable system implementation. The objectives of this study are a) to discuss the role of monitoring in a viable system framework, and b) to conceptualize the function of monitoring within a policy-based system that is enabled by technologies. To achieve these objectives, this study reviews the literature on monitoring (in relation to VSM framework), on research process in general, as well as on technology adoption. This conceptual exploration generates an emergent viable system model that can guide future researchers in conducting an action research of monitoring function implementation.     

Epistemology and Logistics: A Critical Overview

Epistemology is about acquiring knowledge and understanding. Building on the concept of epistemology, described and elaborated on, the focus of this paper is on philosophical reflection on the methodological underpinnings of logistics. A conceptual framework is outlined to analyze methodological assumptions underlying a scientific inquiry. Use of the framework is demonstrated by presenting and analyzing earlier works from within the area of logistics. Based on these analyses, it is concluded that logistics from an epistemological point of view is under change and in motion. Formerly, logistics was building heavily on objectivist methodological suppositions and positivist theory of knowledge was dominating. Although the positivist tradition still has a strong position in the area, it cannot be neglected that new logistics epistemologies are emerging and evolving, bringing new scientific approaches to logistics. It is argued that the new perspectives are closer to a more interpretive conception of social theory and subjectivist methodological suppositions. However, it is also argued that there are still theoretical perspectives on organizations, notably streams of complexity theories, not yet being adopted within the area of logistics. Such theories could, if adopted, change logistics organizations in the future. Neglecting to challenge the epistemology, of a discipline may result in an obsolete paradigm. The idea behind the paper is, therefore, that by challenging the underpinning meta theoretical assumptions, and by reflecting upon them, a more holistic and multidisciplinary approach to logistics improvement will be achieved.     

The enterprise design framework meets the system for systems methodologies

In the first part of the paper a framework is outlined which models organisational process from a learning perspective. This framework is known as the Enterprise Design Framework (EDF) and it was developed over a number of years to support work in the area of general management consultancy. The EDF is then computed with the system for systems methodologies. The complementarity of the two models is discussed and ways are identified in which each suggests refinements to the other. The use of the refined EDF is illustrated by applying it to a number of issues relevant to the systems community.     

基于知识的仿真模型的验证方法

仿真模型的验证研究的是模型的可信度问题。由于模型验证需要关于真实系统,建模理论以及数据分析等多方面的知识,基于知识的智能化方法适合于仿真模型的自动验证。这类方法是建立在三个知识库的基础上的:存储验证相关知识的验证知识库(VKB),用于智能推理和决策的决策知识库(DKB),以及由各类验证算法所构成的验证技术库(VTB)。通过分析验证知识库的验证域,系统选择合理的验证技术和相关的验证过程。在此基础上,系统自动设计仿真实验,获得运行结果,并自动分析数据,执行验证过程,生成验证报告。此外,我们也讨论了验证相关知识的获取过程和细节。     

Is Action Design Research Indeed Necessary? Analysis and Synergies Between Action Research and Design Science Research

Action research is one of the research methods that seeks to develop scientific knowledge while simultaneously acting to solve real problems. Design science and design science research are approaches that address problem-solving oriented researches, converging in this aspect with the objectives of action research. A significant part of the literature discusses action research and design science research separately. However, there are some early discussions regarding the similarities and the differences between these research methods. The objective of this study is to deepen an analysis that distinguishes action research, design science and design science research as research methods considering their convergences and divergences. This leads to the discussion of the need for a third method: action design research. This study was conducted based on a configurative systematic literature review. The analysis and the synthesis of literature took into account themes and content analyses. Some results could be observed. First, there is a significant number of similarities among these research methods; second, there are complementary and positive synergies in their use; and third, the concepts of artifact and classes of problems seem to contribute both to the proposition and to the evaluation of the results obtained by action research. Finally, it was possible to establish a set of possibilities for the use of action research and design science research in a combined manner. The limitations of this study have a theoretical nature. There is a need for a comparative analysis of the use of action research and design science research and the use of action research under the paradigm of design science.     

A Critical Systems Approach to Elicit User-Centric Business Intelligence Business Requirements

This paper describes an action research study where the researcher developed and tested an alternative business requirements elicitation approach that enables reflection on business intelligence business requirements from a social/organisational perspective and, accordingly, surfaces user-centric requirements that support development of systems that are technically good and effectuate organisational improvement. It is based on critical systems heuristics, a framework that facilitates participative discourse to surface contributing and consequential factors of a planned social system, i.e. relevant sources of motivation; expertise; inflicting and controlling boundaries; and sources of moral and political justification acting as guardians for all that will be impacted upon by the adjusted social reality caused by the new system. Such an approach is valuable to developers of business intelligence systems; it complements traditional requirements gathering approaches. Present-day organisations require efficacious decision-making capabilities to succeed—business intelligence systems enable efficacious decisions. However, business intelligence systems often fail, at great expenses to organisations. They fail due to social/organisational infeasibility, rather than technical insufficiency; they fail when developers lack adequate understanding of users’ business requirements. Appropriate business requirement specifications entail more than definitions of functional, non-functional and technical attributes of new systems. Business requirements must also capture the social/organisational context of a system, i.e. the impact that it will inevitably have on users and the organisational environment, so as to ensure that it ultimately bring about improvement. The approach developed in this study enables elicitation of user-centric business requirements.

     

基于管理视角的服务设计问题的研究综述与展望

服务设计是一项高风险和高投入的活动.在复杂、多变和不确定的市场环境中,如何利用科学的理论和方法来设计服务产品,在合理利用服务资源的基础上保证服务质量,是服务企业获得竞争优势的关键之一.通过对服务设计现有文献的梳理和回顾,首先分析了服务设计的相关概念和外延;然后基于管理视角,从服务模式、服务内容、服务流程、服务系统等几个方面对服务设计领域的相关文献进行了综述;最后,对新信息技术环境下的服务设计研究方向进行了展望.     

Storying Systems: Managing Everyday Flux Using Mode 2 Soft Systems Methodology

This paper examines work with managers who used a narrative approach to systemic thinking. Storytelling is incorporated within Mode 2 SSM involving a flexible approach to the analysis of complex or "messy" situations at work. Mode 2 SSM is presented as a thinking mode by those within the problem situation, involving the use of various devices of rich pictures, relevant systems, and root definitions, whereby managers and others may make sense of their experiences from within the flux of everyday life. The focus of the approach is learning through reflection on events and activities to consider potential actions and improvements in difficult situations. The findings show the initial difficulty and disappointment of learning to deal with complexity and the unexpected but how quickly the "gain outweighs the pain," as managers learned to attune themselves to the flux of situations, to identify how to work with flows and energies more creatively, and to become conscious of what was happening on the edge of awareness.     

关系契合对知识迁移与突破性创新绩效的影响研究

企业内外部关系产生的知识对突破性创新绩效具有十分重要的影响, 本文通过文献研究提出相关理论假设, 运用结构方程模型对关系契合、知识迁移与突破新绩效之间的关系进行实证研究. 结果表明, 社会资本契合和关系资本契合对知识迁移均有显著正向影响; 而人力资本相关度与结构资本相关度对知识迁移的影响不显著, 但关系资本契合与人力资本相关度交互作用对知识迁移却有显著正向影响; 知识迁移对突破性创新绩效的两个维度均有不同程度地正向影响, 其中对过程创新绩效维影响更显著. 研究结论可为企业有效实施知识管理, 进而提升突破性创新绩效提供借鉴和启示.     

Critical considerations in the development of systems thinking and practice

This paper is concerned with the development of ‘Systems Thinking.’ In particular, it considers and critiques ‘traditional Systems Thinking’ within the framework of Critical Systems Thinking. Before embarking on such a venture it is necessary to derive a base context from which to develop argument and analysis. Therefore the outline of this paper is as follows: A contextual setting for Systems Thinking, Theoretical Considerations, Soft Systems Thinking and Methodology, and A Critical Systems Thinking (CST) approach. The account of the development of Systems Thinking is followed by a synopsis of a theoretical framework for Systems Thinking which will allow us to gain an understanding of contemporary views. The paper then goes on to review SSM and CST in order to provide a platform for a critique of traditional forms of Systems Thinking. The final section briefly discusses the applicability of CST to the ‘real-world’ context by outlining some current studies being undertaken by the author.     

基于不完全信息的商机挖掘的最优停止模型

研究了决策者面对一个重要的商业机会，在掌握不完全信息的情况下，该做出怎样的理性决策才能使企业的期望获利最大或期望损失最小的问题．把商机挖掘看作是一个时间离散、状态连续的马尔柯夫过程，利用信息量与决策不确定性之间的对比关系，建立起动态决策过程的最优停止模型，并给出商机挖掘的最优停止规则．最后给出一个应用案例．     

Modeling and forecasting of stock markets under a system adaptation framework

This paper adopts the concept of dynamic feedback systems to model the behavior of financial markets,or more specifically,the stock market from a dynamic system point of view.Based on a feedback adaptation scheme,the authors model the movement of a stock market index within a framework that is composed of an internal dynamic model and an adaptive filter.The output-error model is adopted as the internal model whereas the adaptive filter is a time-varying state space model with instrumental variables.Its input-output behavior,and internal as well as external forces are then identified.Special attention has also been paid to the recent financial crisis by examining the movement of Dow Jones Industrial Average(DJIA) as an example to illustrate the advantage of the proposed framework.Supported by time-varying causality tests,five influential factors from economic and sentiment aspects are introduced as the input of this framework.Testing results show that the proposed framework has a much better prediction performance than the existing methods,especially in complicated economic situations.An application of this framework is also presented with focuses on forecasting the turning periods of the market trend.Realizing that a market trend is about to change when the external force begins to exhibit clear patterns in its frequency responses,the authors develop a set of rules to recognize this kind of clear patterns.These rules work well for stock indexes from US, China and Singapore.     

空战决策知识构建方法研究

针对战训数据丰富, 数据背后空战决策知识贫乏的问题, 提出了一种空战决策知识构建方法。首先, 根据空战决策影响因素来分析决策知识的生成过程, 选择用产生式规则来表示空战决策知识。其次, 针对战训数据存在噪声数据干扰以及连续属性数据难以满足数据挖掘算法离散度量要求的问题, 应用了k-means聚类算法来检测离群点并使用最小描述长度准则算法将连续属性离散化。最后, 基于预处理后数据, 采用粗糙集提取空战最小决策规则知识, 通过构建模糊逻辑推理系统实现空战决策知识的推理与应用。仿真表明, 该方法能够有效地提取空战决策规则知识以及知识的推理与应用。     

基于知识元的应急管理案例情景化表示及存储模式研究

应急管理案例蕴含了大量的应急管理知识,如何有效利用这些知识,提高应急管理案例的应用价值,是当前应急管理研究的难点.通过引入共性知识元模型,以知识元的形式抽取领域内突发事件应急管理共性知识,形成共性可扩展的应急知识元体系.同时对应急管理案例进行情景的划分,在此基础上对应急管理案例情景序列的知识结构进行分析,结合应急知识元体系提出应急管理案例的情景化表示及存储模式,使应急过程各阶段的信息相分离,形成基于知识元的应急管理案例情景库,更加满足"情景-应对"模式中案例推理的需要.     

Toward a Holistic View of Staff Development of Regional Tutorial Staff at the Open University

This paper presents a personal account of the theory and practice of staff development of Open University (OU) tutorial staff, based on nearly 30 years' experience, during which I have consciously reflected on my work, continually building on what has seemed important. It results from an extensive process of reflection in which I have tried to capture an understanding of what I do, with the aid of systems models. Some of the basic assumptions and systems models I present have more or less stood the test of time for a number of years; others are the result of my latest reflections. I show how I have used systems concepts and methods to form a coherent, holistic framework for developing tutorial staff in the East Anglian Region of the OU. Two aspects of this work are emphasized: first, the role that staff development can play in improving tutors' basic skills and understanding of their role; second, how the quality of their work is managed through using feedback and the notions of single- and double-loop learning. An important feature of this work has been the setting-up of communities of practice which enable learning by individual tutors to be shared with their peers and transformed into organizational learning for general use. Starting with some basic assumptions about staff development, a number of systemic models are presented which fit into a coherent framework, linking theory to practice and embodying Rene Dubos' (1972) well-known dictum to "Think globally, act locally."