石长沟油页岩燃烧灰分物理特性

油页岩灰分是油页岩综合利用的主要物质之一。对石长沟油页岩进行马弗炉燃烧实验,制备不同燃烧终温(200～800℃)的油页岩灰分;并借助多种实验仪器研究不同温度燃烧下的灰分构成成分、结构特征及微观孔隙演化过程。结果表明：油页岩有机质以脂肪族为主;燃烧过程中,各有机元素(N、S、C、H、O)含量呈现下降趋势,自由水析出,结构水脱离,碳酸盐和脂肪族逐渐分解,在800℃高温时,C完全转化为CO₂逸出;灰分的构成成分主要为二氧化硅和碳酸盐,孔隙以微孔和中孔为主,随着燃烧温度升高,中孔数量增加,比表面积和分形维度先增后减,峰值均在400℃处。研究结果为分析石长沟油页岩不同燃烧温度下灰分的物理状态提供了理论基础,对了解石长沟油页岩的燃烧特性具有一定的借鉴意义。     

油页岩原位热解孔隙结构演化的低温氮吸附分析

孔隙结构是油页岩的一个重要特征,直接影响油页岩内的传热效率与油气流动行为。为分析油页岩孔隙结构在热解过程中的演化规律,采用热重分析与低温氮气吸附(LTNA)手段,定量分析了压力及不同热解终温下油页岩孔隙结构特征。结果表明:抚顺油页岩的有机质降解阶段为350~540℃,干酪根分解与沥青的二次分解在同一温度区间完成,没有明显的两阶段过程。以有机质热解起始温度350℃为界,孔隙结构与类型发生重大改变。低于该温度时以墨水瓶型孔为主,高于该温度时以狭缝型孔为主,有机质热解对油页岩孔隙类型的变化起控制作用。油页岩孔隙结构演化涉及复杂的物化过程,是有机质、热解产物与无机矿物共同作用的结果,有机质的热解使比表面积与孔体积产生大幅增加,研究结果可作为油页岩原位开采的有益参考。     

基于热模拟实验探讨湘鄂西地区黑色页岩孔隙结构演化

利用湘鄂西地区低成熟度龙马溪组富有机质页岩制备不同热演化梯度的热模拟样品,分别进行低温N_2吸附等实验定量表征其孔隙结构,分析在有机质生烃过程中,页岩孔隙结构的变化规律,并将模拟样品与自然样品的实验结果进行对比分析,研究有机质成熟度对页岩孔隙结构的影响。结果表明:区内以发育有机质内孔隙为主的黑色页岩的热演化过程分为3个阶段:①有机质内部孔隙遭受压实和破坏作用(2%Ro3%),能够进行热解生烃的有机质消耗殆尽,部分生烃产物未能从页岩孔隙中及时排出,造成部分孔隙被堵塞;②有机质内部孔隙广泛发育阶段(3%Ro4%),有机质热解生烃导致微孔和介孔孔隙数量增多,页岩孔隙结构的非均质性增强,分形维数不断增大;③有机质热解消耗殆尽阶段(Ro4%),页岩中有机质逐渐被热解消耗殆尽,内部生烃作用残余的较小孔隙孔径增大,孔隙结构趋于简单。在有机碳含量较高的页岩中,甲烷分子的吸附空间主要由有机质生烃作用形成的孔隙提供,随着热成熟度不断提高,有机质热解生烃导致其自身含量减少,从而不利于甲烷分子的吸附。     

硫改性椰壳活性炭管道喷射脱汞实验研究

选用生物质废弃物椰壳制备活性炭脱汞吸附剂,并在不同温度下进行载硫改性.采用N2吸附/脱附、热重质谱联用(TG-MS)、X射线近边吸收结构(XANES)等方法对吸附剂进行孔隙结构和硫存在形态表征.在模拟烟气管道喷射实验装置上进行汞吸附脱除实验研究.结果表明,载硫温度500℃时椰壳活性炭汞吸附效率优于商用富硫活性炭.活性炭汞吸附脱除能力由孔隙结构、硫含量与硫存在形态共同决定.硫含量随着载硫温度的提高而降低,孔隙结构参数得到优化.元素硫、噻吩与硫酸盐为活性炭硫的主要存在形态,噻吩为有机硫的主要形态.元素硫与噻吩均有利于汞吸附脱除,其中元素硫效果最优.模拟烟气组分的加入促进了活性炭脱汞效率的提高.     

蜀南地区五峰-龙马溪组页岩微观孔隙结构及分形特征

南方上奥陶统五峰组-下志留统龙马溪组海相页岩是中国页岩气主力开发层位,页岩微观孔隙结构特征的研究对于页岩含气性和开发储量的评价有重要意义。采用场发射扫描电镜和低温氮气吸附实验方法对蜀南地区长宁区块五峰-龙马溪组页岩微观孔隙结构进行了定性评价和定量表征。实验结果表明,蜀南地区五峰-龙马溪组页岩以有机质孔隙为主,局部可见粒间孔和粒内孔发育。氮气吸附回滞环属于H4型,对应纳米级孔隙类型为狭缝型;五峰-龙马溪组页岩平均比表面积17.35 m~2/g,平均孔体积16.70 mm~3/g,平均孔径9.82 nm;页岩纳米级孔隙表面具有分形特征,分形维数平均值为2.681;有机碳含量的增加使得纳米级孔隙数量增多,页岩分形维数增大,孔隙表面粗糙程度增大,页岩比表面积增大,页岩吸附能力增强。     

海陆过渡相页岩孔隙结构特征及分形维数研究

页岩孔隙结构的研究是页岩储集性及含气性评价的重要方面。运用低温氮气等温吸附实验对龙潭组页岩储层的孔隙特征进行了测定,通过孔隙分形维数的计算结合岩石矿物组分、有机质含量及热成熟度测试探讨了龙潭组页岩孔隙结构特征及影响因素。分析结果表明:龙潭组页岩孔隙结构复杂,孔隙类型包括一端封闭型的不透气孔、开放型平行板状狭缝及墨水瓶状孔,平均孔径分布在5.38~13.3 nm,平均为7.78 nm,孔径分布呈双峰型分布的特征;孔隙分形特征明显,分形维数在2.49~2.62,平均为2.54;分形维数受有机质特征、矿物成分及孔隙结构特征共同影响,具体表现为分形维数随TOC(有机碳含量)、R_O、黏土矿物含量及比表面积的增加而增大,随长石含量及样品的平均孔径的增加而减小,与石英及其他矿物成分无明显的相关性。     

油页岩半焦基矿物/生物炭复合材料制备及其吸附性能研究

基于油页岩半焦中富含的矿物质和有机质,以KOH为活化剂,联用机械力化学和热解炭化窑街油页岩半焦制备油页岩半焦基矿物/生物炭复合材料,考察了矿物/生物炭复合材料对水溶液中Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺的吸附效果.结果表明,制得的复合材料对Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺具有优异的吸附性能,最大吸附量分别为177.83和67.48mg^·g^-1,分别是原油页岩半焦的6.1倍和4.3倍.吸附动力学和热力学拟合数据显示,复合材料对Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺的吸附属于化学吸附主导的单层吸附,主要吸附机理涉及官能团吸附、²⁺_Pb-π和Cd²⁺-π相互作用、静电吸附和矿物沉淀.该研究为从环境矿物材料角度探究油页岩半焦全组分综合利用提供了可行途径.     

页岩纳米孔隙表面分形特征及其影响因素

明确页岩纳米孔隙表面分形特征有助于深化对页岩吸附机理与吸附模型的认识。以五峰组/龙马溪组、延长组页岩为研究对象,基于氮气吸附法孔隙结构参数,计算了页岩纳米孔隙表面分形维数,并与泥岩、致密砂岩分形维数对比,揭示了有机质、黏土矿物等对孔隙表面分形特征的影响。研究表明,五峰组/龙马溪组页岩纳米孔隙表面分维值为2.7~2.9,延长组页岩为2.3~2.7,其分维值取决于10 nm以下孔隙累计表面积大小;页岩分维值与有机质成熟演化阶段正相关,而与有机质含量关系复杂;有机质孔与黏土矿物晶间孔表面均具有明显的分形特征,该孔隙发育是页岩具有表面分形特征的根本性原因,但前者的分维值显著大于后者。有机质与黏土矿物表面呈现高度粗糙性,严重偏离光滑平整特性,因此,甲烷在页岩纳米孔内的吸附属于典型的非均匀固体上的吸附。     

渝东南武隆地区龙马溪组页岩孔裂隙特征研究

为明确渝东南武隆地区龙马溪组页岩孔裂隙发育特征,利用岩芯观察、氩离子抛光扫描电镜分析、低温氮气吸附脱附实验等方法,结合图像分析技术和分形几何理论,对LY-1井龙马溪组页岩孔隙结构及分形特征进行了研究。结果表明,武隆地区龙马溪组页岩宏观裂隙以层间页理缝和成岩收缩缝为主,扫描电镜下可见粒内孔、粒间孔及有机质孔,有机质孔最为发育,孔径几纳米到几十纳米;低温N₂吸附实验结果显示龙马溪组页岩存在3类优势孔径,I类优势孔径分布在1.0~1.5 nm,表明微孔是该区主要的孔隙之一,Ⅱ、Ⅲ类优势孔径分别分布在2.5~3.5 nm、5.0~18.0 nm,孔径>4.0 nm时曲线分维值与TOC、脆性矿物含量及含气量呈负相关性,与黏土矿物呈正相关性。研究认为,有机质孔为页岩气富集提供了最主要的空间,黏土矿物发育复杂结构的孔隙对气体赋存具有一定贡献。     

煤焦颗粒分形结构逾渗行为研究

煤颗粒在燃烧过程中其内部孔隙结构呈现分形特征.在已经建立的煤颗粒分形结构二维模型上利用Monte-Carlo法对网格点赋值,获得与氮吸附/脱附实验相符的孔径分布.基于突入逾渗模型在最邻近条件下对不同煤焦分形体逾渗过程进行模拟,计算得到相关参数.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with