地铁扣件Ⅲ型弹条的弹塑性疲劳性能分析

地铁Ⅲ型扣件系统主要是通过弹条趾端变形产生的扣压力来紧固铁轨,扣件系统弹条处于复杂的应力状态,在服役过程中往往达不到预期寿命过早断裂。为了研究弹条的弹塑性疲劳性能,根据扣件系统实物尺寸建立了有限元模型,进行了静力学分析,得到了弹条的弹性系数为1.06 k N/mm,验证了模型的可行性。在此基础上建立了两种弹塑性疲劳模型对弹条的寿命进行了预测和分析,其中模型1采用Neuber塑性修正的弹性有限元法,模型2采用弹塑性有限元法。结果表明,为避免弹条与铁垫板插孔由线接触变为点接触而产生应力集中,弹条小圆弧内侧与铁垫板距离D应不小于7 mm;在钢轨位移循环荷载下,两种模型计算得到的弹条疲劳寿命分别为2.449×10⁹次和6.081×10⁸次;随着钢轨位移差的增大,弹条的寿命急剧下降,为满足500万次不破坏的标准,钢轨位移差应不超过4 mm,危险点处应力比应大于0.6;在相同次数的疲劳荷载循环下,随着初始安装扣压力的增大,危险点处的损伤值也越大,当扣压力超过13 kN后,最大损伤值增长速率明显增大。     

基于车轨耦合动力学分析的地铁e型弹条扣件疲劳寿命预测

地铁是城市交通的重要组成部分,而扣件系统是地铁轨道结构的关键部件,起到固定钢轨、减振降噪的作用。为分析地铁e型弹条扣件的疲劳性能,基于车辆轨道动力学理论,通过多体动力学软件UM建立了车轨耦合模型,研究了车辆速度、轨道不平顺类型以及曲线半径与钢轨动力学响应的关系;并通过有限元软件ABAQUS对扣件系统进行了仿真计算,将车轨耦合动力分析得到的钢轨位移作为疲劳荷载,采用应力疲劳计算的方法对弹条的疲劳寿命进行了预测和分析。结果表明：钢轨位移响应受不平顺类型和车辆速度的影响较小,而加速度响应对两者则比较敏感;轨道曲线半径的改变,对内轨位移的影响相对明显,随着半径的减小,内轨的位移时程曲线出现明显的上移,同时对加速度的影响也增大,内轨加速度峰值呈增大趋势;基于此模型计算的弹条疲劳寿命为2.14×10⁷次,寿命最低处位于弹条后拱小圆弧段,与实际断裂位置相吻合;弹条初始安装扣压力对弹条疲劳寿命的影响很大,随着初始安装扣压力的增大,弹条的疲劳寿命不断减小,且减小的速度趋于增大,为确保弹条扣件处于良好的工作状态,初始扣压力应当控制在11～15 kN范围内。     

W1型弹条扣压力与疲劳性能的试验研究

W1型扣件弹条是高速铁路无砟轨道常用的弹条之一,高速铁路弹条在实际工作时受到反复多变的荷载作用,其强度会逐渐变化并发生疲劳破坏.以W1型弹条为列,首先,将W1型弹条的原材料60Si2 MnA弹簧钢加工成试验所需试件进行静力拉伸试验;其次,对W1型弹条进行应变电测试验测出弹条各部位的应力变化;最后,通过MTS810伺服液压试验机对W1型弹条施加三种不同的循环荷载工况,研究弹条在循环荷载作用下其扣压力和中端圆弧位移的变化规律.通过试验数据拟合出弹条中端圆弧位移和扣压力的函数方程式.结果 表明:弹簧钢的屈服强度为1600 MPa,抗拉强度为1900 MPa.弹条内侧圆弧应力值最大也是最易断裂的位置和25 kN是弹条的最佳安装预压力,随着疲劳荷载的循环次数增加,弹条扣压力与中端圆弧位移呈反相关系,弹条在5、7.5、10 kN循环荷载作用下的疲劳寿命分别为82万、19万、7万次.     

地铁DTⅥ2扣件弹条力学特性及断裂研究

为分析DTⅥ2扣件弹条的力学性能,基于大型计算程序ABAQUS,建立扣件弹条有限元模型,并验证模型可靠性。研究结果表明:弹条应力产生的最大区域为弹条小圆弧内侧及跟端下侧与铁垫板接触部分,此区域易产生较大塑性变形、萌生裂纹并不断发展,在安装和养护维修过程中应加以关注;安装状态、摩擦因数和温度对扣压力影响相对较小,弹程对扣件弹条扣压力和最大等效应力影响较大;弹条特征部位的最大等效应力和垂向加速度在782～934,1 160～1 270和1 620～1 700 Hz频率范围出现3个明显的峰值,表明在这些频率下弹条易突然发生断裂。     

W300-1型扣件弹条疲劳寿命的预测和评估

为有效评估和预测W300-1型扣件弹条在实际工作状态下的疲劳寿命,综合考虑弹条材料的弹塑性力学特性及复杂接触关系,建立有限元模型;分析弹条在不同安装扭矩下的受力情况,并用数字图像相关(DIC)测试结果予以验证;基于京沪高铁实测轮轨力时程曲线,施加等效循环疲劳载荷谱,结合弹条材料应变-寿命曲线,预测弹条疲劳寿命;分析安装扭矩、疲劳载荷幅值、以及两者匹配关系(应力比)对弹条疲劳寿命的影响。结果表明:无论处于略微欠拧、正常安装或过拧状态,弹条危险点位置均位于跟端圆弧内表面,已发生塑性变形。弹条疲劳寿命随安装扭矩和疲劳载荷幅值的增加而降低,与危险点应力比呈线性关系。因此,为保证弹条的实际使用寿命,特别是在车速较高或波磨较严重的线路,建议弹条安装时安装扭矩不超过300 N·m。     

基于车轨耦合和扣件精细模型的弹条疲劳分析

针对扣件弹条的疲劳断裂问题,利用数值仿真手段对弹条疲劳寿命进行分析。首先,建立车辆-轨道耦合动力分析模型,通过仿真得到轨底垂向位移时程曲线;然后,建立扣件精细分析模型,将轨底垂向位移时程曲线作为输入荷载,计算得到扣件弹条的应力和应变时程曲线;最后,结合疲劳分析方法和累积损伤理论,对弹条的疲劳寿命进行分析。研究结果表明:弹条小圆弧处疲劳寿命最低,最易发生损坏,与现场调查结果一致;弹条疲劳寿命与安装弹程密切相关,随着弹条安装弹程的增大,弹条疲劳寿命急剧降低;为了延长扣件使用寿命,线路运营中应避免弹条的安装弹程过高。     

钢轨扣件减振橡胶动态特性分析

基于黏弹性材料动态恢复力由非线性弹性恢复力和非线性阻尼力叠加而成的理论基础,运用理论与动态试验相结合的方法,提出一种钢轨扣件减振橡胶动态恢复力模型,着重揭示一阶、三阶和五阶动刚度对激励频率和振幅的依赖性。运用最小二乘拟合法确定各阶动刚度中所含未知参数,并利用理论模型重构恢复力-位移回线,最终将其与试验曲线相比较。研究结果表明:钢轨扣件减振橡胶具有明显的非线性特性,其动态刚度与振幅和频率之间呈复杂的曲面关系;本文所建动态力学模型可为钢轨扣件减振橡胶的动态分析和优化设计提供了一定的理论支持。     

基于希尔伯特黄和时频熵方法检测钢轨扣件扣压力研究

钢轨扣件扣压力对车辆运行安全具有重要作用。该文通过室外试验获得了钢轨在不同紧固条件下的竖向振动加速度响应。采用正交经验模态分解方法得到原始振动信号的正交固有模态函数（Intrinsic Mode Funtion,IMF）。然后基于正交IMFs得到Hilbert时频谱和边界谱,并计算和比较了相应的熵。分析结果表明,该方法可用于检测不同钢轨扣件的扣压力。     

连续多孔材料孔隙水压力系数的推导

进行连续多孔材料的应力计算对分析其上部建筑物变形及稳定有着重要意义。连续多孔材料的实际应力及孔隙水压力系数是计算整体连续多孔材料受力的关键参数。利用弹性力学方法对饱和连续多孔材料进行受力分析,推导了连续多孔材料的实际应力与孔隙水压力的关系表达式,对连续多孔材料在轴对称应力状态下的两种受力情况进行了变形分析,分别推导了两种情况下材料的孔隙水压力系数表达式,并给出了试验验证方法。研究成果对连续多孔材料在基础工程中的应用具有指导意义。     

重复荷载作用下沥青低温粘弹特性研究

沥青材料是一种典型的粘弹性材料，在荷载作用下其变形特性由虎克弹性和牛顿粘性的比例关系所决定。为此从沥青的粘弹特性入手，对沥青在重复荷载作用下的变形进行分解，测定得到了沥青低温条件下的粘、弹性比例关系，提出用Dp(1 Dp/De)和dDp/dn两种物理意义明确的指标来描述沥青的粘弹特性，同时研究了弹指标随温度、应力及加载频率的变化规律。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the