多因素作用下单裂缝铺砂规律CFD数值模拟

为研究压裂过程单裂缝中入口速度(排量)、粒径等因素对支撑剂铺置运移影响规律,运用CFD数值模拟软件,建立简化二维模型,鉴于以往模型出口设置引起支撑剂回流铺置,设计模型出口为全开出口。模拟结果表明:随着排量的增大,支撑剂主要沉降区向裂缝深处移动,同时,入口处湍流效应增加,近井筒区域支撑剂空缺带变大,降低支撑剂铺置效果;增加砂比到一定值,其对砂堤形态的影响逐渐减小;高排量、高砂比时,在一段时间内,砂堤高度先逐渐增高再降低达到平衡高度,砂堤形态非均匀性先增大再减小。     

复杂裂缝内支撑剂铺置规律及有效支撑面积

复杂裂缝内支撑剂的铺置规律比较复杂,目前大多数研究都是基于数值模拟方法,存在耗时费力的情况,为了实现支撑面积的快速预测,利用数值模拟方法,在研究注入速度、流体黏度、砂比、粒径及密度等因素对铺置效果影响的基础上,运用神经网络、实验数据,建立了裂缝内支撑剂有效支撑面积神经网络预测模型。结果表明：不同因素都有合理的取值范围,取值超过该范围都会导致铺置效果变差,各级裂缝随影响因素的变化规律不相同,且主次缝的支撑剂铺置是相互影响的,分支前主缝砂堤高度超过一定高度后,砂堤高度越高,次级缝的砂堤面积越小,主次缝最大砂堤面积不会同时出现;基于反向传播(back propagation, BP)神经网络的裂缝内有效支撑面积预测模型,模型预测结果与数值计算结果误差在3.42%～6.46%,该模型能够准确、快速的预测支撑剂在裂缝中运移后形成的砂堤面积。研究结果可以为非常规资源的压裂开发提供理论帮助。     

通道压裂支撑剂运移规律试验

基于通道压裂的特点,设计具有粗糙裂缝壁面、不同角度分支缝组合并考虑地层滤失、缝宽可变的大型支撑剂运移模拟装置。利用大型支撑剂运移模拟装置分别对直缝和直缝与分支缝组合两种情况下施工排量、支撑剂粒径、压裂液黏度、纤维比例等因素对支撑剂铺置的影响进行试验研究。结果表明:压裂液黏度显著影响支撑剂团块在裂缝长度方向上的分布;纤维比例的增加能够增加团块的数量,团块中支撑剂的含量和纤维与支撑剂的比例有关;适当增大排量有利于通道之间的相互连通;支撑剂质量浓度对支撑剂团块在裂缝高度方向上的分布影响较大;随着支撑剂粒径的增加其与纤维结合形成团块的能力越差;分支缝通道率明显低于主缝,结合分支缝的分流作用影响,其对试验变量的敏感性要低于主缝;随着分支缝角度的增加,纤维越容易在裂缝入口处滞留堵塞,堵塞分支缝入口。     

基于Cross本构方程的裂缝内清洁压裂液支撑剂铺置行为数值模拟

支撑剂在裂缝中的铺置行为直接决定着压裂增产效果。以提高支撑剂在裂缝中的携砂能力为目的,采用流变仪研究了黏弹性表面活性剂清洁压裂液的流变特性,运用Cross非牛顿流体本构方程拟合得到了清洁压裂液的流变参数,基于Eular-granular颗粒动力学方法研究了支撑剂在清洁压裂液中的运移特性。模拟结果表明,Eular-granular颗粒动力学方法模拟结果与室内实验吻合较好,能够描述裂缝内砂堤铺置行为。对清洁压裂液而言,零剪切黏度越高,剪切稀化性越低,结构松弛时间越小,其携砂性能越好;采用低密度、小粒径的支撑剂可以有效降低缝内砂堤平衡高度,延长支撑剂的铺置距离,减少裂缝内近井段支撑剂的堆积,防止返排时产生回流。     

复杂裂缝支撑剂转向规律研究

复杂裂缝技术是页岩等非常规油气藏成功开发的关键之一,目前研究大多针对如何提高缝网复杂度,对于复杂裂缝形成后支撑剂能否进入各级分支缝的问题仍不明晰,数值模拟、室内实验提供了部分定性认识,但缺乏归纳总结形成定量规律,特别是还没有工程可用的数学模型为支撑剂粒径、压裂液排量选取提供理论依据。基于此研究现状,本文针对多级、多尺度复杂裂缝系统,提出液量分配模型以及支撑剂转向输运条件,对支撑剂在复杂裂缝内的输运行为进行预测,并采用数值模拟对模型进行验证,结果显示相较于前人模型,本文模型的预测精度更高。同时澄清了分支裂缝夹角对于液量分配的影响本质是对于分支裂缝缝宽的影响。最后应用该模型定量研究了天然裂缝开启程度对于压裂液分配情况以及支撑剂输运效果的影响,为现场支撑剂粒径、压裂液排量选取提供理论依据。     

支撑剂在复杂缝网中的沉降运移规律研究

为研究体积压裂过程中支撑剂在复杂缝网中的沉降运移规律,以离散化缝网模型为基础,应用复杂缝网模拟实验装置对6种结构缝网进行支撑剂沉降运移规律实验。结果表明:距井筒较近的节点,主裂缝砂堤形态垂直高度上出现"突变"现象,而较远节点,未出现"突变"现象;不同结构缝网,支撑剂在主裂缝中运移距离大小依次为:"一"型结构缝网、"T"型结构缝网、"H"型结构缝网、"TF"型结构缝网、"双T"型结构缝网、"十"型结构缝网;距离井筒较近的次生裂缝中,砂堤形成过程是携砂液携砂作用和支撑剂重力共同作用的结果,而距离较远的次生裂缝中砂堤形成过程中支撑剂的自身重力起主要作用。     

致密油层体积压裂排量优化方法

在离散化缝网模型(DFN)基础上,结合油井及地层的相关参数,利用缝网模拟软件模拟了裂缝在地层主平面上的拟三维离散化扩展和支撑剂在缝网中的分布,数值求解了不同压裂排量改造后的缝网半长、带宽、次生裂缝条数和储层改造体积(SRV)等缝网几何形态参数,给出了简单高效的排量优化方法。以鄂尔多斯一口油井为例,模拟结果表明:压裂排量不是越大越利于复杂缝网形成,模拟的离散缝网几何形态参数会随压裂排量的增大先快速增大后趋于平缓,以SRV为评价改造效果的主要参数,综合其他参数变化特征,可以优选出致密油层体积压裂的施工排量。     

页岩复杂裂缝支撑剂分流机制

针对页岩水力压裂复杂裂缝支撑剂分流问题,研发复杂裂缝支撑剂分流运移评价试验系统并进行支撑剂分流规律研究。结果表明:支撑剂在压裂裂缝中存在悬浮运移和滑移滚动,其中支撑裂缝前缘主要以滑移滚动为主;次级裂缝角度、注入排量、加砂质量浓度、压裂液黏度、次级裂缝与主裂缝流量比等对分支后主次裂缝的支撑长度、支撑高度和支撑形态具有重要影响;分支后主裂缝支撑剂分流体积比与次级裂缝角度、注入排量、加砂质量浓度、主次裂缝宽度比成正比,与次级裂缝与主裂缝流量比、压裂液黏度成反比,影响因素由强至弱排序分别为主次裂缝宽度比、注入排量、压裂液黏度、加砂质量浓度、次级裂缝角度和次级裂缝与主裂缝流量比;分支后次级裂缝支撑剂分流体积比与次级裂缝角度、加砂质量浓度、主次裂缝宽度比、次级裂缝与主裂缝流量比成反比,与注入排量、压裂液黏度成正比。     

垂直裂缝内液体二氧化碳携砂规律研究

二氧化碳干法压裂以液态二氧化碳为压裂液,相较于传统的水力压裂,具有无水相、无残渣、低伤害、增加地层能量等优势,因此应用前景广阔。液体二氧化碳的密度和黏度很小,其携砂能力的大小成为决定压裂成败的关键因素。建立垂直裂缝模型,基于计算流体力学方法建立了液体二氧化碳流体和支撑剂的两相流动规律,并利用有限体积法进行数值模拟研究。结果表明：液体二氧化碳流体的携砂能力要弱于滑溜水。支撑剂在液体二氧化碳流体和滑溜水中的分布特征相似;通过降低支撑剂密度、减小支撑剂粒径和砂比或提高泵注排量可以提高液体二氧化碳流体对支撑剂的携带作用。研究结果可为液体二氧化碳压裂工艺参数设计提供依据。     

垂直裂缝内液体二氧化碳携砂性能的数值模拟

二氧化碳干法压裂以液态二氧化碳为压裂液,相较于传统的水力压裂,具有无水相、无残渣、低伤害、增加地层能量等优势,因此应用前景广阔。液体二氧化碳的密度和黏度很小,其携砂能力的大小成为决定压裂成败的关键因素。建立垂直裂缝模型,基于计算流体力学方法建立了液体二氧化碳流体和支撑剂的两相流动规律,并利用有限体积法进行数值模拟研究。结果表明:液体二氧化碳流体的携砂能力要弱于滑溜水。支撑剂在液体二氧化碳流体和滑溜水中的分布特征相似;通过降低支撑剂密度、减小支撑剂粒径和砂比或提高泵注排量可以提高液体二氧化碳流体对支撑剂的携带作用。研究结果可为液体二氧化碳压裂工艺参数设计提供依据。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-