对甲苯磺酸／甲醇试剂用于气相色谱法中羧酸甲酯的衍生化反应

羧酸和甲醇在酸的催化下进行酯化反应,是气相色谱衍生化反应的常见方法。常用方法有CH_3OH～HCl法,CH_3OH_3OH—H_2SO_4法,CH_3OH—BF_3法,这些方法都比较成熟,在实际应用中也各具特点。曾有人用对甲苯磺酸(P—TSA)作为羧酸酯化反应的催化剂,该法对一些复杂的有机酸和醇反应转化率较高,并有不少这方面的合成专利和报导。本文探讨将PTSA—CH_3OH法用于色谱分析的新的甲酯化方法。采用某些有机酸和甲醇反应,考察P—TSA的催化效能,实验结果表明:P—TSA对三类羧酸的甲酯化反应都有较好的催化效果,尤其苯甲酸、水杨酸、邻氯苯甲酸等芳香酸用CH_3OH—PTSA法优于CH_3OH—HCl,CH_3OH—BF_3法。     

羟胺制备-肟化工艺的动态模拟

对羟胺制备和肟化反应器的类型和物料的流动方式进行了分析。根据物料衡算及能量衡算的关系式,结合磷酸羟胺(HPO)法制备环己酮肟的反应动力学模型,建立了羟胺制备反应器的全混流和羟胺肟化反应器的活塞流动态数学模型,得到了环己酮转化率。模拟结果与实际生产过程相符,表明建立的模型可以准确的模拟工艺过程。     

异维生素C钠的转化新方法

以异维生素C钠发酵液的前体物质2-酮基-D-葡萄糖酸(2KG)为主原料,甲醇为反应物,浓硫酸作催化剂,甲酯化反应4 h后,用碳酸氢钠作催化剂,经内酯化反应生成异维生素C钠(D-VCNa).考察了转化时间、转化温度及原料投料比对产品转化率和质量的影响.结果表明,选用碳酸氢钠作催化剂时,降低反应温度和适当延长反应时间有利于提高产品的转化率和质量.确定了较佳的工艺条件为:n(2KG)∶n(CH3OH)∶n(NaHCO3)=1∶18∶1.1,转化温度55℃,转化时间3 h.在该条件下,异维生素C钠的质量分数达95.5%以上.该法反应温和,转化温度较低,转化过程中料液破坏程度低,粗品质量好,可以进行一道精制得合格产品,收率得到较大提高,成本明显降低,已通过省级科技成果鉴定.     

硝酸银硅胶柱梯度洗脱法纯化桐酸甲酯

以桐油和甲醇为原料,在NaOH催化下通过酯交换反应制备桐油酸甲酯,再采用硝酸银硅胶柱梯度洗脱法对反应产物进行分离纯化,获得桐酸甲酯.应用GC-MS,IR,UV,HPLC对反应产物进行分析检测和表征,桐酸甲酯纯度达95%,可用于合成桐酸单甘酯、甘二酯,以备深入研究桐酸及其甘油酯化物的生理活性.     

月桂酸制备月桂酸甲酯的实验研究

以月桂酸和甲醇为原料,浓硫酸为催化剂,采用两步酯化法制备月桂酸甲酯。研究了催化剂质量分数、醇油质量比、反应温度、甲醇流速对反应产率的影响。实验结果表明,第一步酯化甲醇的质量百分数为80%,浓硫酸质量百分数为0.5%,反应温度65±2℃;第二步循环酯化通入甲醇的流速为1.5mL/min,反应温度100±5℃时,月桂酸甲酯化的转化率最高。     

硬脂酸甘油酯磺酸盐的合成及鉴定

以α-磺酸硬脂酸甲酯和甘油为原料,经酯交换及中和反应合成了硬脂酸甘油酯磺酸盐.得到最优的工艺条件:四氯化碳为溶剂,75℃,α-磺酸硬脂酸甲酯的质量分数22.0%,n(α-磺酸硬脂酸甲酯)∶n(甘油)=1∶5,反应4 h.结果表明,α-磺酸硬脂酸甲酯的最高转化率可达66.33%.采用高效液相色谱分离了反应产物,质谱确证了硬脂酸甘油酯磺酸盐的结构,并表明最终结晶产品中除了含有硬脂酸甘油酯磺酸盐还含有单硬脂酸甲酯磺酸盐和少量的硬脂酸二甘油酯磺酸盐.     

偕胺肟合铁(Ⅲ)纤维对分散红60~#的吸附研究

以腈纶纤维(PAN)为原料,与羟胺溶液反应,将纤维侧链上的腈基转化为偕胺肟基(NH2-C=N-OH),然后以这种功能化的腈纶纤维为基体,经配位反应将Fe3+螯合于纤维表面,形成偕胺肟合铁(Ⅲ)吸附纤维,再以此为吸附材料,吸附废水中的分散红60#染料.通过实验摸索确定了螯合纤维吸附分散红60#的最佳工艺条件为:pH=5.5,吸附时间为50min,温度为45℃.     

N,N-二乙基氨基乙基苄基醚的合成优化

以N,N-二乙基-2-氯乙胺、苯甲醇为原料,四丁基溴化铵为相转移催化剂(PTC),50%氢氧化钠溶液为碱,二氯甲烷为溶剂,经 Williamson醚化反应合成N,N-二乙基氨基乙基苄基醚,产率最高可达90.5%.利用正交实验法考察了投料比、催化剂用量、反应时间等对醚化反应的影响,确定了最佳合成条件为:n(PhCH2OH):n(Et2NCH2CH2C1):n(NaOH):n(PTC)=1:1.2:5:0.05.产物经沸点、红外光谱和1H-核磁共振谱给予确证.     

超声场中钙基固体碱催化猪油制备生物柴油

以废弃猪油为原料采用两步催化工艺制备生物柴油.首先,在40 kHz的超声波辐射下,以浓硫酸为催化剂进行猪油和甲醇的预酯化反应:然后,采用等体积浸渍法制备了固体CaO/NaA催化剂;最后,在40 kHz的超声场中,用最佳条件下制备的固体碱催化剂催化预酯化后的猪油与甲醇进行酯交换反应制备生物柴油.结果表明:对于初始酸值为13.82mg KOH/g的猪油,最佳预酯化条件为超声功率150W、醇油摩尔比8∶1、反应温度50℃、浓硫酸用量2.5％;在最佳预酯化条件下反应30 min,即可把猪油的酸值降到1.91 mgKOH/g;通过正交试验得到的固体CaO/NaA催化剂最佳制备条件为CaO负载量15％、焙烧温度700℃、焙烧时间6h;在超声功率150W、醇油摩尔比9∶1、55℃、固体碱催化剂用量4％的最佳生物柴油制备条件下反应120 min,甲酯转化率达到了约95.8％;固体碱催化剂重复使用3次后仍保持较高的活性.     

2-酮基-L-古龙酸转化维生素C钠的研究

利用2-酮基-L-古龙酸与甲醇生成2-酮基-L-古龙酸甲酯,然后加入碳酸钠与2-酮基-L-古龙酸甲酯反应转化为维生素C钠,系统地研究了转化过程中反应温度、反应时间、碳酸钠用量等对转化反应的影响.实验结果表明,碳酸钠可以显著地改善反应的条件,提高维生素C钠质量.在反应温度为62℃时,转化率提高到96.01%.在转化反应中...     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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