中国古代玻璃的起源——中国最早的古代玻璃研究

研究了西汉（公元前200年）以前不同地区的最早的中国古代玻璃．古玻璃样品出土于新疆维吾尔自治区、湖北省、湖南省、四川省、云南省、广东省和贵州省等地．用质子激发X光荧光技术、能量分散X光荧光技术和电感耦合等离子发射光谱等方法测定了玻璃的化学成分．这些古玻璃样品的化学成分属于以下玻璃系统：Na2O（K2O）-CaO—SiO2（K2O：Na2O〈1），K2O（Na2O）-CaO—SiO2（K2O：Na2O〉1），K2O—SiO2和BaO—PbO—SiO2．从考古和历史学观点讨论了这些最早的中国古代玻璃的起源，指出早期中国古代玻璃的制备技术是与中国的古代原始瓷和青铜冶炼技术相关．分析了中外古代玻璃制造技术的关系．     

OH-根对掺铒碲酸盐玻璃光谱性质的影响

制备了5种浓度下系列不同OH^-根含量的掺铒碲酸盐玻璃样品，测试了样品的红外吸收光谱，分析了在不同通氧除水时间下玻璃的红外吸收系数变化情况．测试了样品的吸收光谱，利用Judd-Ofelt理论计算了不同铒掺杂浓度和OH^-根含量样品的光谱参量Ωi（i=2，4，6）．根据McCumber理论计算了铒离子在1532nm处的吸收截面和Er^3＋：^4I13／2→^4I15/2跃迁峰值发射截面．测试了样品中Er^3＋：^4I13／2→^4I15/2跃迁对应的荧光光谱和^4I13／2能级荧光寿命，讨论了OH^-根对不同铒掺杂浓度下碲酸盐玻璃光谱性质的影响．研究结果表明，OH^-根仅对荧光寿命和荧光峰值强度存在影响，在Er2O3浓度小于1．0mol％时，OH^-根是发生荧光猝灭的主要影响因素，而高于这一浓度后Er^3＋离子本身的能量转移对荧光猝灭起主要作用．而OH^-根对其他光谱性质（荧光半高宽、吸收光谱、受激发射截面等）基本没有影响．     

玻璃在飞秒激光作用下的新现象

飞秒激光的发展,给玻璃的研究带来了崭新的内容。本文综述了近年来国内外在这方面的研究地 。 要有光致破坏、光致变色、色致玻璃折射率变化,光致稀土离子价态变化,光致玻璃显微晶化,光致长磷光产生等。     

河南淅川徐家岭出土中国最早的蜻蜓眼玻璃珠的研究

研究了河南省淅川徐家岭出土的属战国早期的蜻蜓眼玻璃珠．利用质子激发X光荧光技术（PIXE）和X光衍射技术（XRD）等无损分析方法测定了这批蜻蜓眼玻璃珠的结构和化学成分．确定了蜻蜓眼珠的基质为玻璃态物质,其化学成分表明该玻璃属于钠钙硅酸盐系统（Na2O-CaO—SiO2）．通过与古代（古巴比伦和古埃及）的蜻蜓眼玻璃珠的纹饰和化学成分的对比,认为徐家岭出土的这批玻璃珠可能从西方传入．     

OH-根对掺铒碲酸盐玻璃光谱性质的影响

制备了5种浓度下系列不同OH^−根含量的掺铒碲酸盐玻璃样品, 测试了样品的红外吸收光谱, 分析了在不同通氧除水时间下玻璃的红外吸收系数变化情况. 测试了样品的吸收光谱, 利用Judd-Ofelt理论计算了不同铒掺杂浓度和OH^−根含量样品的光谱参量Ω _i (i = 2, 4, 6). 根据McCumber理论计算了铒离子在1532 nm处的吸收截面和Er³⁺:⁴I_13/2®⁴I _15/2跃迁峰值发射截面. 测试了样品中 Er³⁺: ⁴I_13/2®⁴I_15/2跃迁对应的荧光光谱和⁴I_13/2能级荧光寿命, 讨论了OH^−根对不同铒掺杂浓度下碲酸盐玻璃光谱性质的影响. 研究结果表明, OH^−根仅对荧光寿命和荧光峰值强度存在影响, 在Er₂O₃浓度小于1.0 mol%时, OH^−根是发生荧光猝灭的主要影响因素, 而高于这一浓度后Er³⁺离子本身的能量转移对荧光猝灭起主要作用. 而OH^−根对其他光谱性质(荧光半高宽、吸收光谱、受激发射截面等)基本没有影响.     

玻璃基因工程研究

Science在创刊125周年之际,将"玻璃态物质的本质是什么"这一科学问题列为125个最具挑战性的科学问题之一.由于玻璃态物质的结构不确定性,玻璃性质的预测一直面临很多困难,这严重阻碍了功能玻璃的快速研发.目前高性能功能玻璃的研发主要靠经验和试错,存在研发周期长、成本高和效率低等问题.本文从无机玻璃的亚稳态组成图出发,采用热力学法预测玻璃的形成区,提出将玻璃形成区中的玻璃态化合物作为"玻璃基因",并用"玻璃基因"计算了不同体系玻璃的性质,计算结果与实验结果基本一致.此外,"玻璃基因"也可预测"锗反常"现象."玻璃基因"的提出对玻璃结构和性质预测有重要的意义,为玻璃科学的发展提供了新思路.     

玻壳压制成型中残余应力的数学建模与模拟方法

玻壳成型过程中产生的残余应力对制品质量的影响很大．在分析玻壳成型特点的基础上，建立了玻璃压制成型过程中残余应力计算的数学模型，其中材料假定为热流变简单黏弹性材料，忽略了成型中的流动应力，讨论了模型问题的平衡推论及相容性方程，并详细分析了成型中不同阶段的边界条件．模型的数值求解采用了薄层理论，并通过空间上的分层离散和时间上的有限差分来进行．所提出的模型及求解方法可以很容易地扩展到通常的玻璃压制成型过程，也可用于分析许多与玻璃压制成型相关的问题，具有较广泛的参考价值．     

玻壳压制成型中残余应力的数学建模与模拟方法

玻壳成型过程中产生的残余应力对制品质量的影响很大。在分析玻壳成型特点的基础上，建立了玻璃压制成型过程中残余应力计算的数学模型。其中材料假定为热流变简单粘弹性材料，忽略了成型中的流动应力，讨论了模型问题的平衡推论及兼容性方程，并详细分析了成型中不同阶段的边界条件。模型的数值求解采用了薄层理论，并通过空间方向上的有限元和时间上的有限差分来进行。所提出的模型及求解方法可以很容易地扩展到通常的玻璃压制成型过程，也可用于分析许多与玻璃压制成型相关的问题，具有较广泛的参考价值。     

离子交换过程中掺铒磷酸盐玻璃波导表面保护的研究

对离子交换过程中掺铒磷酸盐玻璃波导表面的侵蚀现象进行了机理分析和实验研究,得出磷酸盐玻璃结构的弱稳定性、亲水性及磷酸根的弱酸性是造成其表面侵蚀的主要原因.提出镀K9玻璃薄膜的方法对其表面进行保护,实验研究表明K9玻璃薄膜不仅能够对掺铒磷酸盐玻璃起到保护作用,而且允许交换离子透过进入磷酸盐玻璃形成波导层.通过对不同K9玻璃薄膜厚度下离子交换波导的研究,得出其厚度在60～80nm的范围内保护效果最佳为下一步制备掺铒有源玻璃波导器件提供了良好的实验基础.     

中国古代玻璃的起源——中国最早的古代玻璃研究

研究了西汉（200 B.C）以前不同地区的最早的中国古代玻璃。古玻璃样品出土于新疆维吾尔自治区、湖北省、湖南省、四川省、云南省、广东省和贵州省等地。用PIXE、EDXDF和ICP-AES等方法测定了玻璃的化学成份。这些古玻璃样品的化学成份属于以下玻璃系统     

Chromatin fluorescence by pyronin staining

Human, chicken and mouse cells from different tissues show a bright red-orange fluorescence of the chromatin after staining with pyronin Y. The possibility that intercalation of the dye into double helical nucleic acids accounts for this fluorescence pattern is briefly discussed.     

Chromatin fluorescence by pyronin staining

Summary Human, chicken and mouse cells from different tissues show a bright red-orange fluorescence of the chromatin after staining with pyronin Y. The possibility that intercalation of the dye into double helical nucleic acids accounts for this fluorescence pattern is briefly discussed.This work was partially supported by a grant from the Comisión Asesora de Investigación Científica y Técnica, Spain.     

Fluorescence replication banding of frog chromosomes

To identify individual chromosomes of a frog karyotype by their fluorescence banding patterns, chromosomes were stained with actinomycin D and 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) after incorporation of BrdU during the late S-phase. The chromosomes of three Rana species which were selected for this study (R. ridibunda, R. lessonae and R. japonica) showed well-defined late replication bands. The fluorescence patterns obtained were the reverse of those produced by a 4Na-EDTA Giemsa-staining technique. Fluorescence patterns of the two water frog species (R. ridibunda and R. lessonae) were similar to each other, except for the different fluorescence of the centromeric heterochromatin, which gave extremely bright signals in R. ridibunda but no signal in R. lessonae. Experiments also showed differences between the fluorescence patterns of R. lessonae chromosome 13 in the Italian and Luxembourgian populations. These results sho w that the fluorescence replication banding using actinomycin D and DAPI is very effective in identifying individual frog chromosomes and detecting their structural changes. Received 7 June 1996; received after revision 23 July 1996; accepted 21 August 1996     

Fluorogenic amines in the notochords of chick embryos treated by cholinergics]

The investigation of 3 day old notochords by the fluorescence method of Falck and Owman showed an increase of the fluorescence after treatment of the chick embryos at 48 hrs of incubation, with nicotine sulfate or carbachol. The addition of norepinephrine or L-Dopa emphasized the formaldehyde induced fluorescence. The simultaneous treatment with a cholinergic agent and atropine, propranolol or reserpine decreased or suppressed the fluorescence. These results demonstrate the existence of a relationship between the treatment with a cholinergic agent and the amount of chordal biogenic amines.     

Rapid recording of the fluorescence spectrum emitted by an isolated living cell]

In order to use the selectivity of fluorescence emission for biomedical purposes, a microspectrofluorimeter has been built around an inverted microscope. The excitation is supplied by a 450 W Xenon lamp coupled with a monochromator allowing excitation from 230 to 600 nm. The fluorescence is analysed by a Grism (association prism-grating) and the spectrum focused on the 500 channels of the target of an Optical Multichannel Analyser. Related to good resolution and dispersion (0.44 nm/channel), improvement of signal to noise ratio (dark current suppression, and accumulation of spectra), this microspectrofluorimeter with high sensitivity is well adapted to the study of biological mechanism in single living cells (macrophages, monocytes, lumphocytes).     

Enhancement of fluorescence of pyrene-containing lipids by polar media, detergents and phospholipids

The fluorescence intensities of a medium-chain fatty acid and of several amphiphilic lipids, each containing pyrene in covalent linkage, were enhanced considerably by: 1) Dissolving in mixtures of a polar solvent (e.g. methanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran or dimethylsulfoxide) and water; for each individual compound, a certain ratio of solvent to water provided maximal fluorescence intensity. 2) Incorporating into micelles of reduced Triton X-100; an excess of detergent was used so that, statistically, only one molecule of lipid resided in one micelle of the Triton X-100. 3) Incorporating into liposomes of egg phosphatidylcholine; maximal fluorescence was observed using a large excess of phosphatidylcholine. When related to the fluorescence intensities in chloroform/methanol (2:1, by vol.) or water, the enhancement of fluorescence in the above three systems was about 2-6-fold or up to 60-fold, respectively.     

Enhancement of fluorescence of pyrene-containing lipids by polar media,detergents and phospholipids

Summary The fluorescence intensities of a medium-chain fatty acid and of several amphiphilic lipids, each containing pyrene in covalent linkage, were enhanced considerably by: 1) Dissolving in mixtures of a polar solvent (e.g. methanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran or dimethylsulfoxide) and water; for each individual compound, a certain ratio of solvent to water provided maximal fluorescence intensity. 2) Incorporating into micelles of reduced Triton X-100; an excess of detergent was used so that, statistically, only one molecule of lipid resided in one micelle of the Triton X-100. 3) Incorporating into liposomes of egg phosphatidylcholine; maximal fluorescence was observed using a large excess of phosphatidylcholine. When related to the fluorescence intensities in chloroform/methanol (21, by vol.) or water, the enhancement of fluorescence in the above three systems was about 2-6-fold or up to 60-fold, respectively.     

A histofluorescent procedure for identifying marijuana cannabinoids

A rapid and reliable fluorescence procedure is described as a test for the microscopical identification of the glandular hairs of Cannabis sativa. The proposed method, designated as the IFIM test (induced fluorescence identification for marijuana test), is based on the induction of a red fluorescence in cannabinoids by a hot clearing solution. The results, compared to those obtained by the classical RIM test, offer the possibility of more satisfactory identification of cannabis, hashish or marijuana in suspected samples.     

Histochemical demonstration of primary catecholamines in pacinian corpuscles of the cat

Résumé En utilisant la méthode de fluorescence de Falck, on constate que les corpuscules de Vater-Pacini montrent la fluorescence caractéristique des catécholamines primaires. L'intensité de la fluorescence est plus marquée dans le corps central des corpuscules nerveuses, moins dans les lamelles et absente dans la fibre nerveuse.     

Effect of hydrogen peroxide on the binding of Merocyanine 540 to human erythrocytes

The fluorescent dye Merocyanine 540 (MC540) is often used as a probe to monitor the molecular packing of phospholipids in the outer leaflet of biomembranes. In a previous study we showed that the increased staining of erythrocytes with a perturbed membrane structure was mainly due to an increase in the fluorescence yield of cell-bound MC540, rather than to an increase of the number of bound molecules. Erythrocytes and ghosts exposed to continuous fluxes of H₂O₂ exhibited pronounced lipid peroxidation. Further, red blood cells subjected to this form of oxidative stress also showed increased staining with MC540. It appeared that this was caused by a strong increase in binding of MC540, together with a slight red shift of the fluorescence emission maximum and a small increase in the fluorescence yield of bound MC540. The changed MC540 binding characteristics were not observed when lipid peroxidation was suppressed by the presence of the antioxidant BHT in the incubation medium. However, open ghosts exposed to H₂O₂ showed no increase of MC540 binding, excluding a direct involvement of lipid peroxidation. Measurement of fluorescence emission spectra and gel filtration studies showed that MC540 can bind to H₂O₂-exposed hemoglobin. Experiments with erythrocytes lysed in hypotonic medium after exposure to H₂O₂ revealed that peroxidation of lipids with H₂O₂ induced a non-specific permeabilization of the plasma membrane to MC540, thereby allowing MC540 to bind to the oxidatively denatured, more hydrophobic hemoglobin. These results indicate that conclusions about packing of phospholipids in the outer leaflet of the membrane based on increased MC540-staining should be drawn with care. Received 27 September 1996; received after revision 5 November 1996; accepted 27 November 1996